Red Apple

MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in

CCNA TRAINING DOCUMENT

Schedule
I week Basics of Networking
IP Address Subnet Mask Broadcast IP Address OSI Model Routing Fundamentals Sub-netting

II week and after -- CISCO Command Line Interface(CLI) Routing Static and Dynamic (RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP) Remote Management Telnet + CDP Access-List NAT WANprotocols (PPP, HDLC, FR) Technologies ISDN, FR Switching Booting BackupConfig, IOS

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in

1. NETWORKING-BASICS
Network Connection of Computers

Ethernet

Ethernet uses only one cable that is used to connect all over the world RJ45/CAT 5/CAT 6/10 baset. Earlier Token ring was used in Ethernet. Types 1. Broadcast Multi-Access: All systems are connected to the network and only the addressed system receives the packets. First messages are broadcasted, addresses are received and then the packets are unicasted.

2. Point-to-point: Only two computers are connected. Address is not mandatory (But is present).It is not broadcasted.

Routers: Router is an intelligent device that receives data (packet) and checks from where it comes and where it goes (in the best route).Router is a CISCO product. RJ45 Ethernet R RJ11 RJ11 R RJ45

Router

Telecom O (Fibre Optics)

F O

Server

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Data in a network is packed such that it travels in a any media such as RJ45,fibre optics etc., Note: CCNA tells about How to connect computers? How hosts systems talks to each other, when and why? How it interacts with the router and how router talks to the outer world? Networks are divided as the private (illegal, reserved, non-routable) and public (Legal) networks. The private networks are secured leased lines that are over a particular area-used internally only. The public networks are world wide.
Private secured leased line

R Router Ethernet
Public network

R Router

Server

Computers will have two addresses: 1. Logical Address IP Address 2. Physical Address Hardware address -- MAC address -- Ethernet address -- Permanent address MAC Address Media Access Control Address. No two network cards will have the same MAC addresses. E.g.: 0010ab 1234cd Vendor Card No. Code

Operating System: OS interfaces between the hardware and the software. The software program that binds itself to the machine components We need a protocol to transfer data between two systems else your system will be a stand-alone system. In order for two systems to communicate NOS (Network Operating Systems) is needed. TCP/IP is used to transfer data between systems. It is not a single protocol instead it is a stack of protocols.

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in TCP IP ARP RARP UDP ICMP IGMP

TCP Transmission Control Protocol UDP User Datagram Protocol IP Internet Protocol ARP Address Resolution Protocol RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol ICMP Internet Control Messaging Protocol IGMP - Internet Group Messaging Protocol

2. IP ADDRESS
Quality of IP Address (Borrowed from the Human & Telecom networks) 1. Identification and Location 2. Same length 3. Network is divided based on the size IP Address 32 bit address

Divided into 4 octets

0-255 Each octet is of,

0-255

0-255

0-255

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 222222222222222222222 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 22 This ranges from 00000000 . 11111111 i.e. from 0 to 255. IP Address has two parts. 1. Location (NID Network ID) 2. Identification (HID - Host ID)

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in

Network Classifications
Class A

NID (Network ID) NID 8 bits. HID 24 bits. Network ID

HID (Host ID)

There 8 bits and so - 28 networks are possible = 256 networks. These 0-255 values in first octet are shared among other classes also. We have values ranging in 0-127 for Class A. I octet MSB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 2 1 1 LSB

1 128 64

1 32 1 16 1 8

MSB Most Significant Bit LSB Least Significant Bit 128(MSB) is reserved for Class A as 0 always. 0.0.0.0 Reserved for representing any network. 127.0.0.0 Loop Back Address. . Thus Class A can have 1-126 networks. E.g. 10.0.0.0 is a Class A Network Host ID If the hosts IDs are 0 then it represents the Network and not the host. If the hosts IDs are 1 then it represents the Broadcast address for the particular network. E.g.

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in 10.0.0.0 ----------- Network Address(All HID 0) 10.0.0.1 ----------- First Host IP Address(All HID 0except the least) 10.255.255.254 ----------- Last Host IP Address(All HID 1except the least) 10.255.255.255 ----------- Broadcast IP Address(All HID 1) Class B

NID (Network ID) NID 16 bits. HID 16 bits. Network ID: I octet MSB 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

HID (Host ID)

LSB

128 64

1 1 1 1 12 1 32 16 8 4 1

Two bits are reserved for Class B. The other bits can be from 000000 to 111111. NID has 2 octets out of which two 2 bits are reserved. 216 - 2 = 214 = 16384 networks for Class B. E.g. 172.16.0.0 is a Class B network. Host ID If the hosts IDs are 0 then it represents the Network and not the host. If the hosts IDs are 255 then it represents the Broadcast address for the particular network. E.g. Class C 170.27.0.0 170.27.0.1 170.27.255.254 170.27.255.255 ----------------------------------------Network Address First Host IP Address Last Host IP Address Broadcast IP Address

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in NID (Network ID) NID 24 bits. HID 8 bits. Network ID I octet MSB 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
4

HID (Host ID)

0 0 1 1
2 1

LSB

128 64

32 16 8

The last three bits are reserved for Class C. The others can be from 00000 to 11111. NID has 3 octets out of which two 3 bits are reserved. 224 3 = 221 = 2097152 networks for Class C. E.g. 202.14.0.0 is a Class C network. Host ID If the hosts IDs are 0 then it represents the Network and not the host. If the hosts IDs are 255 then it represents the Broadcast address for the particular network. E.g. 194.21.16.0 ----------- Network Address 194.21.16.1 ----------- First Host IP Address 194.21.16.254 ----------- Last Host IP Address 194.21.16.255 ----------- Broadcast IP Address Class D: Class D can have 224 239 networks. They are used for Multicasting. Class E: Class E can have 240 255 networks. They are used for Research purposes. Note: From the above given addresses some addresses are reserved for the private networks. They are, 10.0.0.0 --------A 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.0.0 --------B 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0 --------C Broadcasting:

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Broadcast involves delivering a message from one sender to many recipients. This broadcast is 'limited' in that it does not reach every node on the Internet, only nodes on the LAN. Broadcast address is found by ORing the IP address and the bit complement of the subnet mask.

E.g. : Let 190.16.4.9 be the IP address(Class B network). The subnet mask for class B network is 255.255.0.0 ---bit complement is 0.0.255.255 190.16.4.9 0.0.255.255 ------10111110000100000000010000001001 00000000000000001111111111111111 10111110000100001111111111111111

190.16.255.255 ----

SUMMARY
Class A B C D E N/w Bits 8 16 24 Host bits 24 16 8 Range- I octet 1-126 128-191 192-223 224-239 240-255 All HIDs 1 NID-1 HID-0 MSB fixed 0 10 110 No of n/ws 126 216-2=214 224-3=221 No of hosts 224-2 216-2 28-2 FHID X.0.0.1 X.Y.0.1 X.Y.Z.1 LHI D X.255 .255.2 54 X.Y.2 55.25 4 X.Y. Z.254 BC Addr X.255.2 55.255 X.Y.25 5.255 X.Y.Z.2 55 Subnet mask 255.0.0.0 255. 255.0.0 255. 255. 255.0

4. OSI REFERENCE MODEL

OSI Open Systems Interconnection.This is designed by the ISO(International Standard Organisations).This model is developed from the TCP/IP Model given by the DoD,Department of Defence,US.

