Ayushi Vaishy, et al International Journal of Research in Electronics & Communication Engineering [Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2013]

Webpage: http://ijrece.org Page 5

Abstract - People who are living off grid can now charge their mobile
phone just by sending an message by their mobile phone. I t is possible
by the solar powered cell phone charging station. This charging
station is start working when it receives a message of charging the
mobile by the user. This technology is very useful for the rural areas
of developing countries where the supply of electricity is uncertain. I t
is the cheapest method found so far to charge mobile for rural areas.
Rural areas need stronger signals from cell phones because there are
few number of tower nearby. I n this technique battery is charged by
the solar panel. The battery extract the power to charge from the solar
power charging station by a technique called Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT). Power output of solar panel depends on the
environmental conditions like temperature, sunlight and the
resistance of the circuit connected to it MPPT changes the resistance
and monitors the conditions to get maximum possible power output
within given time. Device important part is the way stored power is
used to charge the phone. When a customer sends a text message to
the device on receiving the message an LED above the socket of the
battery starts lightning it indicates that the stored power is ready to
charge the phone.

Keywords - Solar powered cell phone charging station, MPPT, SMS
Technique, Photo-voltaic Cell, I nduction Procedure.

I. INTRODUCTION TO MAXIMUM POWER
POINT TRACKING (MPPT) TECHNIQUE

To maximize the output power it is necessary to continuously
track the maximum power point of the system. MPPT stands for
maximum power point tracking or tracker. MPPT are used with
solar energy panels. When under given circumtances the solar
energy panel are riches at its maximum electrical threshold level
than it is known as maximum power point. The maximum power
point will be decided by the sunnier day or cloudier day. Due to
the uncertainty of sun light the maximum power point also will
not be fixed. Because of the fluctuation in level of sun energy the
capacity of solar energy panel will also be reduce.



Large amount of power fed to the system will not be able to
handled by the battery voltage in this way one can be unable to
receive proper amount of power. If we transmit the data
wirelessly than it will consume large amount of output power. In
solar panels we use limited amount of power supply. On
operating solar panels maximum power point and by intelligently
using the amount of power from the panels energy can be
consumed usefully

When there is no sunlight and solar panel is not producing
energy and providing to the cell phones then the electricity in the
battery will flow in backward direction through the solar energy
panel. MPPT in this situation disconnect the circuit to stop the
reverse flow. Solar panels have relation between radiation,
temperature and resistance by which an output efficiency
produced which will be analysed by an I-V curve. By the proper
resistance maximum power can be obtained in the certain
circumstance which is the main purpose of MPPT technology.



Fig.1: Graph of solar panels MPP

In MPPT technology we basically work with power and
voltage. The maximum power point of a solar panel can be
tracked. When solar panel is at its maximum power MPPT tracts
that moment and also adjust the power accordingly to provide
An Effective and High Performance Approach
of Charging the Mobile Phones by using SMS
with MPPT Technology
Ms.Ayushi Vaishy
1
, Dr.Ajita Pathak
2
, Mr.Rajinder Tiwari
3

Department of Electronics & Electrical Engineering,
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow
1
ayushivaishy1@gmail.com,
2
pathak_ajita@rediffmail.com,
3
trajan@rediffmail.com
Ayushi Vaishy, et al International Journal of Research in Electronics & Communication Engineering [Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2013]

Webpage: http://ijrece.org Page 6

stability to the battery and increases electrical power production.
MPPT stops battery from over charging and from system short
circuiting. MPPT gernaly have digital display screen to view
various readings. Solar panel provides peak output power when
works at MPP. We can gernalize MPP as voltage and current
corresponds to maximum output power obtained by the solar
panel. The voltage of solar panel decreases as current drawn from
the panel increases it is a characterstic of solar panels MPP
technology. If the current drawn is very high than in this satuation
voltage will be collapse and the power drawn from the panel will
become too small. In fig output curren an output power versus
output voltage graph of a particular solar panel has been taken.
MPP is shown in between point 1 and point 2 on the power line.
A horizontal line shows the in the graph is the output power is
90% of the MPP. The panels maximum power is between point 1
and point 2.

There are many algorithms are used to calculate MPPT.
Algorithm used in MPPT is based on to detect the maxima of the
power. Radiance level at differ points of solar panel varied
dependent on the temperature variation by which there are
multiple local maxima in one system are generated. If a true
maximum power point and local maximum power point is
calculated than the efficiency and complexity of an algorithm can
be defined easily and maximum electrical power will not be
extracted from the panel. Perturb and Observe alogorithm is most
commonly used in MPPT because of it is easy to implement on
comparison of other algorithms. The aim behind this algorithm is
to modify the voltage and current till the maximum power output
get from the solar panel. If increasing in voltage increases the
power output than voltage will be extent till the extant until the
power will start decreasing. After this the voltage decreased to
get bact the maximum power output. This satuation will go on
until the satuation of maximum power point is obtained.



