RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Industrial Technology ECE-Department

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Electronic Systems and Technologies

-Digital and Data CommunicationsName __________________________________________

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Digital Communications
Is the transmission of digital pulses between two or more points in a communication system.

Binary Transmission Bit - Is a contraction of the term binary digit - A unit of information represented by either a 1 or 0. Bit Rate - The number of 0s and 1s that pass on a communication channel each second. - Otherwise called as data rate - Transmission rate in bits per second (bps) Error Rate - A measure of data connectivitys performance. - Often the unit of measurement is bit error rate (BER), which is the probability of error - A BER of 1 in 105 means that there is a probability that one error will occur for every 100, 000 bits. Binary Data Representation Binary Code Formats 1. Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) A 1 represents the active state and a 0 the passive state A change of state occurs when there is a 1-to-0 or 0-to-1 transition A string of 1s is a continuous pulse or ON condition and a string of 0s is a continuous OFF condition. In NRZ, information is extracted from transitions or lack of transitions in synchronous format, and a single pulse completely occupies the designated bit interval.

Return to Zero (RZ) There is a transition for every bit transmitted, whether a 1 or 0, and as a result, a pulse width is less than the bit interval to permit the NZR condition. Bipolar NRZ This is similar to NRZ except that binary 1s alternate in polarity Bipolar RZ The same as Bipolar NRZ, but there is a return-tozero condition for each signal element, and again, the pulse width is always less than the bit interval Manchester Code Is commonly used in digital fiber optic systems. The binary information is carried in the transition which occurs at midpulse. By convention, logic 0 is defined as a positive going transition and logic 1 as a negative-going transition. This signal can either be unipolar or bipolar.

respective wires so that the voltages on the wires can be sampled. b. Serial Transmission Bits are transmitted over a single line one bit at a time Used when the cost of the communication medium is high

Synchronization on Digital Signals a. Synchronous Transmission in which data are sent at a fixed rate, with the receiver and transmitter synchronized. Synchronized transmission eliminates the need for start and stop bits. Asynchronous Transmission in which time intervals between transmitted characters may be of unequal length. Transmission is controlled by start and stop bits at the beginning and end of each character Isochronous A combination of asynchronous and synchronous transmission. The data are clocked by a common timing base, and bytes are also framed with start and stop bits.

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Data Communication Codes - character sets or character languages a. Morse Code - The first fixed-length character code. It is a 5 bit-character code, with a start bit and a 1.5 stop bits. b. Baudot Code - The first datacom code with three unequal length symbols c. CCITT Alphabet No. 2 code - Character length similar to Baudot code but without start and stop bits. d. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) - It uses 7 bits of information, an 8 th bit for use as parity, a start bit and two stop bits. e. CCITT Alphabet No. 5 code - A 7-bit character set which has 27 or 128 codes. Also with a parity bit. f. Extended Binary Code Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) - The true 8 level code g. Hollerith Code - Consist of 12-bits information with the 12th bit for parity. Binary Transmission Conventions a. Parallel Transmission Bits are transmitted character at a time i.e. eight bits are transmitted simultaneously over eight wires. An additional wire called strobe or clock lead notifies the receiver unit that all the bits are present on their

Digital Transmission Modes a. Simplex Data transmission is unidirectional; information can be sent only in one direction Simplex lines are also called receive-only, transmit-only, or one-way-only lines b. Half Duplex (HDX) Data transmission is possible in both directions but not at the same time HDX lines are also called two-way alternate or either way lines. c. Full Duplex (FDX) Data transmission is possible in both directions at the same time but they must be between the same two stations FDX lines are also called two-way simultaneous, duplex, or both- way lines. d. Full/Full duplex (F/FDX) Data transmission is in both directions at the same time but not the same two stations F/FDX is possible only on multipoint circuits

Digital Modulation Techniques 1. Amplitude Modulation Two (2) power levels (high and low) are to represent 1 or 0 based on amplitude (1-high; 0-low) a. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Four (4) power levels are used to represent 4 pairs of bits.

