Proceedings of the IEEE 15th International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON12), Alexandria University, Egypt, December

23-25, 2012, Paper ID 232, pp 581-586

Improvement of Voltage Transfer Ratio of Space Vector Modulated Three-Phase Matrix Converter
Sheriff M. Dabour and Essam M. Rashad, Senior Member, IEEE1
Abstract - The matrix converter (MC) is an alternative for conventional AC/AC power electronic converters due to the advantages it offers. However, the matrix converter modulation technique is complex. Moreover, its voltage transfer ratio is limited to 86.6%. A modification of the space vector modulation (SVM) strategy by using harmonic injection principles has been proposed in this paper in order to increase the voltage transfer ratio. The theoretical analysis of the proposed method is discussed in details and modeled. A comparison between the SVM and the proposed modification is given. Simulation and experimental results are presented. The results show the validity of the proposed method. Index Terms - AC/AC power conversion, three-phase matrix converter, Harmonic injection, Space Vector Modulation

I. INTRODUCTION

C-AC power converters transform constant voltage constant frequency supply into a variable voltage with variable frequency output required for many applications, as adjustable speed drive (ASD) systems. Due to the improvements in power semiconductor switches, many types of AC/AC converter have emerged. As shown in Figure 1, there are two kinds of AC-AC converter topologies [1]: DC-Link converters (AC-DC-AC) Direct AC-AC converters
AC/AC topologies
DC-Link Converters (AC/DC/AC) VSI CSI Direct AC/AC Converters CycloConverter Matrix Converter

applications. A significant contribution was achieved in 1980 where Venturini published a paper which presented the first control algorithm of the converter [5]. In this algorithm maximum voltage transfer ratio doesnt exceed 50%. In 1989 Venturini proposed an improved control strategy [6]. The voltage transfer ratio has been raised to 86.6%, which was proven to be a theoretical maximum limit. In the same year (1989), SVM scheme was introduced by Huber and Borojevic [7]. The space vector modulation of the matrix converter offers the full theoretical voltage transfer ratio in addition to a sinusoidal input current with adjustable phase angle. Later, various strategies have been suggested to increase the converter voltage transfer ratio [8-10]. In this paper, a proposed method for increasing the voltage transfer ratio is introduced. It uses harmonic injection principle. This method has been implemented using Matlab/ Simulink. Then the algorithm is compiled to real time system based on DS1104 dSPACE GmbH card. Experimental results have been compared to their corresponding simulation results in order to check the validity of the proposed method. II. THREE-PHASE MATRIX CONVERTER The three-phase matrix converter consists of nine bidirectional switch (BDS). They are connected so that any of the input phases (A, B, and C) can be switched to any of the output phases (a, b, and c) as shown in Figure 2. With the nine bi-directional switches, the MC can assume 29 different switch states. Two constrains must be regarded when applying different switching states to MC at any switching time:

The input phases must never be shorted. The output phases must never be opened.
VA Input Filter Lf VB N VC SaB SbB ScB SaA SbA ScA Switching Matrix

Figure 1: AC-AC Power Converter Topologies

AC-DC-AC converter with DC-Link has the disadvantage of needing large storage elements (capacitor or inductor). This disadvantage is avoided by using direct AC-AC converters such as cycloconverters and matrix converters. Matrix converter is preferable due to frequency limitation associated with cycloconverters [2, 3]. MC topologies are direct and indirect. The direct matrix converter (DMC) can be implemented using direct or indirect modulation techniques. The matrix converter technology was firstly proposed in 1976 by Gyugyi [4] under the name of static power frequency changers. That paper introduces only the converter theory and
S. M. Dabour and E. M. Rashad are with the Department of Electrical Power and Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, 31521, Egypt. (e-mail: shdabour@yahoo.com).

Cf

SaC a

SbC b

ScC c

Sij

R L
n

Figure 2: Three-phase Matrix converter topology.

Due to the constraints mentioned above, the switching states reduce to 33 or 27 different switching combinations for connecting output phases to input phases. Consequently, it is necessary that one and only one switch per column is closed at each instant. III. SPACE VECTOR MODULATION OF THE MC The space vector modulation (SVM) technique constructs the desired sinusoidal output three-phase voltage by selecting the valid switching states of a matrix converter and calculating their corresponding on-time durations. For the analysis of a balanced three phase system, the instantaneous space vector representation can be utilized according to the following transformation. 2 2 (1) = 3 + . + . = where, are the desired angle of output voltage, and a is a complex factor defined as: = 2 /3 Direct Space Vector Modulation The Direct space vectors of output voltages are calculated for each switching case of the 27 allowed. The resulted switching vectors have 6 rotating switching vectors with fixed magnitude and variable angle, when implementing SVM technique, these vectors are not used. In addition, 18 active switching vectors with fixed angle and variable magnitude. Moreover, 3 Zero vectors magnitude. Figure 3 shows the graphical representation of all the output voltage space vectors. The implementation of this technique is difficult due to the presence of different six switching state vectors for each sector in addition to three-zero vectors. To avoid this difficulty, the indirect modulation technique has been used. Indirect Modulation This technique is based on a hypothetical indirect conversion of the MC and was firstly proposed by [7]. This conversion makes use of a virtual rectifier and inverter without DC-link as shown in Figure (4). A virtual rectifier controls the input current, and a virtual inverter regulates the output voltage. Each type of control is equivalent to the SVM method via an ordinary rectifier/inverter [11-12].