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Open Systems: Irrespective of the plaltform ,open to any platform. The OSI Model comprises of 7 layers.

OSI Model TCP/IP Model (Department of Defence,US) 4 3 2 1 (International Standard Organisation) Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer PHYSICAL LAYER Physical layer is about the physical connections/media between the networks. Connections may be bound or unbound. Bound UTP, STP, Coaxial, Fibre optics.. Unbound Infrared rays, Blue tooth, Radio waves, Micro waves UTP Unsheilded Twisted Pair. 10 base T 10 base 10 100 base 10 Bandwidth Signal Length of the Frequency cable

AMP

87.5 m (accurately)

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in 100m cable

Ethernet Cross over and Straight Through Cables There are 8 pins in the cables and or of different colours to identfy.

PIN N0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

WIRE COLOR Orange/White Orange Green/White Blue Blue/White Green Brown/White Brown

CROSSED-OVER 3 6 1 4 5 2 7 8

STRAIGHT-THROUGH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

If there are more then two systems,connecting them to each and every systems are not possible.In such cases we use Hub or Switches to connect the systems. Hub(Concentrator):Hubs operate on the physical layer.Hubs are nothing but a repeater, that sends copy to all the systems during communicaton.A hub can contain multiple ports.

HUB

HUB

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in In a hub with 8 ports, each connected to a system.If system-1 has to send data to system-8 it sends data to system-8 and also to all other systems that are connected to the hub. If the data transfer rate is 10 mbps that is shared to send data to all the systems.

Full Duplex If transmission takes place in one line and data is received in another line, it is said to be in Full Duplex.

Half Duplex If transmission and received in same line, it is said to be in Half Duplex.

DATA LINK LAYER All the systems in the network are identified and are ready to send the data. This layer concentrates on How the data look like? Format. To whom the data is being sent and from where it is coming? It checks for any collision or error? Error Detection.Error Detection is done by CSMA/CD(Carrier Sense Multilpe Access/Collision Detection) that continuously senses the line to check if there is any error or collision. Network Interface Card(NIC) contains the MAC(Media Access Control) Address. Sub Layers of Data Link Layer: LLC Logical Link Control:It is concerned with managing the traffic over the network While carrying the packet from the Data link layer to the network layer it should also carry data saying that it is a IP packet logical link between Datalink layer and the Network layer.
I P A T IP X

10.0.0.0

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Router MAC Media Access Control: It is concerned with sharing the physical connection to the network among several computers. Each computer has its own MAC address.

Frame in the Data link layer consists the To and From MAC address. Most popular layer-2 component is the Switch. Switch: A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one LAN Technically, network switches operate at layer 2 i.e Data Link Layer. A switch unlike hub sends data only to the specific system that requested the data. Switch maintains the MAT (MAC Address Table) to look up the MAC address of the hosts to which it needs to send the data. First time it broadcasts and there after it maintains the addresses. Port Number MAC address

NETWORK LAYER This layer concentrates on routing the packet to the destination in the best route.

Router

Packtes in the network layer contains the To and From IP address. In the following figure there are 4 data links between the the two networks.

10.0.0.0

20.0.0.0 Router1 Router2

40.0.0.0 Router3

60.0.0.0

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in TRANSPORT LAYER This layer is a software layer(A transport layer product is introduced now.) The role of the transport layer is to provide a reliable, end-to-end data transport between source and destination machines. This layer concentrates on,

Segments: The exchanged between the communicating hosts are called the segments. This layer packetizes(i.e. turns into segments). The size of the segment ranges to less than or equal to the MTU(Maximum Transmission Unit=1500 bytes). Sequence numbers Check sum Acknowledgement Error checking Windowing 3-way handshake Port numbers HTTP-80 FTP-21- CONTROL,20 - DATA SMTP-25 TELNET-23 POP3-110 The connection may be connection oriented or connectionless. Connection oriented Establishes a connection Transmits data Ends connection TCP/IP provides a reliable and connection-oriented service. Connectionless: Data delivery Error checking UDP provides an unreliable and connection-less service.

SESSION LAYER The session layer allows users on different machines to establish sessions between them. A session management takes place whenever a session opens and ends. If the port is inactive for a particular period of time the port is reset (the session is closed).

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Source Quench: It is a message from one host to another host saying that to reduce the speed of data transfer. It is one way to control data flow over the network. PRESENTATION LAYER This layer is concerned with the presentation of data that is transferred between two application processes. It ensures that the date exchanged between them has a common meaning Shared semantics.(common presentation style) Data are transferred in Binary or ASCII format . If any compression or encryption are needed they are also agreed upon.]\

APPLICAION LAYER This layer ensures that it provides service for an application program to communicate with other application program in the network. This layer concentrates on, Communication partners Quality of service User authentication Constraints on data. NOTE: 1.Encapsulation-Give the right information to the right user.

DL NL TL SL PL A L

PL

2.Disdavantage of TCP/IP communication? Acknowledgement

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in 3. Which takes part in all layers of OSI model? a. Router b. Amplifier c. Bridge d. Network Management station e. Network host f. Web Server Ans : d,e and f takes part in all layer activities.They are all hosts.

5. ROUTING FUNDAMENTALS
Concepts Routing Table Default Gateway Windows DOS Commands Ipconfig Ipconfig /all Route Print Route Add Route Delete Ping arp a tracert Protocols ICMP ARP

ROUTING TABLE A routing table is a database in which a routing protocol stores information about the network layer topology of the intranet work (The IP Addresses are looked up here before the packets are being routed). Routing table can be built in two ways: 1. Manual Route add <destn> MASK <destn SM> <Next Hop> (Forwarding Router) E.g. Route add 30.0.0.0 MASK 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.1

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in 2. Default Gateway PING command: Sends a packet through the internet to grope the destination host. Echo Request and Reply are the two pairs in ICMP message. The ICMP checks whether there is an error during communication. Echo Request Echo Reply

50.0.0.2 50.0.0.0 30.0.0.0 R1 30.0.0.1 50.0.0.1 R2

70.0.0.1 70.0.0.0

90.0.0.1

R3 70.0.0.2

90.0.0.0

While pinging a host from the source,If the host/network is not configured with the router and if it does not identify the destination system in the routing table,then the following ICMP message is generated, Destination Host Unreachable

While pinging a host from the source,If the host is connected and configured to the router, the host sends all its messages to the router and then forwarded to the destination. Now if the router is enable to identify the destination IP Address in the routing table,then the following ICMP message isgenerated, Reply from <destn> ; bytes=32 time=10ms TTL=128

