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Microelectronics Journal

Microelectronics Journal 31 (2000) 773779 www.elsevier.com/locate/mejo

Enhancing forced convection heat transfer from multiple protruding heat sources simulating electronic components in a horizontal channel by passive cooling
G.I. Sultan
Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt

Abstract Experiments were conducted to study forced convection heat transfer in a small aspect ratio of multiple protruding heat sources in a horizontal channel with passive cooling. Perforated holes are arranged in the base of channel in a staggered manner in two rows between heat sources. Due to the increase of temperature between heaters, outside air is withdrawn naturally through the perforated holes. Effect of air entering through the perforated holes with different holes/open area ratios (b 0.0147, 0.0260, 0.0409, 0.0589 and 0.8017) on heat transfer characteristics is examined. It was found that the heat transfer coefcient was enhanced for all values of holes/open area ratio. Results also show that holes with b 0.0409 gives the best thermal performance for 376 Re 6170 while Gr 0:37 107 which are studied and the maximum enhancement in heat transfer is found to be 33.15% at Re 3428. The average Nusselt number and maximum dimensionless temperature are correlated as a function of the Richardson number Gr=Re2 and the holes/open area ratio b . 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Passive cooling; Holes/open area ratio; Protruding heat sources

1. Introduction Air-cooling has been and still likely remains a promising option in the cooling of electronic equipment. The electronic components ICs are usually mounted on boards, which form channels or cavities. Due to the progress of circuit interaction, heat dissipation is concentrated in fewer components while the system volume shrinks, thereby reduction the space for coolant ows. Consequently, unless an effective removal of the excessive heat generation within the device is in place, the performance of these sensitive electronic components deteriorates rapidly. However, from an overall view of what has been accomplished experimentally, it appears that such data is not sufcient, although noticeable efforts were mentioned. Aung [1] indicated through an experimental study that downstream of the step, the heat transfer increases monotonically in the streamwise direction. Gooray et al. [2] developed a numerical model (k e ) for heat transfer in turbulent recirculating ow over two-dimensional (2D), rearward facing step and sudden pipe expansions. Hall and Pletcher [3] solved the boundary layer momentum and continuity equations in a
E-mail address: gisultan@mun.mans.eun.eg (G.I. Sultan).

coupled manner by a nite-difference numerical scheme and predicted separated ows region and predicted separated ow regions and heat transfer characteristics. Chan and Tien [4] investigated the laminar steady-state natural convection in a 2D rectangular open cavity. LePeutrec and Lauriat [5] obtained numerical solution for uid ow and heat transfer rates for the 3D natural convection in a rectangular enclosures. Wadsworth and Mudawar [6] investigated through an experimental study, the single phase heat transfer from a smooth simulated chip to a two-dimensional jet of dielectric uorinate FC-72 liquid issuing from a thin rectangular slot into a channel conned between the chip surface and nozzle plate. Kim and Anand [7] studied numerically, the 2D turbulent heat transfer between a series of parallel plates with surface mounted discrete blocks heat sources. Papanicolaou and Jaluria [8] presented a numerical simulation of turbulent transport from an isolated heat source in a square cavity with side openings. Hwang and Liou [9] studied experimentally the turbulent heat transfer and friction in a low-aspect ratio rectangular channel in which two opposite walls are roughened by perforated ribs. Dehahan and Behnia [10] found through a theoretical study that the surface emissivity has been varied and its effects on the ow and thermal eld has been determined for different values of Ra. Torii [11] performed a numerical study on unsteady

0026-2692/00/$ - see front matter 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S0026-269 2(00)00058-6

