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1 Architecture of the HSUPA..........................................................................................................................1 2 Basic Principle of the HSUPA......................................................................................................................3 2.1 Physical Channels Introduced to the HSUPA..........................................................................................3 2.1.1 Introduction to the E-DPDCH (E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel)...........................3 2.1.2 Introduction to E-DPCCH Channel (E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel)..............4 2.1.3 Introduction to the E-AGCH Channel (E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel)..............................5 2.1.4 Introduction to E-RGCH (E-DCH Relative Grant Channel)...................................................5 2.1.5 Introduction to E-HICH (E-DCH HARQ Acknowledge Indication Channel)........................6 2.2 Basic Principles of the HSUPA................................................................................................................7 3 Basic Functions of the HSUPA...................................................................................................................11 3.1 HSUPA Common Carrier with R99.......................................................................................................11 3.2 HSUPA Dedicated Carrier......................................................................................................................11 3.3 HSUPA cell indicator in idle mode........................................................................................................12 3.4 HSUPA UE Category Support...............................................................................................................12 3.5 HSUPA 2ms TTI....................................................................................................................................12 3.6 HSUPA HARQ.......................................................................................................................................13 3.7 PS Interactive/Background Service over HSUPA.................................................................................13 3.8 PS Streaming Service over HSUPA.......................................................................................................14 3.9 RAB Combination for CS over DCH and PS over HSUPA..................................................................14 4 HSUPA Mobility Management..................................................................................................................15 4.1 E-DCH Serving Cell Change.................................................................................................................15 4.2 Switching between E-DCH and DCH...................................................................................................17 5 Key Calculations and Algorithms in Node B...........................................................................................19
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5.1 Introduction to HARQ...........................................................................................................................19 5.2 HSUPA E-AGCH CLPC........................................................................................................................21 5.3 HSUPA E-RGCH/HICH CLPC.............................................................................................................23
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DTCH DCCH
MAC-d
MAC-d
MAC-es EDCH FP
PHY
PHY
TNL
TNL
TNL
TNL
UE
Uu
NodeB
Iub
DRNC
Iur
SRNC
From the architecture of Figure 1 -1, you can find that the HSUPA differs from the R99/R4 in which the MAC-e and MAC-es have been introduced to the Node B and SRNC respectively. The MAC-e entity of the Node B is mainly responsible for HARQ retransmission, scheduling, and demultiplexing of MAC-e; the MAC-es entity of the SRNC is mainly responsible for re-ordering and the macro diversity combination.
When the spreading factor is 2 or 4, the E-DPDCH supports multi-code transmission. When adopting multi-code transmission, the E-DPDCH supports the maximum configuration of 2SF2 + 2SF4.
Table 2-1 Timeslot format of E-DPDCH channel
The E-DPCCH adopts the spreading factor of 256 invariably. The modulation mode is BPSK. Similar to the E-DPDCH, the E-DPCCH supports 2ms TTI and reserves 10ms TTI.
E-AGCH adopts a spreading factor of 256 invariably and the modulation mode of BPSK. The absolute grant information consists of a grant value (5 bits) and process activation indicator (1 bit). The process activation indication bit is used to indicate whether the absolute grant targets at a specific HARQ process or all HARQ processes.
HSUPA Technology
E-RGCH adopts a spreading factor of 128 and the modulation of QPSK invariably. The E-RGCH channel sends an absolute grant for every 3, 12, or 15 consecutive timeslots and sends 40 three-state-value sequences for every slot. The channels are divided into two types: E-RGCH in the serving cell and E-RGCH in the non-serving cell. E-RGCH in the serving cell can carry instructions (UP, HOLD, and DOWN) of increasing, keeping, and decreasing the power of a UE. E-RGCH in the non-serving cell is used to carry cell payload indication information and instructions of keeping and decreasing the power of a UE. The UE can receive relative grant information from serving cells and non-serving cells and combine the received grant information. The setting of TTI decides the mode in which the E-RGCH relative grant information is sent. When TTI is 2 ms, the relative grant information from the serving cell is sent once every 2 ms. When TTI is 10 ms, the relative grant information from the serving cell must be sent within 12 timeslots, that is, the relative grant instruction is sent once every 8 ms. The relative grant information from the non-serving cell must be sent within 15 timeslots, that is, the relative grant instruction is sent once every 10 ms.