While pinging a host from the source,If the destination host is not connected to the network or if the cable is loosely connected or if the destination host does not respond to the source request then the following ICMP error message isgenerated, Request timed out

arp a

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in This command is used to obtain the MAC address of the destination host. C:\>arp -a Interface: 9.184.45.180 --- 0x2 Internet Address Physical Address Type 9.184.45.1 00-00-0c-07-ac-2d dynamic 9.184.45.15 00-0d-60-8c-9d-93 dynamic 9.184.45.100 00-0d-60-fb-e4-ed dynamic 9.184.45.184 00-11-25-48-14-22 dynamic C:\>arp d 10.0.0.1 Deletes the MAC address of the particular host.

tracert
The tracert command is used to visually see a network packet being sent and received and the amount of hops required for that packet to get to its destination. C:\>tracert Usage: tracert [-d] [-h maximum_hops] [-j host-list] [-w timeout] target_name Options: -d Do not resolve addresses to hostnames. -h maximum_hops Maximum number of hops to search for target. -j host-list Loose source route along host-list. -w timeout Wait timeout milliseconds for each reply. C:\>tracert 9.184.45.148 Tracing route to 9.184.45.148 over a maximum of 30 hops 1 * <1 ms <1 ms 9.184.45.148 Trace complete. Find the FHID, LHID, Broadcast and SubnetMask CLASS A A B NETWORK 1.0.0.0 39.0.0.0 147.0.0.0 FHID 1.0.0.1 39.0.0.1 147.0.0.1 LHID 1.255.255.254 39.255.255.25 4 147.0.255.254 BroadCast 1.255.255.25 5 3.255.255.25 5 147.0.255.25 SubnetMask 255.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0

Red Apple
C MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in 5 211.0.0.0 211.0.0.1 211.0.0.254 211.0.0.255 255.255.255.0

6. SUBNETTING
Subnetting is the process of subdividing your networks into subnets that are meaningful, for the effective management of IP Address.With the help of mathematical functions we divide network itno subnets. Due to this congestion is controlled. a. If 9.0.0.5 sends a packet to 9.0.0.3 hub copies and sends the packet to all the other hosts also(Broadcasts).Once it broadcasts it receives the MAC address, it unicasts to every hosts.Here packet is received by only the destination that matches the To address(MAC address).

9.0.0.2 9.0.0.5 HUB

9.0.0.3 9.0.0.4

b. In case if a hub is replaced by the switch, intially it broadcasts and receives the MAC address.After that the switch sends the packet only to the particular destination host and doesnot send copies to other systems. c. In case if a router is replaced with the switch/hub, broadcasting and unicasting takes place.But it ensures that the MAC address doesnot cross the particular network/LAN. Divide the following network consisting of 2 subnets NETWORK 10.0.0.0 FHID 10.0.0.1 LHID 10.255.255.25 4 BroadCast 10.255.255.25 5 SubnetMask 255.0.0.0

CLASS A

To get 2 subnets,

2n-2>=no of subnets

21-2=2-2=0 subnets 22-2=4-2=2 subnets.

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Hence to get two subnets, we need to borrow 2 bits from the host id.
128 64

NID Therefore the subnets are,

HID

10.64.0.0 and 10.128.0.0 Class Subnet FHID LHID BroadCast SubnetMask A 10.64.0.0 10.64.0.1 10.127.255.254 10.127.255.255 255.192.0.0 A 10.128.0.0 10.128.0.1 10.191.255.254 10.191.255.255 255.192.0.0 64+(32+16+8+4+2+1)=64+63=127 128+64=192 128+63=191 Total no of host id bits=24 -2(borrowed)=22. So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 222-2 = 4194304-2 = 4194302 hosts

Divide the following network consisting of 6 subnets NETWORK 10.0.0.0 FHID 10.0.0.1 LHID 10.255.255.25 4 BroadCast 10.255.255.25 5 SubnetMask 255.0.0.0

CLASS A

To get 6 subnets, 2n-2>=no of subnets 21-2=2-2=0 subnets 22-2=4-2=2 subnets. 23-2=8-2=6 subnets Hence to get 6 subnets, we need to borrow 3 bits from the host id.
128 64 32

NID Therefore the subnets are, 10.32.0.0 10.64.0.0 10.96.0.0 10.128.0.0

HID

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in 10.160.0.0 10.192.0.0 Class A A A A A A Subnet FHID LHID BroadCast SubnetMask 10.32.0.0 10.32.0.1 10.63.255.254 10.63.255.255 255.224.0.0 10.64.0.0 10.64.0.1 10.95.255.254 10.95.255.255 255.224.0.0 10.96.0.0 10.96.0.1 10.127.255.254 10.127.255.255 255.224.0.0 10.128.0.0 10.128.0.1 10.159.255.254 10.159.255.255 255.224.0.0 10.160.0.0 10.160.0.1 10.191.255.254 10.191.255.255 255.224.0.0 10.192.0.0 10.192.0.1 10.223.255.254 10.223.255.255 255.224.0.0 32+(16+8+4+2+1)=32+31=63 128+64+32=224 Total no of host id bits=24 -3(borrowed)=21. So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 221-2 = 2097152-2 = 2097150 hosts. Divide the following network consisting of 14 subnets NETWORK 10.0.0.0 FHID 10.0.0.1 LHID 10.255.255.25 4 BroadCast 10.255.255.25 5 SubnetMask 255.0.0.0

CLASS A

To get 14 subnets, 2n-2>=no of subnets 21-2=2-2=0 subnets 22-2=4-2=2 subnets. 23-2=8-2=6 subnets 24-2=16-2=14 subnets Hence to get 14 subnets, we need to borrow 4 bits from the host id.
128 64 32 16

NID Therefore the subnets are, 10.16.0.0 10.32.0.0 10.48.0.0 | 10.224.0.0

HID

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Class A A A .. A A Subnet FHID LHID 10.16.0.0 10.16.0.1 10.31.255.254 10.32.0.0 10.32.0.1 10.47.255.254 10.48.0.0 10.48.0.1 10.63.255.254 ................ . 10.208.0.0 10.208.0.1 10.223.255.254 10.224.0.0 10.224.0.1 10.239.255.254 16+(8+4+2+1)=16+15=31 Total no of host id bits=24 -4(borrowed)=20. So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 220-2 = 1048576-2 = 1048574 hosts. BroadCast SubnetMask 10.31.255.255 255.240.0.0 10.47.255.255 255.240.0.0 10.63.255.255 255.240.0.0 .. .. 10.223.255.255 255.240.0.0 10.239.255.255 255.240.0.0 128+64+32+16=240

How many bits you need to borrow to get 23 subnets.