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2. Phase Shift Keying (PSK) There is a phase reversal of 180 to indicate change in state from 0 to 1 or vice versa. a. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Two output phases are possible for a single carrier for a single carrier frequency (1 & 0). As the input signal changes state, the phase of the output carrier shifts between 2 angles that are 180 out of phase. BPSK-Phase Reversal Keying (PRK) A Biphase Modulation A form of suppressed carrier, square-wave modulation of a continuous wave signal. The balanced modulator acts like a phase reversing switch. Depending on the logic condition on the digital input, the carrier is transferred to the output either in phase or 180 out of phase with the reference carrier oscillator. A balanced modulator has 2 inputs: a carrier that is in phase with the reference oscillator and the binary digital data. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Four (4) possible pair of bits are represented by 4 different phases of the carrier.

It is seldom used for high-performance digital radio system. Its use is restricted to low-performance, low-cost, asynchronous data modems for data communications over analog, voice band telephone lines. FSK Transmitter-Binary FSK Use voltage controlled oscillators (VCO): MARK logic 1 frequency SPACE logic 0 frequency Minimum shift Keying (MSK) A form of continuous phase shift keying (CPFSK) with mark and space frequencies synchronized with input binary rate separated by of bit rate. It requires synchronizing circuits and is more expensive. -

Vertical and Horizontal Redundancy Check (95-98% detection) A parity bit is added to each character to force the total number of 1s in the character including the parity bit, to be either an odd number (odd parity) or an even number (even parity). a. Vertical Redundancy Checking (VRC) An error detection scheme that uses parity to determine if a transmission error has occurred within a character. Character Parity each character has a parity added to it prior to transmission. VRC is XORing of the bits within a single character. Horizontal/Longitudinal Redundancy Checking (HRC or LRC) An error-detection scheme that uses parity to determine if an error has occurred in a message (message parity). With LRC, each bit position has a parity bit. LRC is the result of XORing the characters that make up a message and only even parity is used. The bit sequence of an LRC is often called Block Check Character (BCC) or a Block Check Sequence (BCS) VRC bit for each character is computed in the vertical direction, LRC bit is computed in horizontal direction.

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Error Detection and Correction Techniques Error Detection - The process of monitoring the received data determining when a transmission error has occurred. Most Common Techniques 1. Redundancy Involves transmitting each character twice. If the same character is not received 2x in succession, an error has occurred. Retransmission of the entire message is very inefficient , because second transmission of a message is 100% redundant. Exact Count Encoding The number of 1s in each character is the same Parity-Check (50% detection) The simplest error-detection scheme. Used for data communications systems and with both vertical and horizontal redundancy checking. With parity, a single bit is added to each character to force a total number of 1s in the character, including the parity bit, to be either an odd (odd parity) or even number (even parity). EVEN Parity: Bias bit = logic 0 A 1 indicates an error, 0 means no error ODD Parity: Bias bit = logic 1 A 1 indicates no error, 0 means there is an error and

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3. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Binary states are represented by two frequencies. A simple, low performance digital modulation. a.

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Echoback / Echoplex A character is sent back to the operator for the operator to check errors. Often used with low-speed acoustically coupled modems Mode of transmission that achieves less than full-duplex but more than half-duplex. Achieved by having the answer DTE retransmit (echo) the received message back to the originating DTE for decoding and display. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Most reliable scheme for error detection; 99.95% of errors are detected It is generally used with 8 bit codes such as EBCDIC or 7 bit codes without parity The CRC character is the remainder of a division process using an XOR operation. If no transmission occurred, the remainder will be zero. The number of bits in CRC code is equal to the highest exponent of the generating polynomial. The exponent identifies the bit positions that contain a 1.

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Binary FSK A form of constant envelope angle modulation similar to conventional FM except that the modulating signal is a binary pulse stream that varies between two discrete voltage levels rather than a continuously changing analog waveform. Has a poorer performance than PSK or QAM.

Error Correction 1. Symbol Substitution Designed to be used in a human environment at the receiver. A reverse question mark is substituted for bad character Retransmission / Automatic Request for Retransmission (ARQ) Resending a message when it is received in error. The received terminal automatically calls for retransmission of the entire message. Optimal ARQ message blocks = 256 to 512 characters Forward Error Correction The only error correction scheme that actually detects and corrects transmission errors at the receive end without calling for retransmission. Bits are added to the message prior to transmission c.