Fig: 2: Flow chart of Perturb and Observe Tracking system

It refered as hill climbing method because it depends on the
rise of the curve of power against voltage below the maximum
power point and the fall above that point. Petturb and Observe
algorithm provides very high level of efficiency in MPPT.
II. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
PHOTO-VOLTIC SYSTEM
Photovoltic system is using as source of power for many
application so far. It converts light energy to electrical energy
with greater efficiency and lowest cost and to maximize the
output power. PV system that lack MPPT is unable to operate at
the efficient MPP. So the rated power of solar panel is difficult to
analize when it is connected to the load. The Perturb and Observe
(P& O) technique can be use to overcome with this problem of
MPPT. According to this if the operating voltage of the PV
system is Perturb in the given direction and if the power in the
system is incrsing constantly than in this satuation the operating
point will move towards the MPP so operating voltage must be
further Perturb in the same direction and if the power drawn from
the PV system decreses than the operating point will move away
from the MPP and the direction of the operating voltage will be
riversed. By adding P& O algorithm in the system it adds
flexibility and find where the system can be easily constructed.
Some components needed to use to overcome the problem occur
in MPP when solar panel is connected to the load as solar panel,
DC-DC converter, Digital controller, current sensor , voltage
sensor and logic circuitry for connection.



Fig: 3: MPPT for PV system

DC-DC Converter: DC-DC converter which is a electronic
circuit is used to convert direct current to one voltage level to
another. This converters stores the input energy temporary and
release the energy at the output at different current and voltage
level. It is basically used as power converter and no energy is
manufactured itself in the converter. It changes the energy at
different impedance level and the output power is totally
dependent on the input power.In this convertr a electrical load is
connected to the solar panel which varies according to the output
voltage of the panel. This changes is load changes the voltage and
current characterstics so by controlling the converters
characterstics the power can be controlled and obtain maximum
power for the panel. This technique make DC-DC converter very
essential for the MPPT. The MPPT Controler- Microcontroler
provides control in the PV system. Controler used must be cost
effective, good performance and must be flexible for the entire
system. Controler must provide real time control applications
which improve system efficiency, reliable and flexible when
complex algorithms are used.

Ayushi Vaishy, et al International Journal of Research in Electronics & Communication Engineering [Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2013]

Webpage: http://ijrece.org Page 7



Fig 4: MPPT Circuit for a Pulsed Load

There are few single-device, cost-effective solutions that
operate from the wide voltage range of power-limited solar-panel
inputs while efficiently providing a regulated output voltage, a
quick start-up, and operation within 90% of the MPP. However,
the Texas Instruments TPS62125 is one such device that accepts
input voltages of up to 17 V, operates with efficiencies in excess
of 90%, starts up in less than 1 ms, and has an enable input pin
with a precise thresh-old that can be directly wired to the solar
panels voltage for MPPT.

This eliminates the need for an additional device to per-form
this function. Figure 2 shows a complete solution. The voltage
divider, formed by R1 and R2, is configured to turn on the power
supply at Point 1 in Figure 1. Until the power supply is enabled,
the device itself holds the node between R2 and R3 at ground
potential. After the supply is enabled, the device releases this
node, and R3 is then part of the voltage divider. When the solar-
panel voltage falls to Point 2, the device turns off and holds the
node low between R2 and R3 again. At this point, the panel
voltage begins to rise again until it reaches the turn-on threshold.
This provides a fully programmable turn-on and turn-off voltage
that can be configured to any solar panel.

The bulk input capacitor, C3, stores enough energy from the
solar panel to power the load for the required duration and
provides the charge for starting up the power supply. The panel
delivers a current corresponding to its voltage to either the power
supply or C3. When the power supply is off, the solar panel
delivers its current to the capacitor. When the power supply is on,
the capacitor and solar panel provide the necessary current to
power the load. Since C3 merely stores energy and this energy is
released over a relatively lengthy period of time, C3 can be a
low-cost electrolytic capacitor.

