Automatic real-time generalized phase-shifting interferometry to process interferograms with spatio-temporal visibility

Labor ator io

de In vest iga ci n

Rigoberto Juarez-Salazar , Carlos Robledo-Sanchez, Cruz Meneses-Fabian, Gustavo Rodriguez-Zurita, Fermin Guerrero Sanchez, and Antonio Barcelata-Pinzon Benemrita Universidad Autnoma de Puebla - Facultad de Ciencias Fsico-Matemticas

s le b la ro t Con s o c i inm D s a Sistem

rjuarezsalazar@gmail.com

Abstract
A fast and robust algorithm for Generalized PhaseShifting Interferometry (GPSI) suitable to automatic real-time applications is presented. The algorithm requires only two or more phase shifted interferograms with unknown phase steps between 0 and rad. Moreover, interferograms with spatio-temporal visibility can be processed.

Interferograms normalization
We consider a set of K interferograms modelled as Ik (p) = ak (p) + bk (p) cos[(p) + k ], k = 0, K 1. (1) The background illumination is recovered by ak = Aa A a Ik , where A a is the Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse of a polynomial basis function Aa . Now, we can calculate:
2 2(Ik ak )2 = b2 + b k k cos[2( + k )].

Wrapped phase estimation

The phase steps i = i i1 (i = 1, 2, , K 1), can be obtained by solving for i and i the equation: Ai + Bi i = Ci , i1 I i , Ci = I 2 + I 2 , where A is a ones-matrix, Bi = 2I i1 i i = sin2 i , i = cos i . The least squares solution is i = A Ci , with A = [A Bi ], i and the phase step is calculated by i . i = arctan i The phase shift is determined as i = i1 + i with 0 = 0. Finally, the wrapped phase is calculated by w = arctan /, where (3)

Introduction
The standard phase-shifting techniques are based on two main assumptions [3]: 1. The background and modulation light are timeinvariant (i.e. the visibility varies spatially only). 2. the phase shift is a linear function (i.e. all phase step are equals). However, for current industrial applications and advanced optical setups, these conventional algorithms are not applicable. In this work a GPSI algorithm [1] which overcome the restrictions and drawbacks of usual algorithms is presented.

Next, the background illumination is recovered in a similar way as the parameter ak ; namely b2 k =
2Ab Ab (Ik

ak )2 .

Finally, the normalization is carried out as k = sat I Ik ak bk = cos( + k ) bk (p) = 0, (2)

where sat() is the saturation function.

= A I k

with

T A

cos k = . sin k

Conclusions
A phase demodulation algorithm for GPSI was presented. This algorithm overcome the drawbacks from other GPSI algorithms because interferograms with both spatial and spatio-temporal visibility can be processed. Moreover, this proposal is noniterative, no requires user intervention, works with only two or more interferograms, and it is robust and computationally efcient. Thus, this algorithm may be appropriate to industrial automatic real-time applications.

Simulation and optical experiments

1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1 0.5 0 x 0.5 1 0.5 0 x (d) 0.5 1

(a)

1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1 0.5 0.5

(b)

1 0.5 0 0.5

(c)

y
0 x (e) 0.5 1

1 1 1 0.8

0.5

0 x (f)

0.5

SA STA

Frequency
0 x 0.5 1

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2pi3pi/2 pi pi/2 0 pi/2 Error value [rad] pi 3pi/2 2pi

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Fig. 1. (a) and (b) Simulated phase-shifted interferograms. (c) Exact wrapped phase. Wrapped phase recovered considering spatial visibility (d) and spatio-temporal visibility (e). (f) Error histograms from: spatial (SA) and spatio-temporal (STA) approaches.

Fig. 3.Thirty experimental phase shifted interferograms.

(a)

(b)

0.5 Level

Fig. 4. Normalized interferograms obtained assuming: (a) spatial visibility, and (b) spatio-temporal visibility.
0 (SA) (STA)

References
[1] R. Juarez-Salazar, C. Robledo-Sanchez, C. Meneses-Fabian, F. Guerrero-Sanchez, and L. A. Aguilar. Generalized phaseshifting interferometry by parameter estimation with the least squares method. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 51(5):626 632, 2013. [2] G. Lai and T. Yatagai. Generalized phase-shifting interferometry. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 8(5):822827, May 1991. [3] D. Malacara, editor. Optical shop testing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., third edition, 2007. [4] D. Malacara, M. Servin, and Z. Malacara. Interferogram analysis for optical testing. Taylor & Francis Group, second edition, 2005. [5] A. Patil and P. Rastogi. Approaches in generalized phase shifting interferometry. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 43(3-5):475 490, 2005.

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Fig. 5. Average level of each normalized interferogram by spatial (SA) and spatio-temporal (STA) approaches.

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Fig. 5. Experimental results. (a) Wrapped phase. (b) Unwrapped phase.