It is a differential balanced voltage interface standard capable of significantly higher data rates over long distances. It can accommodate 100 kbps over a distance of 4000 ft (1200m) or rates up to 10 Mbps over a maximum distance of 40 ft (12 m)

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The definitions are applicable to synchronous and asynchronous data communications CCITT Rec. V.28 It defines the electrical characteristics for Unbalanced Double-Current Interchange Circuits. Electrical characteristics specified are applicable to interchange circuits operating with data signaling rates below 20 kbps. CCITT Rec. V.35 Defines interface circuits similar to RS 232C and Rec. V.24 with balanced line on Transmit Data, Receive Data, Transmit Clock, and Receive Clock. CCITT Rec. V.36 It covers the synchronous data transmission modems using 60-108 kHz group band circuits and is applicable to the extension of a PCM channel at 64 kbps, extension of the Single Channel Per Carrier, SCPC circuit from a satellite earth station, and the transmission of a multiplex aggregate bit stream for telegraph and data signals. CCITT Rec. V.57 Comprehensive Data Test Set for High Data Signaling Rates.

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R. W. Hamming Code - The most popular correcting code - Developed by R.W. Hamming at Bell Labs - The number of bits in a Hamming code is dependent on the number of bits in the data character, 2n m + n + 1 where: m = no. of bits in the data character n = no. of Hamming bits EIA Standards for Digital Interfacing a. RS 232C It is an interface between the DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and DCE (Digital Communications Equipment) employing serial binary data interchange. It is a first level protocol standard as well as an electrical standard specifying handshaking and functions between the DTE and DCE. Transmission rate is 20 kbps for a distance not more than 50 ft.; load impedance at terminator side is between 3000 to 7000 ohms. RS 422A It defines electrical characteristics of balanced-voltage digital interface circuits.

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RS 423A It defines electrical characteristics of unbalancedvoltage digital interface circuits. Single-ended, bipolar and unterminated voltage circuit like RS 232C. It extends the distance and data rate capabilities to distances up to 4000 ft (1200 m) at a data rate of 3 kbps or at higher data rates of up to 300 kbps over a maximum distance of 40 ft (12m). RS 357 It defines interface between Facsimile Terminal Equipment and VF Data Terminal Equipment RS 366 It defines interface between DTE and Automatic Calling Equipment for Data Communications RS 408 It recommends the standardization of the two interfaces between the numerical control equipment (such as tape reader) and the serial-to-parallel converter with less than 40 ft. (12 m) distance. RS 449 It is general-purpose 37-position and 9-position interface for DTE and DCE employing serial binary data interchange. It offers greater immunity to noise and increase the data signaling rate to 2 Mbps and permits an increase up to 200 m in the length of the interconnecting cable.

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CCITT Signaling System (SS) a. CCITT SS 4 System in Europe only for operator-controlled and full automatic international services on unidirectional circuits. CCITT SS 5 Uses two in band frequencies for line and supervisory signals (2400-2600Hz) CCITT SS 6 International specification for common channel signaling. CCITT SS 7 Common channel signaling system use between SPC exchanges Designed for use in a digital environment.

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CCITT V-Series for Digital Interfacing a. CCITT Rec. V.10 / X.26 It defines electrical characteristics of Unbalanced Double Current Interchange Circuits for General Use with IC Equipment in the field of Data Communications. CCITT Rec. V.11 / X.27 It defines electrical characteristics of Balanced Double Current Interchange Circuits for General Use with IC Equipment in the field of Data Communications. CCITT Rec. V.24 It gives the list of definitions for interfacing circuits between DTE and DCE for transfer of binary data and control and timing signals.

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CCITT X-Series for Digital Interfacing a. X.21 Interface between DTE and Data Terminating Equipment for Synchronous operation on Public Data Networks.

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X.24 List of Definitions for Interchange Circuits between Data Terminal equipment and Data Terminating Equipment on Public data Networks. X.25 Interface between DTE and DCE for Terminals Operating in the Packet Mode on Public Data Networks. It is a standard protocol for interfacing a terminal to packet network. Defines the architecture of three levels of protocols existing in the serial interface cable between a packet mode terminal and give away to a packet network. X.26 Electrical characteristics for Unbalanced Double Current Interchange Circuits For general use with Integrated Circuit equipment in the field of Data Communications X.27 Electrical characteristics for Balanced Double Current Interchange Circuits For general use with Integrated Circuit equipment in the field of Data Communications

ii. Coaxial cable used to transmit higher frequency than pair of wire iii. Submarine cable used to overcome long spacing between amplifiers and upper frequency at which the cables can be operated lower than land cable. iv. Waveguides metal tubes that allow high frequency radio waves to travel. v. Fiber optic cables waveguide for light frequencies. b. Unbounded Medium electromagnetic signals originated by a source radiate freely into the medium and spread throughout the medium. 3. Data Communications Equipment (DCE) devices that provide functions required to establish, maintain and terminate a data transmission connection.Information Capacity