To get 23 subnets, 2n-2>=no of subnets 21-2=2-2=0 subnets 22-2=4-2=2 subnets. 23-2=8-2=6 subnets 24-2=16-2=14 subnets 25-2=32-2=30 subnets Hence to get 23 subnets, we need to borrow 5 bits from the host id.
128 64 32 16 8

NID Therefore the subnets are, 10.8.0.0 10.16.0.0 10.24.0.0

HID

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in | 10.184.0.0 | 10.240.0.0 Class A A A .. A A Subnet FHID 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.1 10.16.0.0 10.16.0.1 10.24.0.0 10.24.0.1 ................ 10.184.0.0 10.184.0.1 . 10.240.0.0 10.240.0.1 8+(4+2+1)=8+7=15 LHID 10.15.255.254 10.23.255.254 10.31.255.254 . 10.191.255.254 10.247.255.254 BroadCast SubnetMask 10.15.255.255 255.248.0.0 10.23.255.255 255.248.0.0 10.31.255.255 255.248.0.0 .. .. 10.191.255.255 255.248.0.0 .. 10.247.255.255 255.248.0.0 128+64+32+16+8=248

Total no of host id bits=24 -5(borrowed)=19. So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 219-2 = 524288-2 = 524286 hosts.

How many bits you need to borrow to get 45 subnets.

To get 45 subnets, 2n-2>=no of subnets 21-2=2-2=0 subnets 22-2=4-2=2 subnets. 23-2=8-2=6 subnets 24-2=16-2=14 subnets 25-2=32-2=30 subnets 26-2=64-2=62 subnets Hence to get 45 subnets, we need to borrow 6 bits from the host id.
128 64 32 16 8 4

NID Therefore the subnets are, 10.4.0.0 10.8.0.0

HID

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in 10.12.0.0 | 10.180.0.0 | 10.248.0.0 Class A A A .. A A Subnet FHID 10.4.0.0 10.4.0.1 10.8.0.0 10.8.0.1 10.12.0.0 10.12.0.1 ................ 10.180.0.0 10.180.0.1 . 10.248.0.0 10.248.0.1 4+(2+1)=4+3=7 LHID 10.7.255.254 10.11.255.254 10.15.255.254 . 10..183.254 10.251.255.254 BroadCast SubnetMask 10.7.255.255 255.252.0.0 10.11.255.255 255.252.0.0 10.15.255.255 255.252.0.0 .. .. 10.183.255.255 255.252.0.0 .. 10.252.255.255 255.252.0.0 128+64+32+16+8+4=252

Total no of host id bits=24 -6(borrowed)=18. So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 218-2 = 262144-2 = 262142 hosts.

Divide the following network consisting of 75 and 150 subnets NETWORK 10.0.0.0 FHID 10.0.0.1 LHID 10.255.255.25 4 BroadCast 10.255.255.25 5 SubnetMask 255.0.0.0

CLASS A

To get 2 subnets,

2n-2>=no of subnets

21-2=2-2=0 subnets 22-2=4-2=2 subnets. 23-2=8-2=6 subnets 24-2=16-2=14 subnets. 25-2=32-2=30 subnets 26-2=64-2=62 subnets. 27-2=128-2=126 subnets 28-2=256-2=254 subnets Hence to get 75 subnets, we need to borrow 7 bits from the host id. And to get 150 subnets, we need to borrow 8 bits from the host id.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2

NID

HID

Red Apple
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128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

NID Therefore the subnets are, 75 subnet 150 subnet 10.2.0.0 10.1.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.6.0.0 10.3.0.0 | | 10.150.0.0 10.150.0.0 75 subnets Class Subnet FHID A 10.2.0.0 10.2.0.1 A 10.4.0.0 10.4.0.1 A A 10.150.0.0 10.254.0.0 10.150.0.1

HID

LHID 10.3.255.254 10.3.255.254 10.151.255.254

BroadCast 10.3.255.255 10.3.255.255 10.151.255.255

SubnetMask 255.254.0.0 255.254.0.0 255.254.0.0

10.254.0.1 10.255.255.254 2+(1)=2+1

10.255.255.255 255.254.0.0 128+64+32+16+8+4+2=254

Total no of host id bits=24 -7(borrowed)=17. So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 217-2 = 131072-2 = 131070 hosts 150 subnets Class Subnet A 10.1.0.0 A 10.2.0.0 . . A 10.150.0.0 FHID 10.1.0.1 10.2.0.1 .. 10.150.0.1 1+(0)=1 LHID 10.1.255.254 10.2.255.254 .. 10.150.255.254 BroadCast SubnetMask 10.1.255.255 255.255.0.0 10.2.255.255 255.255.0.0 .. 10.150.255.255 255.255.0.0 128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255

Total no of host id bits=24 -8(borrowed)=16. So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 216-2 = 65536-2 = 65534 hosts ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Divide the following network consisting of 9 subnets NETWORK 170.0.0.0 FHID 170.0.0.1 LHID 170.0.255.25 4 BroadCast 170.0.255.25 5 SubnetMask 255.255.0.0

CLASS B

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in To get 9 subnets, 2n-2>=no of subnets 21-2=2-2=0 subnets 22-2=4-2=2 subnets. 23-2=8-2=6 subnets 24-2=16-2=14 subnets Hence to get 9 subnets, we need to borrow 4 bits from the host id.
128 64 32 16

NID Therefore the subnets are, 170.0.16.0 170.0.32.0 170.0.48.0 | 170.0.128.0 170.0.144.0

HID

Class B B B B B B

Subnet FHID LHID 170.0.16.0 170.0.16.1 170.0.31.254 170.0.32.0 170.0.32.1 170.0.47.254 170.0.48.0 170.0.48.1 170.0.79.254 . . . 170.0.128.0 170.0.128.1 170.0.143.254 170.0.144.0 170.0.144.1 170.0.175.254 16+(8+4+2+1)=16+15=31

BroadCast SubnetMask 170.0.31.255 255.255.240.0 170.0.47.255 255.255.240.0 170.0.79.255 255.255.240.0 . .. 170.0.143.255 255.255.240.0 170.0.175.255 255.255.240.0 128+64+32+16=240

Total no of host id bits=16 -4(borrowed)=14 So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 214-2 = 16384-2 = 16382 hosts. Divide the following network consisting of 99 subnets NETWORK 170.0.0.0 FHID 170.0.0.1 LHID 170.0.255.25 4 BroadCast 170.0.255.25 5 SubnetMask 255.255.0.0

CLASS B

To get 99 subnets, 2n-2>=no of subnets

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in 21-2=2-2=0 subnets 22-2=4-2=2 subnets. 23-2=8-2=6 subnets 24-2=16-2=14 subnets 25-2=32-2=30 subnets 26-2=64-2=60 subnets 27-2=128-2=126 subnets Hence to get 99 subnets, we need to borrow 7 bits from the host id.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2

NID Therefore the subnets are, 170.0.2.0 170.0.4.0 170.0.6.0 | 170.0.250.0 170.0.252.0

HID

Class B B B B B B

Subnet FHID 170.0.2.0 170.0.2.1 170.0.4.0 170.0.4.1 170.0.6.0 170.0.6.1 . . 170.0.250.0 170.0.250.1 170.0.252.0 170.0.252.1 2+(1)=2+1=3

LHID 170.0.3.254 170.0.5.254 170.0.7.254 . 170.0.251.254 170.0.253.254

BroadCast SubnetMask 170.0.3.255 255.255.240.0 170.0.5.255 255.255.240.0 170.0.7.255 255.255.240.0 . .. 170.0.251.255 255.255.240.0 170.0.253.255 255.255.240.0 128+64+32+16+8+4+2=254