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Nomenclature b heater height, m d hole diameter, m h convective heat transfer coefcient, W/(m 2 K) H channel height, m k uid thermal conductivity, W/(m K) L heater width, m distance from rst heater to channel inlet, m L1 L2 distance from last heater to channel exit, m Gr Grashof number, Gr gb1 qL 2bL3 =kn2 n number of holes local Nusselt number on the heater surface with existing holes NuHi NuH average Nusselt number on the heater surface with existing holes Nu local Nusselt number in case of without holes Pr uid Prandtl number, Cp m=k q heat ux on the heater surface, W/m 2 Re Reynolds number, Re uo L=n Ri Richardson number, Ri Gr=Re2 S distance between two heaters, m T temperature, K free stream velocity, m/s uo X, Z distance in horizontal and vertical directions, m Greeks a uid thermal diffusivity, m 2/s b1 volumetric coefcient of thermal expansion, 1/K b holes open area ratio u dimensionless temperature, T To =qL=k n uid kinematic viscosity, m 2/s r uid density, kg/m 3 Subscripts 1,2,3 refer to heaters arrangement max maximum value o refers to free stream i refers to local value natural convection heat transfer and uid ow in a vertical cavity in free fall. Yang and Kuo [12] predicted a numerical procedure for uid ow characteristics with the recirculation zone for a backward-facing step with uniform normal mass bleeds. Wang et al. [13] investigated a natural convection air-cooling of a vertical plate with ve wall-attached protruding discretely heated integrated circuit (IC) packages. Their study showed the inuence of the blockage dimension, and their power distribution on the buoyancy induced ow and thermal eld in such a conguration. Jubran and Al-Haron [14] studied experimentally the effect of using various designs of secondary air injection hole arrangements on the heat transfer coefcient and pressure drop characteristics of an array of a rectangular modules at different values of Reynolds number. Also, their study examined one row of holes, pitch distance between the injection holes, as well as, the injection angles were varied. They recorded an enhancement of 54% in heat transfer with the forced injection of a secondary air. El-Kady and Sultan [15] studied experimentally and theoretically the heat ow characteristics of a single protruding heat source in a horizontal channel. Sultan [16] studied experimentally the effect of aspect ratio on mixed convection cooling of multiple protruding heat sources in a horizontal channel. In the present study, ICs components chips is idealized as smooth rectangular blocks with uniform thermal conductivity and constant heat ux. The components obstruct the ow, resulting in the recirculation zones between blocks and downstream from the last block. As the aspect ratio becomes smaller, it seems to be a ow over a cavity. So, the air inside this cavity becomes hotter, its density decreases and so it goes up making a wake zone. The ambient air cold stream penetrates through 16 holes perforated in the oor of the test section between each two heaters and leads to decrease the temperature of the air inside the cavity relatively and hence improving the cooling technique.

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Fig. 1. Details of the test rig.

2. Experimental apparatus The schematic drawing of the experimental apparatus including the test section is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The test duct is 600 mm long, and the square cross-section of 120 120 mm 2 is made of wood. The air that is withdrawn by the blower (14) enters the test section (1) through a bell mouth inlet (2) to insure uniform ow with a negligible turbulence in the inlet to the test section. The local ow velocity is measured by means of a hot-wire anemometer (4) at different locations in both Y and Z directions in a section free of the blockage heaters and is integrated to

get the average velocity. The accuracy of the measured velocity is estimated to be 5%. Three typical heaters (5) are arranged on the base plate of the channel with aspect ratio S=L 0:55: The rst heater is located at L1 200 mm from the entrance of the channel and heated by a nickelchromium wire. The nickelchromium wire is wrapped at equal pitches over a ceramic core of 22 mm width, 14 mm height and 120 mm length for each as shown in Fig. 1. Each core is surrounded by a 0.5 mm thick mica-sheet (7) and is inserted inside an aluminium channel (8) 27 mm wide, 16 mm high and 120 mm long to form the three protruding heaters. The aluminium channel is

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus.

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Fig. 3. Local dimensionless temperature distribution along the heaters surface at different hole diameters.

of the aluminium channel by means of a highly thermal conductivity cement. Nevertheless, these values can be taken to represent the outer surface temperature of the heaters because of the high thermal conductivity for the aluminium channel. It is estimated that the maximum difference between outer and inner surface is less than 0.05C. Also, the temperature distribution along the oor of the test section is measured by 14 thermocouples (three thermocouples are distributed between each two heaters, four in front of the rst heater and another four behind the last heater). The thermocouples are connected to a digital temperature recorder, which has an accuracy of 1%. Nearly 2 h were needed to reach the steady state condition, which was recorded as the temperature reading did not change within the time. Also, the free stream temperature To was measured by thermocouple located at centreline of the wind tunnel at inlet. The holes/open area ratio b is dened as the ratio of total area of holes to that of the one side area of heater, so:

b np=4d2 =wb

highly polished to minimize emissivity and hence radiation loss is negligible. The heat source modules are mounted rmly on the oor of the test section at S=L 0:55: There are 16 holes between each two heater perforated in the oor of the test section in two rows staggered 5 mm apart, and 15 mm between each two holes in the same row. To control the heat input to the heaters, variac transformer (10) is used as well as an ammeter (12), which has an accuracy of 0.1 A and a voltmeter (11) with a minimum reading of 0.1 V. The surface temperature of each heater is measured by six calibrated copperconstantan thermocouples (13) which have a diameter 0.25 mm and are glued well on the inside surface

where n is the number of holes, d the hole diameter, w the channel width, and b the heater height. The holes/open area ratios investigated are 0.01472, 0.02618, 0.04091, 0.05891 and 0.08017. The other parameters investigated are: 376 Re 6170; b=L 0:59; S=L 0:55; H =L W =L 4:44; L1 =L 9:61; L2 =L 9:61; Pr 7 and Gr 0:371 107 : The results are presented in terms of the dimensionless temperature u

u f Gr; Re; H =L; b=L Ti To =qL=kGr1=5

where To, uo, k and n are the temperature, velocity, thermal conductivity and kinematic viscosity of the free stream, respectively, Grashof number Gr gb1 qL 2bL3 =kn2 ; Reynolds number Re uo L=n; To local surface temperature, and q the heat ux. The local Nusselt number NuHi along the surface of the module may be expressed in terms of the measured surface heat ux and surface temperature. Thus NuHi hL=k qL=Ti To k 3