containing serving cells, the HARQ confirmation indication value is 1 (ACK) or -1 (NACK); in RLS with non-service E-DCH, the HARQ acknowledge indication value is 1 (ACK) or 0 (NACK). E-HICH adopts the spreading factor of 128 and the modulation of QPSK invariably and has the same structure as the E-RGCH. If an E-RGCH channel and an E-HICH channel target at the same UE, they share the same spreading factor of 128. They are distinguished from each other through different signature sequences.
HSUPA Technology
the serving Node B or non-serving Node B as the supplement of the absolute grant. The scheduling mechanism controlled by the Node B can swiftly control the Raise over Thermal (RoT). The UE can select Retransmission Sequence Number (RSN), HARQ RV version, and the power difference between E-DPDCH and E-DPCCH according to the scheduling information (consisting of absolute grant and relative grant) and the ACK/NACK sent previously and then send data. From the perspective of the overall UTRAN protocol, the basic working principles of the HSUPA technology are shown in Figure 2 -6.
SRNC
MAC-d MAC-es FP
DRNC
Iur/Iub FP
NodeBs
Iur/Iub FP
NodeBd
FP
MAC-e
MRC
serving cell
E-DPDCH E-DPCCH
UE
MAC-e/ MAC-es MAC-d
DTCHs
Figure 2 -6 shows the connection between the UE that uses the E-DCH and is in the soft handover (SHO) status and the URTAN, as well as the protocols related to the
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HSUPA at both the UE and network side. E-DCH active set: the cell set carried by the E-DCH between the Node B and the UE. E-DCH active set can be a sub-set of the DCH active set. E-DCH serving cell: the cell where the UE receives the absolute grants. The UE has only one E-DCH serving cell. E-DCH serving RLS: a group of RLs containing the E-DCH serving cell. It is generally the cell set of the E-DCH active set under the Node B of the E-DCH serving cell. Non-serving E-DCH RLS: the E-DCH cell set of all non-serving E-DCH RLS under the Node B which no E-DCH serving cell. The HSUPA is characterized by the scheduling under control of the Node B. The following describes the scheduling process: A UE has an E-DCH serving cell. The Node B of the E-DCH serving cell is responsible for E-DCH scheduling. The E-DCH serving cell sends scheduling command (namely absolute grant) over the downlink E-AGCH channel to the UE. The absolute grant specifies the absolute value of the maximum resources available to a UE. The absolute grant includes E-RNTI and maximum transmit power of the UE. The E-DCH serving cell and non-E-DCH serving cell send relative grant over the downlink E-RGCH channel to the UE. The relative grant is used to adjust the absolute grant. The values of the relative grant include UP, HOLD, and DOWN. Only serving E-DCH RLS can send UP; while non-serving E-DCH RLS can only send HOLD or DOWN. When the uplink payload is too large, the non-serving EDCH RLS sends DOWN. Upon receiving the grant information, the UE makes a choice in respect of the ETFC, sends data (including resent data) over the E-DPDCH, sends the E-TFC information over E-DPCCH, and sends HARQ RV (RSN) and the Happy bit. The Happy bit is used to inform Node B whether the UE are satisfied with the allocated resources and grants or not, that is, whether higher grant is needed. The Node B performs combination for the E-DCH data received by different cells of the Node B and submits it to the Mac-e for processing. Each UE has a Mac-e in Node B. The Mac-e demultiplexes Mac-e PDU into MAC-es PDU and sends it to
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HSUPA Technology
the RNC. The Mac-e also sends the E-DCH scheduling information and HARQ response ACK/NACK. Each UE has a Mac-es entity in the SRNC. The Mac-es entity performs macro diversity combination for MAC-es PDUs from different Node Bs, reorders and divides them into Mac-d PDU, and then sends them to the Mac-d. HSUPA also supports non-scheduling transmission which means UE can transmit at any time without the scheduling information. The non-scheduling transmission just likes the DPCH and is usually used to carry the service which is delay sensitive, such as signaling, conversational service, streaming service. Each service can be configured non-scheduling transmission or scheduling transmission by the parameter EdchTrGrantType.
