Curriculum development and implementation

Definition Curriculum encompasses all the experiences of an individual including the tasks undertaken from childhood until adulthood. Course content which is offered by an educational institution Courses that are taught in schools or institutions of higher learning. Tanner (1980) all the preferably planned experiences which should be gained by pupils and the inspired learning outcomes of teachers and pupils. Theoretical foundation of curriculum Alfred Binet- systematic procedures to measure learning aptitudes Jean Piaget- Cognitive development Lev Vygotsly- Social constructivist , ZPD Ivan pavlov- the effects of classical conditioning Bf. Skinner- Operant conditioning (reinforcement) Abraham Maslow- theory of motivation Benjamin Bloom- Blooms taxonomy Ralph Tyler- outline the format for various aspects like curriculum guides, lesson plan, evaluation tools Erik Erikson- individuals psychosocial development Lawrence Kohlberg- Moral development of human being Three curriculum models Tylers Objective model End-means model Made up of four components: objectives, contents, organisation and evaluation Tabas model Made up of seven components: diagnosis of needs, development of objectives, selection of contents, organisation of contents, selection of educational experiences, organisation of educational experiences, evaluation Stenhouses model Curriculum was defined as a form of content delivery by educators to a target group in a specific educational institution

Teaching process should be active, dynamics, not something physical and involves the interaction between teacher, pupils and the knowledge to be disseminated. Development of primary school integrated curriculum (KBSR) Background Implemented on trail in 1982 Changes in KBSR can be seen in two perspectives: General: Values infusion in the teaching and learning process Mastery and use of basic skills in daily activities Restructuring study skills Syllabus review for each subject Specific: Integration of problem solving and arithmetical operations Separation of an and his environment into two different subject Use of English language for mathmatics, science and technical subject for year 1 starting from January 2003. Implementation process Principles: four : integrated approach, one education for all, holistic development of the individual, life-long learning.

National Philosophy of Education formulated in 1988 aims? To rationally clarify the current educational practices as well as facilitates the actions and trends of education in the future Education in Malaysia is an ongoing effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner, so as to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonic, based on a firm belief in and devotion to God. Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent who possess high moral standards and who are responsible and capable in achieving a high level of personal well-being as well as being able to contribute to the harmony and betterment of the family, the society and the nation at large. history: 1979: the idea to formulate NPE sparked off after the Cabinet Committee Report on the review of Education Policies Implementation. Cabinet Committee Report recommended that human development should be emphasized (holistic human development) NPE is determined by Malaysian constitution ad grounded in our national ideologies which have integrated Rukunegara and the national Education policies.

Rukunegara Government effort to promote racial unity, balance and stability amongst the citizens of this country in relation to the racial riot, May 13. Belief in God, Loyalty to King and country, Upholding the constitution, Rules of law, Good behaviour and morality. New economic policy