S1 A B C S2

S3

S5 VDC

S7

S9

S11 a b c

S4

S6
-

S8

S10

S12

Rectifier Stage

Inverter Stage

Figure 4: Indirect Three-phase Matrix converter topology.

A. Space Vector Rectifier (SVR) The rectifier has to generate a DC-voltage from the three input voltages. At the same time the rectifier algorithm has to assure the input currents to be sinusoidal. The rectifier part of the equivalent model in Figure 4 can be assumed to a standalone current source rectifier. The switches, S1-S6 can have only nine allowed combinations to avoid an open circuit at the dc link terminals. The nine combinations can be divided into six nonzero input currents which are active vector I1-I6 and three zero input currents which are zero vector Io. Figure 5 shows current space vector. The reference input current vector (Ii*) is synthesized by impressing the adjacent switching vectors I and I with the duty cycles d and d, respectively. If the input currents are considered constant during a short switching interval T S, the reference vector can be expressed by the current-time product sum of the adjacent active vectors. = . + . + . = . sin 3 = . sin( ) = 1 ( ) (2)

Thus, the duty cycles d, d and doc are calculated as follows: (3)

where, C indicates the angle of the reference current vector within the actual hexagon sector. The mC is the current modulation index and defines such as follows: 0 1, = (4)

Figure 3: Output voltage space vectors

Figure 3: Rectifier current hexagon

B. Space Vector Inverter (SVI) Consider the inverter part of the equivalent model in Figure 4 as a standalone VSI supplied by a dc voltage source. The inverter switches, S7 - S12 can have only eight allowed combinations to avoid a short circuit through three half bridges. The eight combinations can be divided into six nonzero output voltages which are active vector V1 - V6 and two zero output voltages which are zero vector Vz. The discrete seven space vectors can be configured as a hexagon in a complex plane shown in Figure 6 and an arbitrary Vo within the hexagon can be synthesized by a vector sum out of seven discrete output voltage switching state vectors, V0 - V7. The reference voltage vector (Vo*) is synthesized by impressing the adjacent active vectors V and V with the duty cycles d and d, respectively. If the output voltages are considered constant during a short switching interval TS, the reference vector can be expressed by the voltage-time product sum of the adjacent active vectors (5) = . + . + . Thus, the duty cycles d, d, and dov are calculated by: = . sin 3 = . sin( ) (6) = 1 ( ) where, v indicates the angle of the reference voltage vector within the actual hexagon sector. The mv is the voltage modulation index and defines such as follows: = 3 (7) , where Vo,max is the desired output line voltage. IV. INDIRECT SVM FOR MATRIX CONVERTERS To assure proper operation of the MC, both SVR and SVI as described before must be combining to generate the switching pattern for the converter. The current modulation index mC is often fixed to unity and the voltage modulation index mV is variable according to a required overall voltage transfer gain. The desired output voltage, when the input current modulation index mC is unity is s follows: =
3 2

Figure 6: Inverter voltage hexagon

1.5 1
Amplitude vr (p.u)

0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Angle (Deg.)

Figure 7: Waveforms of the three-phase reference vectors

Harmonic Injection Control of SVI stage The possible switching states and the relevant voltage space vectors of the inverter stage are the same as of conventional method. The discrete seven space-vectors can be configured in the output voltage hexagon as shown in Figure 8. Due to the 3rd harmonic injection, the maximum amplitude of the proposed reference vector, VoHI*max can be extended to over modulation region, which touches the radius of outer circle of the hexagon, as shown in Figure 8. The modified reference voltage vector VoHI* within the first sector of the voltage hexagon can be synthesized by impressing the adjacent active vectors V and V with the duty cycles dHI and dHI respectively as follows: VOHI*= dHI V+ dHI V+ doHI Vz The duty cycles are calculated as follows: = = =
2 3 2 3

(10)

cos( )

(8)

. sin

(11)

This shows that for unity displacement factor, the maximum voltage transfer ratio equals the value of 3/2. V. PROPOSED HARMONIC INJECTION CONTROL OF SVM-MC The principle of harmonic injection (HI) is suggested in order to increase the voltage transfer ratio. In this method, a certain amount of third harmonic component is injected in the sinusoidal reference voltage (Vr) of SVI. This process results in a saddle reference waveform. The resulting modulating signal vr is given by: = 1 sin + 3 sin 3 (9) It was found that to avoid exceeding 1-p.u magnitude; A1 and A3 are to be 1.15-p.u and 0.19-p.u respectively [13]. The resulting waveforms of the three-phase reference voltages become three saddle waves as shown in Figure 7.