C = 2 B log 2 X C = kBT
Where: C = channel capacity X = number of coding levels B = channel bandwidth T = transmission time Shannon-Hartley Law for a Noisy Channel

C = B log 2 (1 +
Where: S/N = Signal-to-Noise ratio Net Data Throughput (NDT) and Baud

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Essential Data Communication System Components

Information Capacity Represents the number of independent symbols that can be carried through the system in the given unit of time. It is expressed in bits per second, bps. Shannons Theorem on Information 1. Source Coding Theorem - The entropy of a source is a function of the probabilities of the source symbols constituting the alphabet of the same entropy. Entropy is equal to uncertainty. Channel Coding Theorem - For binary symmetric channel, the channel coding theorem tells us that: For any code rate less than or equal to the channel capacity. Channel Capacity Theorem - There is a maximum to the rate at which any communications system can operate reliably when the system is constrained in power-called channel capacity.

Net Data Throughput (NDT) - usually expressed in either characters per second or bps - Number of usable data characters or bits that are received per second and does not count characters that have to be retransmitted due to errors, characters used for control purposes and so on Baud - named after the French Data Communication pioneer, Emile Baudot - the number of signal events or signal elements passing a point on the line per second OSI Reference Model - provides a common basis for the coordination of standards development for systems interconnection, while allowing existing standards to be placed into perspective within the overall OSI Reference Model Seven OSI Layers 1. Physical Layer - responsible for the transmission of bit stream over a communication channel - transmits the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium and describes the electrical, mechanical and functional interface to the carrier - performs transmission and reception on the network medium - functional, electrical, physical specifications

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Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) devices acting as a source and data sink or both. i. Source or Transmitter ii. Receiver or Sink Transmission Path/Channel/Medium a. Bounded Medium the signals are confined to the medium and do not leave it except for small leakage amount. i. Pair of wire made up of wire pairs stretched between telephone sets

Nyquist Theorem - The highest sampling frequency required to propagate a signal is twice its input frequency.

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f s = 2fin
Hartleys Law for Noiseless Channel - Information capacity is a linear function of bandwidth and transmission time and is directly proportional to both. - Information capacity is proportional to the product of the bandwidth and transmission time.

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Data Link Layer - provide error free transmission of information between two end stations attached to the same physical cable - manages the flow of the data bit stream in and out of each network node - transfers units of information to other end of physical link - framing and synchronization - error control and recovery - message sequence control - message acknowledgement - link initialization and disconnection - addressing Network Layer controls the operation of the network or sub-network decides which physical pathway the data should take based on the network conditions, priorities of service and other factors switches and routes information to any node provides the means to establish, maintain and terminate connections between systems

- serves as a window for the application process to access the networking environment - represents the services that directly support users and application tasks - selects appropriate service for applications (user interface) - contains recommendations for the specific user programs Network Protocols are standards that allow computers to communicate define how computers should identify one another on a network sets of rules that specify precisely how different parts of the network interact to allow devices to communicate with one another A typical protocol defines the following 1. 2. 3. 4. How computers should identify one another on a network. The from that the data should take in transit How the information should be processed once it reaches its final destination. Procedures for handling lost or damaged transmission or packets.

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network Computer network which broke information into small chunks known as packets.