 To k Nu qL=T

 is the average temperature of the heater surface, where T NuHi the average Nusselt number with passive cooling, and Nu the average Nusselt number without passive cooling. The percentage enhancement in local Nusselt number is calculated from
Fig. 4. Local dimensionless temperature distribution along the heaters surface at different hole diameters.

%enhancement NuHi =Nu

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Fig. 5. Variation of the dimensionless temperature distribution of the rst heater with holes/open area ratio at different Reynolds number and Gr 0:37 107 :

Fig. 6. Variation of the dimensionless temperature distribution of the second heater with holes/open area ratio at different Reynolds number and Gr 0:37 107 :

3. Results and discussion 3.1. Temperature distribution The local dimensionless temperature distribution along the streamwise distance of the surface of the three heaters is presented in Figs. 3 and 4. At high Reynolds number (Re 6170), the local temperature of second heater is less than that of the third heater and higher than that of the rst one. But at low Reynolds number (Re 376), the temperature of the second heater is greater than that of the others. This is because at low Reynolds number, the buoyancy effect is greater than the forced convection effect. It is also clear that, the local temperature in the case of without holes [16] has the highest values. The mean dimensionless temperature distribution along the surface of the three heater are shown in Figs. 57 at different holes/open area ratio and Re 376, 900, 2073, 3428 and 6170. The mean dimensionless surface temperature u , decreases gradually with b until a certain value which corresponds to d 2.5 mm and then increases. This is because the air in the vicinity of both sides of the second heater has to carry out all the thermal energy generated in the blocks. So, the buoyancy effect forced the air in this cavity to go up and a cold air stream penetrates through the holes and leads to decrease the temperature relatively. Also, the wake that is generated behind each heater creates a pressure gradient. This pressure gradient is equal to the friction pressure drop as the cold air ows through holes (DPf) and momentum pressure drop (DPv) of the recirculated air. Since, the friction pressure drop is inversely proportional to the hole diameter and the momentum pres-

sure drop is directly proportional to the hole diameter. So, at a certain Reynolds number, the induced air velocity increases with hole diameter until a certain value (leading to cooling of the air in this cavity) and then decreases.

3.2. Heat transfer The local Nusselt number along the streamwise distance are presented in Figs. 8 and 9. At high Reynolds number (Re 6170) the local Nusselt number of the second heater is less than that of the rst heater but it is greater than the third one for all values of holes/open area ratio. But at low Reynolds number (Re 376), the local Nusselt number of the rst heater is the best and greater than the others. All the local Nusselt number of the three heaters is higher than that of without holes [16] due to the induced cooling through holes. The maximum enhancement obtained was 33.15% which corresponding to b 0.0589 at Re 3428. Figs. 1012 show the dependence of mean Nusselt number with holes/open area ratio at different Reynolds number and Gr 0:376 107 : The mean Nusselt number of each heater is increased slightly with the increase of holes/open area ratio to a certain value and then decreased. Also, it is clear that the mean Nusselt number increases with increasing Reynolds number for all values of b . The maximum enhancement in the mean Nusselt numbers for the heaters is 10.81% for the rst heater, 11.66% for the second one and 10.2% for the last one, corresponding to b 0.0409. The present experimental results are used to obtain the dependence of maximum dimensionless temperature along

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Fig. 7. Variation of the dimensionless temperature distribution of the third heater with holes/open area ratio at different Reynolds number and Gr 0:37 107 :

Fig. 9. Variation of the local Nusselt number along the heaters surfaces at different holes diameters and constant Reynolds number.

and
NuH1 35:7119 165:243b 1793:27b2 Gr=Re2 0:2251

the three heaters and average Nusselt number on Richardson number Gr=Re2 and holes/open area ratio b . For h=L 0:59; 376 Re 6170; 0:0744 Gr=Re2 72:0 and 0 b 0:08017 :

NuH2 32:9344 154:822b 1622:56b2 Gr=Re2 0:2226


NuH3 32:0271 137:196b 1503:27b2 Gr=Re2 0:20178

u1;max 0:26193 1:0600b 11:1449b2 Gr=Re2 0:21813 u2;max 0:27595 1:0764b 10:3859b2 Gr=Re2 0:21416 u3;max 0:29101 1:2865b 12:5306b2 Gr=Re2 0:20178 6

7 The maximum estimated error of these correlation was found to be 5.6% from that of the experimental data. 4. Conclusions The present experimental study was carried out to obtain

Fig. 8. Variation of the local Nusselt number along the heaters surfaces at different hole diameters and constant Reynolds number.