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frame, and the frame alignment time during the data framing of the transmitter also decreases. The use of 2ms frame can reduce the Round Trip Time (RTT) of HARQ process under the control of the Node B and decrease the scheduling response time. In contrast to 10ms frame, 2ms frame can more effectively utilize the resources and obtain larger system capacity. The 2ms TTI HSUPA adopts the scheduling interval of 2ms. The Node B specifies the value of Rate Grant (RG) according to the payload of the current cell and sends it to the user. With the increase of cell load, the 2ms TTI HSUPA, in contrast to the 10ms TTI HSUPA, can improve the performance generated from the cell throughput. Obviously, the smaller the TTI, the larger the performance will be.
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HSUPA Technology
The current provisioning of one CS service and up to three PS services is supported. When the CS services and the PS services carried over HSUPA channel are provided concurrently, the actual maximum bit rate of the uplink PS services depends on the capability level of the terminal, the MBR subscribed in the core network (CN), payload of the system, and the radio environment at the time of access.
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Before the E-DCH serving cell changes, the UE has maintained connections with multiple cells: 1. The UE measures the quality of the intra-frequency cells in the neighboring cell list according to the measurement control mechanism of the RNC, judges the occurrence of intra-frequency events, and sends the measurement report to the RNC. 2. The RNC decides to change the E-DCH serving cell according to the events reported by the UE and availability of the radio resources. 3. The RNC sends the NBAP message Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare to the serving Node B and reconfigures it as the non-serving E-DCH RL. 4. The RNC sends the NBAP message Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare to the destination Node B and reconfigures it as the serving E-DCH RL. 5. The serving Node B returns the Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready message to the RNC. 6. The destination Node B returns the Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready message to the RNC. 7. The RNC sends the Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit message with the time of changing the E-DCH serving RL to the serving Node B. 8. The RNC sends the Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit message with the time of
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changing the E-DCH serving RL to the destination Node B. 9. The RNC sends the RRC message Physical Channel Reconfiguration to the UE and instructs it to change the E-DCH serving cell. 10. The UE switches to the new E-DCH serving RL at the time specified by the RNC and sends the RRC message Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete to the RNC.
1.
The RNC sends the NBAP message Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare to the Node B to reconfigure the E-DCH channel as a DCH channel.
2. 3.
The Node B returns the Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready message to the RNC. The RNC sends the Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit message with the time of channel switching to the Node B.
4.
The RNC sends the RRC message Transport Channel Reconfiguration to the UE to reconfigure the E-DCH channel as a DCH channel.
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HSUPA Technology
5.
The UE switch the E-DCH channel to the DCH channel at the time specified by the RNC and sends the RRC message Transport Channel Reconfiguration Complete to the RNC.
The following figure shows the flow of inter-cell switching between E-DCH and DCH. The following takes the hard handover from a cell supporting E-DCH to an intrafrequency neighboring cell not supporting E-DCH as an example and describes a scenario of fallback from inter-cell E-DCH to DCH.
1.
The RNC sends the NBAP message Radio Link Setup Request to the target Node B to set up a radio link of the DCH channel.
2.
The destination Node B returns the Radio Link Setup Response message to the RNC.
3.
The RNC sends the RRC message Transport Channel Reconfiguration to the UE to reconfigure the E-DCH channel as a DCH channel.
4.
The UE sends the RRC message Transport Channel Reconfiguration Complete to the RNC to swithch the E-DCH channel to a DCH channel.
5.
The RNC sends the NBAP message Radio Link Deletion Request to the source NdoeB to delete the bearer of the original E-DCH.
6.
The source Node B returns the Radio Link Deletion Response message to the RNC.