INTERNET Terms World Wide Web (WWW) a menu based search tool that enables users to access Internet resources worldwide by using links embedded documents These linked documents allow users to move easily from place to place within the Internet in anon-linear fashion Cyberspace a term coined by William Gibson in his fantasy novel, Neuromancer to describe the world of computers and the society that gathers around them TelNet a program that allows internet nodes to login and access program and data on another Internet node enables you to connect outside your server, for example, outside the country Gopher a menu based program used to explore and access the Internet resources Netscape Navigator essentially a tool or program that makes Internet surfing a lot easier Capable of showing graphics and movies, producing audio or music and best of all, you can download it all for free, if the author of the web page permits you to do so

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Transport Layer - forms the interface between the higher application-oriented layers and the underlying network-dependent protocol layers - provides end-to-end data integrity and quality of service - allows end users to communicate oblivious to network constraints imposed by the lower levels Session Layer provides the means for two application layer entities to synchronize and manage their data exchange coordinates interaction between end-to-end application processes sets up communication channels, manages the communication and terminates the connections is the users true interface to the network handles the log-on/log-off functions and describes the authentication procedures

Handshaking exchange of predetermined signals between two devices establishing a connection; usually a part of communication protocols. Contention Neither end of the data link has permanent control over the link. To transmit data, a station must contend for the master status. Station at the other end of the data link will then become a slave. Data are transmitted from Master to Slave The master controls flow of data along the link Polling permanent Master-Slave relationship the master controls the data flow by polling and selecting the slaves All data are transmitted between the master and slaves selected one at a time. Internet

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Public Data Network a switched data communication network similar to the PSTN except that a PDN is designed for transferring data only Combines VANs and packet switching network VAN Value Added Network adds value to the services or facilities provided by a common carrier to provide new types of communications services Packet Switching involves dividing data messages into small bundles of information and transmitting them thru communications network to their intended destination

Presentation Layer - formats the data to be presented to the Application Layer - can be viewed as a translator for the network and provides a common representation for data that can be used between the application processes - provides code conversion and data reformatting - handles display functions, file formatting, code conversion, and data compression and encryption Application Layer

a global computer network that connects thousands of networks

together, allowing them to exchange files, send messages, download graphics and text, and share other resources. ARPANET

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is a switching technique wherein the message is divided into blocks called packets preceded and followed by control characters which allow the network to decide on the final destination. Switching is done on a packet-by-packet basis.

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Circuit Switching (Transparent switch) used for making a standard telephone call on the PSTN a switching technique wherein a direct connection has to be set up through the network as in a telephone exchange but in a higher speed to avoid long delays. Switching is done on a call-by-call basis Message Switching (Transactional switch) a form with store and forward network data are transmitted into the network and stored in a switch the network transfer the data from switch to switch when it is convenient to do so X.25 defines the structures contents and sequencing procedures for the transmission of data among DTE, DCE and a public data network X.25 Packet Format 1. Call request packet 2. Data transfer packet 3. Call clearing

A frame envelope is placed around the packet envelope which is responsible for ensuring data integrity across a single physical line. The data is then sent, via the physical layer, over the appropriate copper or fiber or satellite facility to the next node in the network. In the next node, the data is once again stored. It is examined for errors. If error is found, the faulty data can be retransmitted from the previous node, where it was stored before transmission. If no error is found, the network strip off the frame envelope and look at the packet within the frame to determine the destination of this data. If necessary, it will then route it to yet another node. This process will continue until the ultimate destination node is reached. When the final node is reached, all envelopes are examined, and then removed, and the data is delivered to the endpoint device.

Frame Relay Operation 1. 2. In frame relay technology, an intelligent endpoint, such as LAN, will send its data to the link layer. No more storing of data before sending to another node. When each node receives the beginning of a frame, it may immediately transmit that frame to the next node without waiting for the whole frame to be received and stored, therefore, a much faster transmission and switching. An envelope (specifically, LAPD frame) is added. Alternatively, the intelligent endpoint may send the data to the network already encapsulated in the LAPD frame. The LAPD frame contains routing information, eliminating the need for the network to examine level three. Instead, the frame itself is examined for a destination and the routing takes place at the networks frame layer. No error correction in the frame relay nodes because frame relay relies on low bit error rate lines to minimize errors, and on intelligent endpoints running an end-toend protocol across the network to recover from the few errors that do occur. After reaching its destination node, the envelope is removed and the data is delivered to the endpoint.