Fig. 10. Variation of the mean Nusselt number of the rst heater with holes/ open area ratio at constant Reynolds number and Gr 0:37 107 :

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2. The maximum enhancement in local Nusselt number was 33.15% which corresponds to b 0.0589. 3. Increasing holes-open area ratio led to decrease the maximum surface temperature and increases local Nusselt number. 4. The best holes/open area ratio is found to be b 0.0409 (number of holes 16 and d 2.5 mm).

References
[1] W. Aung, An experimental study of laminar heat transfer downstream of backsteps, Journal of Heat Transfer (ASME Transactions) 105 (1983) 823828. [2] A.M. Gooray, C.B. Walkins, W. Aung, Turbulent heat transfer computations for rearward facing steps and sudden pipe expansion, Journal of Heat Transfer (ASME Transactions) 107 (1985) 7076. [3] E.J. Hall, R.H. Pletcher, Application of viscous inviscid interaction procedure to predict separated ows with heat transfer, Journal of Heat Transfer (ASME Transactions) 107 (1985) 557563. [4] Y.L. Chan, C.L. Tien, A numerical study of two-dimensional laminar nature convection in shallow open cavities, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 28 (3) (1985) 603612. [5] Y. Lepeutrec, G. Lauriat, Effects of heat transfer at the side walls on natural convection in cavities, Journal of Heat Transfer (ASME Transactions) 112 (1990) 370378. [6] D.C. Wadsworth, I. Mudawar, Cooling of a multi-electronic module by means of conned two-dimensional jets of dielectronic liquid, Journal of Heat Transfer (ASME Transactions) 112 (1990) 891898. [7] S.H. Kim, N.K. Anand, Turbulent heat transfer between a series of paralle plates with surface-mounted discrete heat sources, Journal of Heat Transfer (ASME Transactions) 116 (1994) 577587. [8] E. Papanicolaou, Y. Jaluria, Computation of turbulent ow in mixed convection in a cavity with localized heat source, Journal of Heat Transfer (ASME Transactions) 117 (1995) 649658. [9] J. Hwang, T. Liou, Heat transfer and friction in a low-aspect ratio rectangular channel with staggered perforated ribs on two opposite walls, Journal of Heat Transfer (ASME Transactions) 117 (1995) 843850. [10] A.A. Dehghan, M. Behnia, Combined natural convection, conduction and radiation heat transfer in a discretely heated open cavity, Journal of Heat Transfer (ASME Transactions) 118 (1996) 5664. [11] S. Torii, Effect of gravity on unsteady natural convection in a square cavity in free fall, FCD 13 (1997) 2126. [12] Y.-T. Yang, C.-L. Kuo, Numerical study of a backward facing step with uniform normal mass bleed, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 40 (7) (1997) 16771686. [13] H.Y. Wang, F. Penot, A. Sauliner, Numerical study of a buoyancyinduced ow along a vertical plate with discretely heated integrated circuit packages, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 40 (7) (1997) 15091520. [14] B.A. Jubran, M.S. Al-Haroun, Heat transfer enhancement in electronic modules using various secondary air injection hole arrangements, Journal of Heat Transfer (ASME Transactions) 120 (1998) 342347. [15] M.S. El-Kady, G.I. Sultan, Mixed convection from a single protruding heat source in a horizontal channel, The First Minia International Conference for Advanced Trends in Engineering MICATE 99, vol. 4, 1999, pp. 153162. [16] G.I. Sultan, Mixed convecton cooling of multiple protruding heat sources in a horizontal channel, Mansoura Engineering Journal 24 (3) (1999) 4353.

Fig. 11. Variation of the mean Nusselt number of the second heater with holes/open area ratio at constant Reynolds number and Gr 0:37 107 :

the effect of holes open area ratio on the mean convective heat transfer from three protruding mounted blocks simulating electronic components. The results show the following: 1. The dimensionless temperature u of the second heater is higher than that of the rst heater and less than that of the third one. But at very low Reynolds number, it becomes higher than that of the third heater.

Fig. 12. Variation of the mean Nusselt number of the third heater with holes/open area ratio at constant Reynolds number and Gr 0:37 107 :

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