. sin( ) = 1 ( )

Figure 8: Voltage hexagon of SVI using 3rd harmonic control

The output voltages are modulated according to the duty cycle of the modified space vectors. The desired output voltage, when the input current modulation index mc is unity is as follows: (12) = cos( ) This shows that for unity input displacement factor, the maximum voltage transfer ratio is unity. VI. SIMULATION RESULTS In order to verify the proposed harmonic injection (HI) control of SVM method, the converter has been modeled and simulated for a passive R-L load. Table 1 shows the adopted model and simulation parameters for the proposed technique.
TABLE 1: PARAMETERS OF THE IMPLEMENTED MC PLATFORM Source voltage Input frequency Output frequency 100 V 50Hz 5Hz Load Sampling time Switching frequency 144 and 0.25H 2sec 2 kHz

From the spectrum analysis of the output line voltage, it can be seen that, the fundamental component of the line voltage is 0.87p.u and the dominant harmonic order is 400 which correspond to the switching frequency (4005 = 2 kHz). The three-phase output current waveform is shown in Figure 10. It has a near sinusoidal shape due to the filtering effect of load inductance. Proposed Control Method Simulation Results Figure 11 shows the output line voltage Vab waveform and spectrum analysis of the harmonic injection control of space vector modulated matrix converter. From the spectrum analysis, it is observed that, the peak value of the fundamental component of the output line voltage is 100 V. Thus, the maximum voltage transfer ratio of this proposed technique is unity. Figure 12 shows the three-phase output current waveforms and spectrum analysis of the proposed HI control method. The THD of the output current is increased to 0.0462 compared to that of SVM method which has 0.0295. Therefore, the simulation results are in agreement with the theoretical analysis. But the total harmonic distortion of the output current and the lowest order harmonics are increased.
200
Vab (Volt)

Conventional Space Vector Modulation Simulation Results Figure 9 shows the output line voltage waveform Vab of 5 Hz frequency. It is clear that, the output voltage waveform is generated by chops of the 50 Hz input line voltages.
200 100 0 -100 -200 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Time (sec) 0.4 0.5

100 0 -100 -200 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Time (sec) 0.4 0.5

Vab (Volt)

100

80 60

80

(V)

40 20 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Order of Harmonic 350 400 450 500

(V)

60 40 20 0 100 200 300 Order of Harmonic 400 500

Figure 9: Output line voltage of SVM-MC at fo = 5Hz. Waveforms (Upper trace) and Spectrum analysis (Bottom trace).
1 0.5

Figure 11: Output line voltage of HI-SVM MC at fo = 5Hz. Waveforms (Upper trace) and Spectrum analysis (Bottom trace).
1 0.5

(A)

(A)

0 -0.5 -1

0 -0.5 -1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Time (sec) 0.4 0.5

0.1

0.2 0.3 Time (sec)

0.4

0.5

0.4 0.3
X: 1 Y: 0.3866

0.3

X: 1 Y: 0.3672

(A)

(A)

0.2 0.1 0 0
X: 5 Y: 0.003577

0.2 0.1 0
X: 5 Y: 0.01834

10

20 30 Order of Harmonic

40

50

10

20 30 Order of Harmonic

40

50

Figure 10: Three-phase output currents of SVM-MC. Waveforms (Upper trace) and Spectrum analysis (Bottom trace).

Figure 12: The HI-SVM output currents. Waveforms (Upper trace) and Spectrum analysis (Bottom trace).

VII. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS A 5.5-kW matrix-converter prototype has been built to testify the control strategies proposed previously, and the photograph of the prototype is shown in Figure 13 [11]. A small input voltage supply of 100 Volts/line at 50 Hz is applied to the input of MC through an autotransformer. The modulation techniques are adjusted to create unity input displacement factor. Figure 14 shows the output line voltage waveforms and spectrum analysis of the conventional space vector modulated matrix converter when the output frequency is 5 Hz. The spectrum shows fundamental voltage amplitude of 77.5V (at 5 Hz). The difference between the measured value (77.5V) and the reference value of the line voltage (86.6V) is due to a voltage drops on the semiconductor elements. Moreover, the employed DSP (DS1104) capabilities limit sampling time to 200sec, which may cause losing some voltage intervals. This effect has been checked using simulation program. Figure 15 shows the effect of varying sampling time on rms value of fundamental component of the output voltage. The amplitude spectrum also shows dominant harmonics components around switching frequency 1 kHz.
Voltage transfer ratio (%)