Note: An X.25 packet contains 5 bytes of header and 128 bytes of user data X.25 Layers 1. Link layer (frame level) 2. Network layer (packet level) 3. Physical layer PAD Packet Assembler/Disassembler - assembles and disassembles data packets for X.25 network communications 1. Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) logically equivalent to a 2-point dedicated private line circuit except that it is slower 2. Switched Virtual Circuit logically equivalent to making a telephone call thru the DDD network except that no end-to-end connector is made A one to many arrangement a virtual circuit set up on a call-by-call basis Frame Relay a wide area network technology that uses fast packet switching technique to meet the demands of high speed bursty traffic A technique used in data transport network where error checking is performed end-to-end instead of on each individual link.

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X.25 Operation 1. 2. 3. Data is taken from the source device and is stored for processing and to make retransmission possible. Packet envelope is then placed around the data. This envelope contains the address of the destination and information for error detection. Based on the packet envelope information, the network makes a determination as to where the data should now be sent.

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Two Types of Congestion in Frame Relay 1. 2. Receiver Congestion Line Congestion

FECN Forward Explicit Congestion Notification BECN Backward Explicit Congestion Notification Error Control in Frame Relay

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Error Detection Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Error Correction DE Discard Eligibility Definition of Terms 1. CIR Committed Information Rate - the average rate (in bps) at which the network guarantees to transfer information units over a measurement interval 2. Bc Committed Burst Size - the maximum number of information units that can be transmitted during the time interval 3. Be - the maximum number of uncommitted information units that the network will attempt to carry during the time interval

1. 1. 2. 3. routers and switches to connect carrier on a global basis backbone devices to connect all the LANs within a large organization switches and adapters which link desktop computers to high speed ATM connection for running multimedia applications

ATM Layers 1. Physical Layer - responsible for the electrical or optical transmission and reception along the physical media between two devices ATM Layer (Network Layer) - deals with moving cells from source to destination ATM Adaptation Layer - adapts user traffic to a cell format ATM Services and Application Layer

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B-channel (Bearer Channel) - used to carry the digital information - building block of the ISDN - 64 kbps 2. D Channel - used to carry signaling and supervisory information to the network. - kbps (BRI) or 64 kbps (PRI) 3. H channel - provided for user information at higher bit rates - combination of several B channels a. H0 384 kbps (6 B channels) b. H11 1.536 Mbps (24 B channels) c. H12 1.92 Mbps (30 B channels) d. H21 32 Mbps (512 B channels) e. H22 44 Mbps (690 B channels) f. H4 135 Mbps (2112 B channels) Types of ISDN Access Interfaces 1. Basic Rate Interface (BRI) -2 B + D - for individual users 2. Primary Rate Interface (PRI) - for business with larger data needs American 23B + D (T1 = 1.544 Mbps) European 30B + D (E1 = 2.048 Mbps) 3. Broadband ISDN - 150 Mbps - for future HDTV projects - H channels Customer Premises Equipment NTE (Network Termination Equipment) - draws the demarcation line between the ISDN network and your equipment - Device responsible for converting the 2-wire line from your local exchange into a 4-wire line configuration to couple with the ISDN equipment. TA (Terminal Adapter) - allows a non-ISDN equipment to be connected to the ISDN line - Analog signals are digitized and put into ISDN format before entering the network. ISDN Applications 1. 2. 3. Digital Telephony Video Communications Leased Line Overflow or Back-up

Frame Relay Access Equipment 1. 2. 3. 4. Bridge Router Host Frame Relay Access Device Frame Sizes (variable lengths) Ethernet Token Frame Maximum number of bytes per frame 1500 bytes 4.096 Mbps

ATM Interfaces 1. 2. 3. 4. User to Network Interface (UNI) - boundary between a host and an ATM network Network to Network Interface (NNI) - a line between two ATM switches Data Exchange Interface (DXI) Intercarrier Interface (ICI)

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) a cell-based, connection oriented, switching and multiplexing technology that allows voice, video and data to be sent along the same network A high speed, connection oriented switching and multiplexing technology that uses 53 byte cells (5-byte header, 48-byte payload) to transmit different types of traffic simultaneously, including voice, video and data. It is asynchronous in that information streams can be sent independently without a common clock. Network equipment can switch, route and move uniform sized frames much more quickly that it can in random sized frames. Constant bit rate: voice and video Variable bit rate: data ATM components

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) A digital telecommunications technology that can simultaneously transmit voice and data over the same pair of telephone wires. ISDN Channels

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LAN and WAN Internet Access

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IS D N NETW O RK

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I B M C o m p a t ib le

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