The first step in designing the MPPT circuit is determining the
loads power needs and then computing the amount of required
bulk input capacitance based on these power requirements and
the chosen solar panel. As an example, assume a remote sensing
circuit requires 3.3 V at 250 mA (825 mW) for a duration of 15
ms. These are typical needs for a system that contains a
measurement device, a micro-processor, and an RF transmitter.
After the loads power needs are determined, the required value
for C3 is calculated. First, the input current required to power the
load is found from Equation 1:

IN
IN
OutputPower
I
V q
=

(1)

VIN is the average solar-panel voltage between Points 1 and 2
in Figure 1, and is the power-supply efficiency at the given
output power. Notice that the typical efficiency of the power
supply at a VIN of about 7.8 V and an output power of 825 mW
is around 87%. Using these numbers, IIN = 122 mA. This is
much greater than what Figure 1 shows the solar panel to be
capable of providing, so C3 must store enough energy to provide
the remaining current for 15 ms. Equation 2 determines the
required C3 value based on the load requirements and solar-panel
characteristics:

( )
( )
1 2
3
IN ON Panel Avg
P P
I I t
C
V V

>

(2)

VP1 and VP2 are the voltages at Points 1 and 2, which are
respectively about 9 V and 6.5 V for this panel, and correspond
to the voltage change across C3 as it discharges. The required
load operating time, given by tON, is 15 ms. Finally, IPanel(Avg)
is the average current from the solar panel when the panel is
operated within 90% of its MPP. As seen in Figure 1, this current
is about 19 mA. From Equation 2, it is determined that C3 should
be greater than 618 F. A 680-F capacitor is used to provide
some margin in the operating time.

R1, R2, and R3 form a fully configurable voltage divider with
hysteresis for the enable (EN) pin. Equations 3 and 4 are used to
set the resistor values:

1
1
2
1.20 1
P
R
V V
R
| |
= +
|
\ .
(3)

1
2
2 3
1.15 1
P
R
V V
R R
| |
= +
|
+
\ .
(4)

R1 is chosen first, and 1 M is a good starting value. With this,
R2 is calculated to be 153.8 k. The closest standard value of
154 k is chosen. R3 should be 60.9 k, and
60.4 k is the nearest standard value.

Voltage Sensor-
To measure the voltage which is provided by the solar panel
two resistorsR1 and R2 act as as voltage devider when employed
in parallel with the solar panel. The voltage across R2 is fed in to
a ADC converter and in the voltage follower configuration that is
fed to the low pass filter before fedding to the ADCINA0 which
is a channel of MPPT controller. If we take R1 1.07 M and R2
165 k respectively than the maximum amount of current from
the load is 12. The voltage range is 0-3 Vdc for MPPT controller.
Ayushi Vaishy, et al International Journal of Research in Electronics & Communication Engineering [Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2013]

Webpage: http://ijrece.org Page 8



Fig. 5: Sensing circuit of voltage sensor



Fig: 6: Sensing circuit of Current Sensor

To measure current which is provided by the solar panel a
resistor is placed in between solar panel and DC-DC converter in
series. Current sensors are made by analog devices by which
output voltage is fed to the ADC. The voltage across resistor is
fed to the ADCINA1. OP-AMP is in voltage follower
configuration that pass through a low pass filter before feding to
ADCINA1 channel of of MPPT controler. By choosing the value
of resistor 51 m maximum voltage drop across the resistor
occurs. The voltage range of ADC channel of MPPT controller
0-3 Vdc so the output voltage of AD8215 current sensor which
is voltage representation of solar panels current should not
exceed to 3 Vdc.
III. SIMULATION RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Figure 3 shows the MPPT circuit in operation. The panel
voltage, VIN, remains between 9 V and 6.5 V (VP1 and VP2,
respectively). Once VOUT enters regulation, the load enables
and draws 250 mA. When the panels voltage drops to 6.5 V,
VOUT is disabled and thereby disables the load current. The
solar panel provides an average of 19 mA at all times. The load
has a run time of around 18 ms in Figure 3, meeting the 15-ms
requirement. This run time roughly matches the calculations,
since the value of C3 increased above the result of those
calculations. Figure 4 replaces the output-voltage trace in Figure
3 with the trace for ICap, the current from C3. As VIN decreases,
the current leaving the capacitor is positivethe capacitor
provides its stored energy to the power supply, which then
supplies that energy to the load. Once the load turns off, due to
the panel voltage decreasing to 6.5 V and the power supply
disabling, the current from C3 goes negativethe capacitor
recharges from the panel and stores energy for the next cycle.
The current from C3 spikes briefly before the load is enabled, as
the power supply turns on when the panel voltage is sufficiently
high. Additional input current provided by C3 is needed during
start-up.



Fig: 7: Operation of MPPT circuit within 90% of MPP



Fig: 8: Bulk input capacitor (C3) supplying a circuit operating
within 90% of MPP



Fig: 9: RS vs Reciprocal of Irradiance

Ayushi Vaishy, et al International Journal of Research in Electronics & Communication Engineering [Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2013]

Webpage: http://ijrece.org Page 9



Fig: 10: Angle of Incidence vs Relative Output Current



Fig: 11: VOC vs ln(irradiance)



Fig: 12: VMP vs Illumination (Lux) for Low Irradiance



Fig: 13: PV Output Power at 1000W/m2 and 400W/m2
vs PV Voltage and Current
IV. CONCLUSIONS
When the battery in the off grid system are fully charged and
the PV production exceeds to the local load so the excess power
has no load to absorb it and MPPT no more operate at its
maximumum power point. So MPPT must shift its operating
point till production does not matches the demand. A well
engineered renewable remote energy system, utilizing the
principal of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) can
improve cost effectiveness, has a higher reliability and can
improve the quality of life in remote areas. A high-efficient
power electronic converter, for converting the output voltage of a
solar panel, or wind generator, to the required DC battery bus
voltage has been realized.