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the soft combining. When working at lower transmission rate, the terminal supports both of the two modes. The IR mode needs a more complex memort of the UE. The 3GPP does not impose limitations on the specific mode. The CC mode can be viewed as a special form of the IR mode. The parameter HarqRvConfig is used to specify which HARQ mode should be used. The system adopting the quick HARQ may have a higher Block Error Rate (BLER) in the first transmission. This is because the time delay of the packets with retransmission reception errors drops obviously in comparison with the RLC retransmission. Higher BLER target can reduce the transmission power requirement on the UE when it transmits data at a certain bit rate. If two cells have the same payload, the application of the quick HARQ can improve the capacity of the cell. When the data rate is invariable, reducing the energy of each bit helps to improving the coverage. Certainly, improving the BLER target excessively is costly because the time delay at the peak rate does not occur frequently when the RLC retransmission is not started, but data is retransmitted in large quantity, the user can feel the average time delay. Because more and more packets need to be retransmitted, the valid throughput of invariable bit rate also drops with the increase of the BLER. In the SHO process, the HSUPA HARQ introduces a complex process that is unavailable in the HSDPA HARQ. In CDMA system, the SHO gain comes from the correct reception of packets at a Node B while another Node B is unable of decoding. Therefore, one Node B sends an ACK and another Node B sends a NACK. On this occasion, the network has received the packet, and the UE shall no longer send the same packet. Accordingly, in the Node B with reception failure, the HARQ process can recover from the incorrect reception. The RNC must ensure the sequence of packet transmission and combine the packets received at different Node Bs selectively.
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If the concomitant CQI/HS-SCCH power control method is used for E-AGCH, RNC
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HSUPA Technology
will change the power-offset value during the soft hand-over because E-AGCH has no soft hand-over combination. HS-SCCH can control the channel quality due to the outer-power control. Therefore the concomitant CQI/HS-SCCH power control for EAGCH can provide better performance. The first method is directly controlled by HSUPA scheduler to adjust E-AGCH power value. For the second method, HSDPA will report the latest scheduled HS-SCCH power to HSUPA. The last E-AGCH power is derived from the sum of HS-SCCH power and the fixed power offset of HS-SCCH relative to E-AGCH. The power control method selection is configured by OAM. Fixed power control arithmetic: The fixed power control arithmetic is to use higher fixed transmit power to be sufficient for each HSUPA user (The fixed power transmission must be satisfied with the performance when UE is located in the cell margin). The power configuration is easier for this method. However, it will possibly waste Node B power resources to create the unnecessary interference in the cell. Concomitant CQI/HS-SCCH power control arithmetic: E-AGCH is HSUPA control channel which is transmitted to UE by Node B. Based on an overall consideration of E-AGCH, the power control strategy is described in the following. According to the description of 3GPP protocol, one UE can be HSUPA user and HSDPA user simultaneously because the same serving cell exists between HSUPA and HSDPA. E-AGCH which belongs to HSUPA serving cell can use CQI and HS-SCCH of HSDPA information to implement E-AGCH power control and can adjust E-AGCH transmit power according to CQI information reported by UE and HS-SCCH power control. CQI is the HS-SCCH channel quality indicator and will not be affected by the handover state and service type. Due to the feedback of HS-SCCH demodulation in Node B, the influence of the receiver performance and the speed of different UE can be shielded by the outer power control arithmetic to control the channel quality. Because of the same demodulation requirement between E-AGCH and HS-SCCH, the concomitant HS-SCCH power control for E-AGCH power based on the blinding of EAGCH and HS-SCCH transmit power can effectively use HS-SCCH outer power
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control to dynamically adjust E-AGCH transmit power with the channel quality. This method can save E-AGCH power loss and reduce the unnecessary interference to other downlink channels.
The method of concomitant DPCCH outer power control will achieve better performance because E-RGCH/HICH has soft handover combination to ensure the performance without power-offset change. For the method 1, E-RGCH/HICH power value is directly controlled by HSUPA scheduler. For the method 2, the association between E-RGCH/HICH and DPCCH channel power is directly implemented by hardware. The power control method selection is configured by OAM.
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