Total no of host id bits=16 -7(borrowed)=9 So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 29-2 =512-2 = 510 hosts. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Divide the following network consisting of 2 subnets NETWORK 200.0.0.0 FHID 200.0.0.1 LHID 200.0.0.254 BroadCast 200.0.0.255 SubnetMask 255.255.255.0

CLASS C

To get 2 subnets,

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in 2n-2>=no of subnets 21-2=2-2=0 subnets 22-2=4-2=2 subnets. Hence to get 2 subnets, we need to borrow 2 bits from the host id.
128 64

NID Therefore the subnets are, 200.0.0.64 200.0.0.128

HID

Class C C

Subnet FHID LHID BroadCast SubnetMask 200.0.0.64 200.0.0.65 200.0.0.126 200.0.0.127 255.255.255.192 200.0.0.128 200.0.0.129 200.0.0.190 200.0.0.191 255.255.255.192 64+(32+16+8+4+2+1)=64+63=127 128+64=192 Note:127 is the Broadcast id. Total no of host id bits=8 -2(borrowed)=6 So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 26-2 =64-2 =62 hosts. 2No of bits left -2 >= No of hosts 2No of bits borrowed 2 >= No of subnets

Divide the following network consisting of 23 hosts.

To get 2 subnets, 2no of bits left-2>=no of hosts 28-2=256-2=254 hosts 27-2=128-2=126 hosts 26-2=64-2=62 hosts 25-2=-32-2=30 hosts-----------------23-2=-8-2=6 subnets 24-2=16-2=14 hosts Hence to get 23 hosts, we need to borrow 3 bits from the host id so that 5 bits will be left.
128 64 32

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in NID HID Therefore the subnets are, 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.96 | 192.168.1.192(we borrow 3 bits and so 32*6 =192) LHID 192.168.1.62 192.168.1.94 BroadCast 192.168.1.63 192.168.1.95 192.168.1.223 SubnetMask 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.224 128+64+32=192

Class C C C

Subnet 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.64

FHID 192.168.1.33 192.168.1.65

192.168.1.192 192.168.1.193 192.168.1.222 32+(16+8+4+2+1)=32+31=63

Total no of host id bits= 8-3(borrowed)=5 So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 25-2 =32-2 =30 hosts in each subnet. Divide the following network consisting of 11 hosts.

To get 2 subnets, 2no of bits left-2>=no of hosts

28-2=256-2=254 hosts 27-2=128-2=126 hosts 26-2=64-2=62 hosts 25-2=-32-2=30 hosts 24-2=16-2=14 hosts---------------------24-2=-16-2=14 23-2=8-2=6 hosts Hence to get 11 hosts, we need to borrow 4 bits from the host id so that 4 bits will be left.
128 64 32 16

NID Therefore the subnets are,

HID 192.168.1.16 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.48 | 192.168.224.(we borrow 3 bits and so 16*14=224)

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Class C C C C Subnet FHID LHID 192.168.1.16 192.168.1.17 192.168.1.30 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.33 192.168.1.46 . . ... 192.168.1.224 192.168.1.225 192.168.1.254 16+(8+4+2+1)=16+15=31 BroadCast SubnetMask 192.168.1.31 255.255.255.240 192.168.1.47 255.255.255.240 .. . 192.168.1.255 255.255.255.240 128+64+32+16=240

Total no of host id bits= 8-4(borrowed)=4 So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 24-2 =16-2 =14 hosts in each subnet. Divide the following network consisting of 17 subnets.

To get 2 subnets, 2no of bits borrowed-2>=no of subnets 21-2=2-2=0 subnets 22-2=4-2=2 subnets 23-2=8-2=6 subnets 24-2=16-2=14 subnets 25-2=32-2=30 subnets Hence to get 17 subnets, we need to borrow 5 bits from the host id.
128 64 32 16 8

NID Therefore the subnets are,

HID 192.168.1.8 192.168.1.16 192.168.1.24 | 192.168.1.136(we borrow 5 bits and so 8*17=136) | 192.168.1.240(we borrow 5 bits and so 8*30=240) LHID 192.168.1.14 192.168.1.22 ... 192.168.1.246 BroadCast SubnetMask 192.168.1.15 255.255.255.248 192.168.1.23 255.255.255.248 .. .. 192.168.1.247 255.255.255.248 128+64+32+16+8=248

Class C C C C

Subnet FHID 192.168.1.8 192.168.1.9 192.168.1.16 192.168.1.17 . . 192.168.1.240 192.168.1.241 8+(4+2+1)=8+7=15

Total no of host id bits= 8-5(borrowed)=3 So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 23-2 =8-2 =6 hosts in each subnet.

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Divide the following network consisting of 50 subnets.

To get 2 subnets, 2no of bits borrowed-2>=no of subnets 21-2=2-2=0 subnets 22-2=4-2=2 subnets 23-2=8-2=6 subnets 24-2=16-2=14 subnets 25-2=32-2=30 subnets 26-2=64-2=62 subnets Hence to get 50 subnets, we need to borrow 6 bits from the host id.
128 64 32 16 8 4

NID Therefore the subnets are,

HID 192.168.1.4 192.168.1.8 192.168.1.12 | 192.168.1.200(we borrow 5 bits and so 4*50=200) | 192.168.1.248(we borrow 5 bits and so 4*62=248) LHID 192.168.1.6 192.168.1.10 ... 192.168.1.250 BroadCast SubnetMask 192.168.1.7 255.255.255.252 192.168.1.11 255.255.255.252 .. .. 192.168.1.251 255.255.255.252 128+64+32+16+8+4=252

Class C C C C

Subnet FHID 192.168.1.4 192.168.1.5 192.168.1.8 192.168.1.9 . . 192.168.1.248 192.168.1.249 4+(2+1)=4+3=7

Total no of host id bits= 8-6(borrowed)=2 So, The no of hosts possible in each subnet = 22-2 =4-2 =2 hosts in each subnet. NOTE : Subnetting Principle Donot change your NID Borrow HID bits to Nid Octet structure and bit values will not changes Rules for FHID, LHID, BC and SNM will not change.