88 86 84 82 80 78 76 50 100 150 Sampling Time (uS) 200

Figure 15: Effects on the voltage transfer ratio according to sample time

Figure 16 shows the output phase current waveforms and spectrum analysis at 5Hz output frequency using a current probe of 1A/100mV. The output current spectrum analysis has a near sinusoidal waveform with significant 7th and 11th harmonic components. The performance of the three-phase matrix converter based on HI-SVM control method has been experimentally checked. The reference output voltage is modeled as given by Equation (9). Figure 17 shows the experiment waveforms of the output line voltage and current in this proposed method. Figure 18 shows the spectral analysis of the output voltage and current. The line voltage spectrum shows a voltage fundamental component (at 5Hz frequency) of 93.4V, i.e. 0.934 voltage transfer ratio. Theoretically this ratio equal 1. The difference is owed to the previously explained reasons (i.e. switches voltage drop and sampling time limitation). From the output current spectral analysis, the 5th harmonic component appears where amplitude of 7th and 11th harmonic components are increased.

Figure 13: Prototype of three phase matrix converter

Figure 14: Output line voltage of 5 Hz. Waveforms (Upper trace) and Spectrum analysis (Bottom trace).

Figure 16: Output current of 5 Hz. Waveforms (Upper trace) and Spectrum analysis (Bottom trace).

REFERENCES
[1] Hong-Hee Lee, Nguyen H.M. and Tae-Won Chun, New Direct-SVM Method for Matrix Converter with Main Input Power FactorCompensation, Industrial Electronics, IECON. 34th Annual Conference of IEEE, 2008. M. H. Bierhoff and F. W. Fuchs, Pulse Width Modulation for Current Source Converters-A Detailed Concept, Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE IECON06, Paris, France, Nov. 710, 2006. R. W. Erickson and O. A. Al-Naseem, A New Family of Matrix Converters, Proceedings of the 27th IEEE IECON01, Denver, USA, vol. 2, pp. 1515-1520, Nov. 29 Dec. 2, 2001. L. Gyugyi and B. R. Pelly, Static Power Frequency Changers-Theory, Performance and Application, New York: J. Wiley, 1976. M. Venturini, A New Sinewave in, Sinewave out Conversion Technique Eliminates Reactive Elements, Proceeding of PowerCon., 1980. A. Alesiana and M. Venturini, Analysis and Design of OptimumAmplitude Nine-Switch Direct AC-AC Converters, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, pp. 101-112, 1989. L. Huber and D. Borojevic, Space Vector Modulator for Forced Commutated Cycloconverters, Proc. of PESC89, pp. 671-876, 1989. Chang J, Sun T, Wang A. Highly compact AC-AC converter chieving a high voltage transfer ratio, IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2002;49(2). Sato I et al. Improvement of voltage utilization ratio of matrix converters, 2003 IEE Japan Natl Conf 2003;4:9596, 4-067. Y. Tamai, I. Sato, A. Odaka, H. Mine, and J. Itoh A Novel Control Strategy for Matrix Converters in the Overmodulation Range, Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 168, No. 4, 2009 Translated from Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol. 127-D, No. 8, August 2007, pp. 858865 S. M. Dabour and E. M. Rashad, Analysis And Implementation Of Space Vector Modulated Three-Phase Matrix Converter, IET Power Electronics Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, p.13741378, September 2012. E. M. Rashad and S. M. Dabour A Novel Five-Phase Matrix Converter Using Space Vector Modulation Control Algorithm Engineering Research Journal, Vol.34, No. 4, pp: 321-328, Oct. 2011 Muhammad H. Rashid, Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications, 3rd ed. USA: Prentice Hall, 2004.

[2] [3] [4] [5] Figure 17: Output line voltage (CH-I) and current (CH-II) waveforms for 5Hz of HI-SVM method [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

[11] [12] [13]

Figure 18: Spectral analysis of output line voltage (upper trace) and of output current (down trace) of HI-SVM method

VIII. CONCLUSION In this paper a proposed method to increasing the voltage transfer ratio of the three-phase matrix converter is introduced. This method based on harmonic injection control of spacevector modulation. The analysis of this method has been introduced and an improvement in the voltage transfer ratio of the three-phase matrix converter has been achieved. The voltage transfer ratio has been increased by 15%. The new value for the voltage transfer ratio is near 100% whilst, the total harmonic distortion of the output current and the lowest order harmonics are increased. This technique has been confirmed with simulation and experimental results.