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Dental materials
Dr. Catrinel GHEORGHIU

Aims and objectives

Understanding essential things about dental materials: composition, properties, uses Reviewing the main dental materials Getting used to the handling of the dental materials Being able to choose the best dental material for a specific clinical situation Reading Understanding - Comparing

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Bibliography
Van NOORT R.- Introduction to dental materials. 3rd edition. Mosby Elsevier, 2008 CRAIG, R. Restorative dental materials, 13th edition, Mosby 2011

Bibliography
McCABE, J. F., WALLS, A. W. G. Applied dental materials, 9th edition, Blackwell Science Ltd. 1998. Phillips Science of Dental Materials, 2003

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Main classes of dental materials

Impression materials Ceramics Polymers Metals, alloys Anorganic salts Composites

Impression materials: elastomers, alginate

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Metals and alloys: o ortho wires o brackets

Metals and alloys: o Crowns, bridges o Amalgam restorations

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Partial dentures

Implants

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Polymers : - total/full dentures - models

Ceramics veneers

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Ceramics crowns, bridges

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FUNDAMENTALS IN DENTAL MATERIALS STUDY

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Properties of dental materials

During storage During mixing

During setting

After setting

Properties after setting :

1. Mechanical properties :
Elasticity Mechanical strength Fatigue Ductility, maleability Resilience, toughness Hardness

4. Adhesion properties

5. Biological properties
biocompatibility

2. Physical properties :
Optical Thermal Rheological

3. Chemical properties :
Electrochemical Solubility Water absorbtion

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
This chapter will make you understand the following notions: -Forces -Stress -Strain -Hardness -Fatigue -Tenacity -Resilience -Resistance to fracture

Craig,11ed,2002 M1, M2 nat

Occlusal forces, average values(N) 400-800 300 200

Masticatory forces:

Pm C

Human race: 200-3500 N I 150 M1 crown/ bridge 250 (40% nat) M > Pm > C > I M full dentures 100 (15% nat) Children: 235-494N 22N/year I full dentures 40 Men > women (90N) Natural teeth> Fixed prosthodontics (40% of natural)> removable prosthodontics (15% of natural)

Any material has a reaction to the external forces applied on it (visible or not), also according to the size of the material Ideally- no modifications

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Dimensional changes
May appear during : Setting reaction: chemical / thermal After setting reaction: thermal / mechanical
Always calculated in % of the initial dimension

Stress
When a force acts on a body, the force is resisted by the body. If the F is too big, it will cause a deformation or a break.

The stress = the inner force through which the body is opposing to the action of the external force, equal as magnitude and with opposite direction
Stress () : F/A, where F= force ; A= area of application Measurement unit: Pascal (Pa) = N/ m. Common: MPa

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The stress in a body varies with the surface of the body. Practical application: A force of 400N applied on a 4m2 surface generates a stress equal with 400N/4m2, so 100Pa but for a dental filling, a force of 400N applied on a 4mm2 surface generates a stress equal with 400N/4mm2, so 100 MPa (megapascals), therefore a 106 times bigger stress.

The forces applied onto a body can have different directions. The relation between the applied force and resulted deformation:

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Strain
A body over which a force is applied suffers a deformation. Bodies with different shapes and dimensions different dimensions of the deformation standardized parameter The strain does not have a unit of measure, but it may be expressed as a pure value obtained through the following equation: The strain (e) = Absolute deformation/ Initial dimension The strain (e) = (L L0) / L0 = L / L0 L is the final length of the body,after the load L0 is the initial length

The stress-strain curve

A cause and effect relation : the application of an external F will produce a stress inside the material which will determine the change in shape of the body (the strain) Gathering the values of the stress (=Fext) and the strain on a single graphic the stress strain curve for a certain material under a certain type of load (tensile/compression/shear, and so on).

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(P)

Example: The tensile test for the copper (Cu) wire the stress-strain ( e) curve is linear until P point = the yield point = the proportional limit = the domain of the elastic deformations between P and plastic flow zone

F = the domain of plastic deformations = the

F corresponds with eF = the ultimate strength (the stress at which fracture occurs) i.e. if the the fracture occurs: -from tensile stress tensile strength -from shear stress shear strength and so on.

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