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CISCO ROUTERS
1. COMMAND LINE INTERFACE CISCO ROUTER, doesnt have the monitor so every router needs to be connected to the console. Console is to manage/administor/monitor the router.For the console to be connected the router needs the console port.To connect the router a cable(RJ45) is provided with 9 pins. For a router there should be atleast 2 ports. Router powerpoint

Ethernet Port

Serial port

console port Aux

Hub Switch

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Serial port/ WAN port Power point Console

To enter the hyperterminal Programs Acessories Communication Hyperterminal (Hypetterminal window opens) -prompts for the screen name(not the router name) -connect to window select com1 ok -com1 properties window select restore default ok -save and exit Once you switch on the router (if new router that is not configured / brand new router) it will prompt as , Would u like to enter initial configuretion dialog[yes/no]: (if pressed no ) press return to get started(enter) Router> (this is the first prompt in the router.This is called the user mode or the user execution mode) Router> enable (enter) Router#(this is called the priviliged mode/enabled mode /priviliged executable mode not every one can enter restrictions provided) cisco commands are not case sensitive The user and the priviliged mode are not configurable mode , they are executable only . we can see all the configurations that exists and no new configurations added or no troubleshooting. U can find the errors in these two modes but cannot be rectified. Router#show running-config(enter) (this command displays the currently running configuration) Router#copy xxx Router#configure terminal(enter) Router(config)# (this is the global configuration mode-where u can make new configurations) To change the hostname Router(config)#hostname abc(enter) abc(config)# Specific configuration mode Router(config)#interface ethernet 0/fastethernet 0/serial 0/serial 1(enter) Router(config-if)#

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Router(config)#Line console 0(enter) Router(config-line)# To set username and password to the router(for the user and priviliged mode) (For console) To set password for the user mode, Router(config-line)#password xxxx Router(config-line)#login -enter the pasword -specify that in the line console mode. press return to get started u will be prompted for the password password: (once u enter the password and press enter) Router> To set username & password for the user mode, Router(config)#username xxxx password xxxx Router(config-line)#login local -enter the username and password in the global confifuration mode -specify that in the line console as login local -By default the password would be displyed in the above.For to display the encrypted password Router(config)#service password-encryption To set password for the privileged mode, Router(config)#enable password/secret xxxx -enter the username and password in the global configuration mode -specify that in the line console as login(Optional)

To exit from each mode we can use exit or (ctrl + z) Press Return to get started User mode Disable Enable mode Exit Global configuration mode Exit Specific configuration mode ----------- ctrl z Exit

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in

2. STATIC ROUTING (Leased Line)

R Router Network Fig-a

V.35

R Router Telecom company Network

Two networks that are geographically apart are connected with the help of the telecom company. The network cable given by the telecom company to the LAN is the RJ11 cable.But the cable to the router is the RJ45 cable.Hene there should be a mediator to synchronize the flow. So, Modem is used for that process.

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in

RJ11 Telecom Company Fig-a can be represented as,

10.0.0.1 20.0.0.1

Modem

R RJ45

20.0.0.2

30.0.0.1

10.0.0.0 E0

R 1
HOR

S0

R 2 S0 E0
BOR

30.0.0.0

How to give IP address to the Router and configure it? Administratively by default all the interfaces are shutdown,when is router is on. So it is important to give no shutdown.Unless interfaces are not shutdown it is not possible to ping a system(from any mode-user or privileged).

To check the IP address

Router#sh run Router#sh interface Router#sh interface e 0 Router#sh interface s 0 Router#sh ip interface brief To check the routing table Router#sh ip route Note: By default router is DTE(Data terminal Euipment).It is mandatory to give the clock rate for the DCE end,inorder to synchronize the data flow.

Red Apple
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To debug IP packet Router#debug ip packet

To stop debugging the IP packet Router#no debug ip packet To stop all debuggings Router#undebug all (u all) 3. DYNAMIC ROUTING

R 40.0.0.0 R 20.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 R 60.0.0.0 In the above figure there are 3 different paths to travel from 10.0.0.0 network to 70.0.0.0 network. Based on the parameters like distance, bandwidth, no. of hops etc., the best path is chosen.This work is done by the router based on the routing table. The routing protocols helps the router to find the best path. R 50.0.0.0 80.0.0.0 R 30.0.0.0 70.0.0.0

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in

Dynamic routing

Distance Vector Prorocols

Link State Protocols

RIP IGRP

OSPF IS-IS BGP

EIGRP(Hybrid)

RIP IGRP EIGRP

Routing Information Protocol Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

IGRP & EIGRP works on the cisco Router only(Cisco proprietary). Routing Protocols build the routing table automatically.

Distance Vector protcols: RIP decide upon the best route based on the distance and direction(of flow of packet in terms of E0 and S0) and IGRP decide upon the best route based on the distance,bandwidth and delay. Routing table is broacasted after a particular time. RIP every 30 sec IGRP every 90 sec. Every time whether or not the table is changed it is broacasted. This unneccessarily occupies the bandwidth. Each router knew only the adjacent routers.

Red Apple
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Link state protocols: Complex protocols They decide upon the best route based on the bandwidth, delay, load, MTU, and reliability. For the first time it broadcasts the table and there after only the state in send.When there is a change in the table it is broadcasted. Each router knew the whole topology of the network. RIP Routing Information Protocols

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.0

R E0 1

20.0.0.1 20.0.0.2 S0
int hops

30.0.0.1 30.0.0.2 R 2 S1
int hops

S0

S0

40.0.0.1 R 40.0.0.0 3 E0
int hops

Ipaddress

Ipaddress

Ipaddress

C C

10.0.0.0 E0 0 20.0.0.0 S0 0

C C

20.0.0.0 S0 0 30.0.0.0 S1 0

C C

30.0.0.0 S0 0 40.0.0.0 E0 0

R R

30.0.0.0 S0 1 40.0.0.0 S0 2

R R

10.0.0.0 S0 1 40.0.0.0 S1 1

R R

20.0.0.0 S0 1 10.0.0.0 S0 2

During Routing Table broadcasts RIP of R1says to the adjacent router R2 that it is 1 hop for R2. Assume that there is a problem in cable between R3 and 40.0.0.0 network.Now the 40.0.0.0 entry in R3 will be removed.R2 broadcasts its known addresses to R3. With all the addresses R2 sends 40.0.0.0 also with the hop count as 2 though S1.Again R3 will send its addresses to R2.Now 40.0.0.0 network with hop count 2 in R3 will be sent to R2 with hop count 3. This repeats as non stop process and results in Routing Loops. To avoid this a maximum hop was set, RIP 16

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in IGRP 100 But when the network is down it was unneccessary for 16 hop counts. So to overcome that it was decided that router should not broadcast a network in the same direction from where it was received.This is called Split horizon.

40(3)

10(1)

40(2)

10(2)

40(1)

10(3)

10.0.0.0 20(1)

R 1

20.0.0.0 30(1)

R 2

30.0.0.0 20(1)

R 3

40.0.0.0 20(2) 30(1)

30(2)

R1 will not advertise its route for R3 back to R2. On the surface, this seems redundant since R2 will never use R1's route because it costs more than R2's route to R3. However, if R2's route to R3 goes down, R2 could end up using R1's route, which goes through R2; R1 would send the packet right back to R2, creating a loop. With split horizon, this particular routing loop cannot happen. This logic did not suit the network with mesh topology. To overcome this , 1. Route poisoning-Route poisoning is a method of preventing a network from sending packets through a route that has become invalid. When the path between two routers in a network goes bad, all the routers in the network are informed immediately. However, it is possible for this information to be lost, causing some routers to once again attempt to send packets over the bad route. This requires that they be informed again that the route is invalid, and again, this information can be lost.(Routing Loop) Route poisoning and reverse poisoning are routing loop prevention techniques used by distance vector routing protocols. Route poisoning is setting a route's metric to infinity (i.e. max hops+1). 2. Poison reverse allows routers to break the split horizon rule by advertising information learned from an interface out the same interface. However, it can advertise routes learned from an interface out the same interface with a 16 hop count, which indicates a destination unreachable, "poisoning" the route. Routers with a route

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in with a better metric (hop count) to the network ignore the destination unreachable update. Poison reverse is the process of breaking the split horizon rule and sending a poisoned route back over the same interface from which it was learned Hold-down time: A function that prevents a router from being updated for a specified period in order to give other nodes some time to reconfigure and prevent a routing loop. When a router is notified of a route failure, it starts the hold-down timer. In the meantime, if a notification of a route is received from its neighbor with equal or better metrics than the route that failed, the router stops the timer and updates its routing table. If the new route metrics are inferior, it keeps the timer running and does not update (possibly down). Note: No of hops doesnot represent the no of routers a packet has to cross.

