Introduction:

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The term Artificial Intelligence (AI) mean "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. It can also refer to intelligence as exhibited by an artificial (man-made, non-natural, manufactured) entity. Concern: Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples include control, planning and scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and consumer questions. The study of AI has also become an engineering discipline, focused on providing solutions to real life problems, knowledge mining, software applications, and strategy games like computer chess and other video games National Conference on Soft Computing and Its Applications (NCSCA-07) Dec 2007 HISTORY:

Timeline of major AI events

Development:

The field of artificial intelligence dawned in the 1950s. Up to 1980s AI development experienced an AI winter due to failure to achieve expectations and lack of governmental funding. During the 1990s and

2000s AI has become very influenced by probability theory and statistics. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, there has been much renewed interest and funding for threat-detection AI systems. some of the more notable moments include: 1956 John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence". 997 The Deep Blue chess machine (IBM) beats the world chess champion, Garry Kasparov. 2005 Honda's ASIMO robot, an artificially intelligent humanoid robot, is able to walk as fast as a human, delivering trays to customers in restaurant settings.

MECHANISMS: Generally speaking AI systems are built around automated inference engines including forward reasoning and backwards reasoning. Based on certain conditions ("if") the system infers certain consequences ("then"). In terms of consequences AI comes under two categories:

1. Conventional AI 2. Computational intelligence Conventional AI: Conventional AI research focuses on attempts to mimic human intelligence through symbol manipulation and symbolically structured knowledge bases. Methods include in conventional AI are: Expert systems: apply reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion. An expert system can process large amounts of known information and provide conclusions

based on them. Case based reasoning: stores a set of problems and answers in an organized data structure called cases. A case based reasoning system upon being presented with a problem finds a case in its knowledge base that is most closely related to the new problem and presents its solutions as an output with suitable modifications Computational intelligence: Subject involved in Computational intelligence is Neural network. Neural networks: systems with very strong pattern recognition capabilities. Pattern recognition: A complete pattern recognition system consists of a sensor that gathers the observations to be classified or described; a feature extraction mechanism that computes numeric or symbolic information from the observations; and a classification or description scheme using statistical (or decision theoretic) analysis that does the actual job of classifying or describing observations, relying on the extracted features.

RESEARCH CHALLENGES: DARPA Grand Challenge:

The DARPA Grand Challenge was a race for a $2 million prize where cars had to drive themselves over a hundred miles of challenging desert terrain without any communication with humans, using GPS, computers and a sophisticated array of sensors. This was the first in a series of challenges aimed at a congressional mandate stating that by 2015 one-third of the operational ground combat vehicles of the US Armed Forces should be unmanned. RoboCup:

A popular challenge amongst AI research groups is the RoboCup APPLICATIONS: Artificial intelligence found in many applications like: Cybernetics Business Robotics

Cybernetics: Cybernetics means "the art of ensuring the efficacy and of action". It is the study of communication

control in living organisms, machines and organizations. Its focus is how anything (digital,

mechanical or biological) processes information, reacts to information and changes or can be changed

to better accomplish the first two tasks.

Business: Banks: Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations, invest in stocks, and manage properties. Medical clinic: A medical clinic can use artificial intelligence systems to organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and provide medical information. Robotics: Robotics is the science and technology of robots, their design, manufacture, and application. A robot is a mechanical or virtual, artificial agent. A typical robot will have several, though not necessarily all of the following properties: Is not 'natural' / has been artificially created. Can sense its environment. Can manipulate things in its environment. Has some degree of intelligence or ability to make choices based on the Environment or automatic control / preprogrammed sequence. Is programmable. Can move with one or more axes of rotation or translation. Can make dexterous coordinated movements. Appears to have intent or agency (rectification, anthropomorphisation or Pathetic fallacy) Robots have become common in many industries. They are often given jobs that are considered dangerous to humans. Robots have proven effective in jobs that are very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in concentration and other jobs which humans may find degrading. Japan is the leader in using and producing robots in the world. Increased

productivity, accuracy, and endurance: Industrial robots doing vehicle under body assembly Jobs which require speed, accuracy, reliability or endurance can be performed far better by a robot than a human. Hence many jobs in factories which were traditionally performed by people are now robotized. This has lead to cheaper mass-produced goods, including automobiles and electronics. Robots have now been working in factories for more than fifty years, ever since the Unimate robot was installed to automatically remove hot metal from a die casting machine. Since then, factory automation in the form of large stationary manipulators has become the largest market for robots.

The number of installed robots has grown faster and faster. CONCLUSION: Over the next four decades, despite many stumbling blocks, AI has grown from a dozen researchers, to thousands of engineers and specialists; and from programs capable of playing checkers, to systems designed to diagnose disease. As we progress in the development of artificial intelligence,other theories are available,in addition to building on what we can do with AI.