The converter is controlled to track the maximum power point
of the input source under varying input and output parameters.
Maximum power point tracking for relative small systems is
achieved by maximization of the output current in a battery
charging regulator, using an optimized hill-climbing, inexpensive
microprocessor based algorithm. Through practical field
measurements it is shown that a minimum input source saving of
between 15 to 25% on 35 kWh/day systems are easily be
achieved. A total cost saving of at least 1015% on the capital
cost of these systems are achieveable for relative small rating
Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS) systems. The advantages at
large temperature variations and high power rated systems are
much higher. Other advantages include optimal sizing and system
monitor and control.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to Mr. Aseem Chauhan (Additional
President, RBEF and Chancellor AUR, Jaipur), Maj. General K.
K. Ohri (AVSM, Retd.) Pro-VC, Amity University, Lucknow,
Prof. S. T. H. Abidi (Director ASET, Lucknow Campus), Brig.
U. K. Chopra (Director AIIT & Dy. Director ASET), Prof O. P.
Singh (HOD, Electrical & Electronics) and Prof. N. Ram (Dy.
Director ASET) for their motivation, kind cooperation, and
suggestions.
REFERENCES

[1] G Hsiao Y.T. e C.H. Chen C.H., Maximum Power Tracking
for Photovoltaic Power System in Proceedings of IEEE
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Meeting, 2002.
[2] Sera D., Kerekes T., Teodorescu R., Blaabjerg F., Improved
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[3] T. Noguchi, S. Togashi, R. Nakamoto, Short-Current Pulse
Based Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Multiple
Photovoltaic and Converter Module System, IEEE Trans.
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[4] Ortiz R. E. I., A MPPT Method based on the
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Polynomials in Proceedings of IEEE Power Electronics
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[5] D. Casadei; G. Grande e C. Rossi.: Single-Phase Single-
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Ripple Correlation Control Maximum Power Point
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AUTHORS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dr. Ajita Pathak PhD (Lucknow University), M.Sc (
Electronics) from Jivaji University Gwalior is a member of
academic staff of Department of Electronics & Electrical
Engineering (ASET), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow,
where she is serving in the capacity of Asstt. Professor in the
Department of Electronics Engineering (ASET).

Mr. Rajinder Tiwari, PhD (P), M.Tech, MIETE
is a member of academic staff of Department of
Electronics & Electrical Engineering (ASET),
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow,
where he is serving in the capacity of Asstt.
Professor in the Department of Electronics
Engineering (ASET). He has done M.Tech
(I&CE) and M.Sc (Electronics) from NIT, Kurukshetra and
University of Jammu, respectively. Presently, he is pursuing
Ph.D. (ECE) from Department of Electronics Engineering,
Kumaon Engineering College, Dawarahat (Almora) under
Uttarakhand Technical University. Mr. Tiwari has given his
contribution to the area of Microelectronics (Modeling &
Simulation of the Analog CMOS Circuits for ASP Applications),
Embedded System Design, Digital System Design and Process
Industries Automation and Control System Design (using
Graphical Programming Language with dedicated Hardware). He
has published several research papers in International/National
Journals/Seminar/Conference. He is associated with several
technical institutions and bodies as a life member. Before taking
the assignment of Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, he
had worked in Electronics for Societal Group, CEERI, Pilani, as
a Project Scientist and a Multi National Company as a Sr.
Software Engineer (Bridge Instrumentation Division). He is also
associated with the successfully implementation of the Hardware
and Software for number of projects undertaken by him and in
organizing number of International/National Conferences and
Seminars.

Ms. Ayushi Vaishy, M.Tech (P) from Amity University Uttar
Pradesh, Lucknow in Electronics and
Communication Engineering and did B.Tech
from Saroj Institute of Technology and
Management, Lucknow in Electronics and
Communicationn engineering in the year
2010. Her area of intrest in research field is
Wireless Communication. She has published
research paper by the name An Innovative
Solution to Empower the WiMAX Grid Network for Smart
Applications: An Innovation in Intelligent Networks Approach
in a international journal.. Presentely working on project wireless
communications with MATLAB and Simulink : IEEE.802.16
(WiMax) Physical layer as the part of her M.Tech final
dissertation.