4.CONFIGURING RIP AND IGRP

10.0.0.1

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2

30.0.0.1

10.0.0.0

R 1

20.0.0.0

R 2

30.0.0.0

Note: 123 is the autonomous systems number.It may range from 1 to 65535.A very large network is difficult to manage.Hence the network is divivded into autonomous systems and are numbered. It is also done to manage the network and for administration convenience. Routers with the same autonomous systems will only communicate. RIP considered only the distance and direction for routing.Since it was not efficient IGRP came up that considerd bandwidth,distance,load,delay and other factors into consideration. Router chooses the best administrative distance if two routing protocols are giving the route to a network.Lesser the administrative distance better the path. RIP and IGRP also have the following differences.

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in RIP 30 180 180 240 IGRP 60 280 270 630

Update Interval Hold-down timer Invalid after Flushed after

To check the dynamic routing protocols

Router#sh ip protocols To display the dynamic changes made in the routing table.

Router#debug ip routing Router#debug ip rip Router#debug ip igrp transactions Router#clear ip route *

5. TELNET (CISCO MANGEMENT PROTOCOLS) Telnet is the generic service that comes with the TCP/IP to manage the routers automatically from anywhere.
10.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.2 30.0.0.1

10.0.0.0

R 1

20.0.0.0

R 2

30.0.0.0

To configure Telnet and set password,

If password is not configured in R2 and if tried to telnet R2(20.0.0.2)User mode

R1#telnet 20.0.0.2 Router will show information as, Password required,but none set Connection to 20.0.0.2 is closed

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MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in If password is configured in R2 and if u try to telnet R2(20.0.0.2) R1>telnet 20.0.0.2 User access verification Password: If secret not enabled for the privileged mode. R2>enable No password set If the secret password is set R2>enable Password: R2# If there are more than 2 sessions opened.Migration can be done within sesssions by, Disconnecting the sessions R2>exit R1# Suspend a session R2>(Press) ctrl + shift + 6 and x R1# To display the sessions opened by a particular user. R1#sh sessions To move to the last session R1#(enter)(enter) To move to a particular session R1#session no.(enter)(enter) To display the users logged on. R1#sh users Line no Console 0 Console 2 Vty 0 3 Vty 2 IP Address 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.2

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in CDP-Cisco Delivery Protocol:This is a layer-2 protocol. It is used to get information regarding the directly connected cisco devices(neighboring) R1#sh cdp R1#sh cdp neighbors R1#sh cdp neighbors detail(device IP address is obtained by this command) CDP runs every 60 sec. Hold time 180 sec. To check CDP dynamically R1(config)#cdp run To stop CDP running dynamically R1(config)#no cdp run To change timer and hold timer To check CDP dynamically R1(config)#cdp time <60> R1(config)#cdp holdtime <180>

Note: Telnet allows only 5 sessions(vty 0 4).If the 6th session is tried to opened an error message is displayed. R1#telnet 20.0.0.2 Trying Telnet 20.0.0.2 % connection refused by remote host.

6.ACCESS CONTROL LISTS(ACL) Firewall: A firewall is a hardware/software designed to prevent unauthorised acces from or to private networks. Types of firewall techniques, Packet filter-Looks at each packet entering or leaving the network and accepts or rejects it based on user-defined rules. Application gateway-Applies security mechanisms to specific applications, such as FTP and Telnet servers.

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Circuit-level gateways-Applies security mechanisms when a TCP or UDP connection is established. Once the connection has been made, packets can flow between the hosts without further checking. Proxy-server-Checks all messages entering and leaving the network. The proxy server effectively hides the true network addresses. When there are only two networks telecom network provides a dedicated line and there is no need of a firewall here. But when the networks are connected to the internet we need a firewall.

LAN1

R 1

Internet

R 2

LAN2

Hackers

Partners

Other Users

There are multiple users accessing the internet and there are hackers who try to access the secured data.To overcome this firewall is used and is made to sit at the gateway(Router). VPN-Virtual Private Network It is a private communications network used within a company, or by several companies or organizations, to communicate confidentially over a publicly accessible network. Basically, a VPN is a private network that uses a public network (usually the Internet) to connect remote sites or users together. Instead of using a dedicated, real-world connection such as leased line, a VPN uses virtual connections routed through the Internet from the companys private network to the remote site or employee. Destination VPN R 2

R 1

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MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Source Internet

Hackers

Partners

Other Users

IDS-Intrusion Detection System-An Intrusion Detection System is used to detect all types of malicious network traffic and computer usage.It is used to provide security inside the network. Essentials for security, Clearly defined entity Given in time Admin decides upon the entity and security implements it. A good router will have two gateways.An access control lists has the follwing format. Action SIP *Deny 10.0.0.0 Deny 10.0.0.1 0 Permit 20.0.0.2 5 SWCM 0.255.255.25 5 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 SPNO DIP >1023 30.0.0.1 0 >1023 30.0.0.1 0 >1023 30.0.0.1 0 DWCM DPNO Protocol Interface Direction 0.0.0.0 80 TCP E0 in 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 80 80 TCP TCP E0 E0 in in

*- This field is the definition field that is specified for the network. The following are the original entries that should be matched to the defined entry. By default all the IPs are denied once a list is created, ermission should be specified explicitly. This is called as the implicit deny(for both incoming and outgoing packets.) WCM-Wild Card Mask: This represents the bits to be compared with the IP address.Only if the IP address matches with the defined data is forwarded.

If to be Checked 0 If to be ignored 1 Consider the following example,

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MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in In E0 LAN1 Out 30.0.0.0 in 10.0.0.0 R 1 out S0 S0 R 2 E0 LAN2

Assume a packet moves from LAN1 to LAN2. For R1 binding can be done at E0 or at S0.If the packet is binded at E0, it is called as in-bound and if it binded at S0, it is called the out-bound. Similarly if packet moves from LAN2 to LAN1.For R1, the binding may be at S0(inbound) or at E0(out-bound). How do ACLs work in Cisco Routers? ACLs

Standard (1 99)

Extended (100 199)

Standard ACL Action ,ACL number,Source IP, SWCM(Source Wild Card Mask) are the parameters considered. To configure standard ACL, R1(config)#Access-list <A.l No> <Action> <SIP> <SWCM> R1(config)#Access-list 5 deny 30.0.0.10 0.0.0.0 R1(config)#Access-list 5 permit 30.0.0.15 0.0.0.0 Once u specify the list binding should be done at the interface required. R1(config)#int e 0 R1(config-if)#ip Access-group 5 in Redefining the action for an IP is not possible in standard ACL.

Extended ACL Action ,ACL number,Source IP, SWCM(Source Wild Card Mask), Destination IP, DWCM, Protocol, interface and the destination port number are the parameters considered. To configure extended ACL, Once u specify the list binding should be done at the interface required. To display the ACL

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MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in R1#sh Access-list R1#sh ip Access-list In Extended ACL

Port no. can be replaced by the port names. Log gives information about the port no of source, number of packets send, number of matches made etc., Note-1: The above given ACLs were numbered Extended ACLs.There is also named ACLs, were u can access the ACL with the names Note-2: For an interface at any time there are minimum of two binds(in and out).Hence for 10 interfaces there will be a minimum of 20 binds.

7.NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION(NAT) The process of network address translation (NAT, also known as network masquerading or IP-masquerading) involves re-writing the source and/or destination addresses of IP packets as they pass through a router or firewall. Most systems using NAT do so in order to enable multiple hosts on a private network to access the Internet using a single public IP address. Consider, Original NAT in Source From To 10.0.0.1 30.0.0.20 0 30.0.0.2 10.0.0.10 0

Translated NAT in Router

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in To 30.0.0.2 0 20.0.0.2 3 From 20.0.0.23 30.0.0.20

Source 10.0.0.10 Destination 30.0.0.20 When packet comes from the source to the router,it tranlates the original address to 20.0.0.3(any IP that is public-should be purchased) and sends to the destination.Now the destintion knew the source as 20.0.0.3 and replies to that address. The router when it receives the packet it directs to the 10.0.0.10 by checking to the NAT table.Port number is kept track.This process is called Natting. But if there are multiple sytems requesting from the same port there is a problem.In this process the port number is translated into a random number and packet is routed to the destination. This process is called the Patting. NAT

Dynamic -Many to one -IP pool NAT

Static -one to one

NAT table has the following format, Original From 10.0.0.1 0 30.0.0.2 0 10.0.0.2 5 30.0.0.2 0 To 30.0.0.2 0 10.0.0.1 0 30.0.0.2 0 10.0.0.2 5 Translated From port Router To port To 1045 R1 10001 30.0.0.2 0 20.0.0.2 3 1045 R1 12678 30.0.0.2 0 20.0.0.2 3 From 20.0.0.23 30.0.0.20 20.0.0.23 30.0.0.20

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MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in NAT table is maintained by the router in the RAM. Without configuring RIP router should be able identify all the websites(using NAT table). Consider the following figure

20.0.0.2

Private 10.0.0.10 Inside local

R 1

I R Public 30.0.0.20 Inside global

When a packet comes through (in)E0, check the source list 5(ACL) which gives the source and SWCM, then forward with S0 interface address and overload for all systems.

When a packet comes through (in)E0,check the source list 5(ACL) , got to the pool R1ACL,check the address to be translated(20.0.0.23-20.0.0.30,any address can be assigned to the source IP) and overload for all systems. 1. Static NAT R1(config)#IP NAT inside source list static 10.0.0.10 20.0.0.23 When a packet comes from 10.0.0.10 through E0(in), then source is translated to only one address always(20.0.0.23) Once if u try to ping the Internet the output will be as, NAT : S = 10.0.0.10 20.0.0.23, D = 30.0.0.20[47892] S = 30.0.0.20, D = 20.0.0.23 10.0.0.10[47892] 47892 is the translated port. To debug NAT

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MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in R1#debug ip NAT To display translations R1#sh ip nat translations To clear translations R1#clear ip NAT translations * 8.OSPF & EIGRP OSPF- Open Shortest Path First EIGRP-Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol Distane Vector Protocols Distance is considered Routing Table Broadcasted Adjacent Routers are studied Link State Protocol BW,delay, load, MTU State of the Link is sent Entire topology is studied

SNO OSPF 1 Link state 2 Open protocol (Works on any routers) 3 Supports only IP protocol 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cost = 108 / Bandwidth Link State Advertisement(LSA) is made. (State Link is broadcasted) Uses Shortest Path First algorithmDijsktras algorithm to find the best path(Shortest path) For every 10 sec a Hello packet is send For every 30 min LSA is made(BC) When the Link goes down OSPF needs to run the SPF algorithm again Area is used for administrative convinience of a large network

EIGRP Hybrid(DV + LS) Works only on the Cisco Routers Supports multiple protocols like IP,IPX,Apple Talk etc., Cost calculated based on the Bandwidth, Delay etc., Routing Table is broacasted Uses DUAL(Diffusing Update Algorithm) is used to find the best path. For every 5 sec a Hello packet is send Whenerver there is a change in the Routing table it is broacasted. When the link goes down EIGRP proceeds with the Next Best Path. Autonomous System is used for administrative convinience of a large network

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In router when RIP is configured, it sends the hop count to its adjacent routers. But when OSPF is configured in a router, 1. A Hello signal is send to all the neighbors of a router in all possible connections.They can talk if other routers configures with the same protocol. With the received information a Neighbors Table is constructed. RB S0 20.0.0.1 RC S1 30.0.0.1 At the end each router will knew about their neighbors. 2. Once the neighbors are found they are added in a topology table.Now the link state is calculated and entered in the table. Link State is calculated as Cost =108/Bandwidth Interface Ethernet FastEthernet Serial Cost Cost = 108/10*106 Cost = 108/100*106 Cost = 108/1.544*106

10 1 64

After the table is fully constructed, a Link State Advertisement(LSA) is made i.e the link state is advertised to all the routers in the network.Finalliy all the routers will knew the entire topology of the network.(all neighbor routers will have identical information). Note: If two routers are said to have identical information, they are said to maintain adjacency. Based on this topology table a topology is being developed. Each router keeps itself as the root and structures the tree(paths). 3. Based on the topology tree a Routing table is developed which has the best path calculated from the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm. In OSPF,if the link goes down, router tries to calculate the alternative path and if it is not able to find,says to the neighbor that the link is down. The best path is calculated again with the SPF algorithm. In EIGRP, there three distances maintained

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Reported Distance Distance got from neighbors (Received Distance) Feasible Distance First best path Feasible Successor Next best path(In the topology table) When the link goes down, the router proceeds with the feasible successor(i.e.the next best path). Broadcast Multiaccess Consider the following figure, 40.0.0.1 10.0.0.1 50.0.0.1 R 3 HUB/SWITCH 10.0.0.6 10.0.0.05 60.0.0.1 R 5 R 4 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.4 70.0.0.1 R 6 R 1 R 2 30.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 20.0.0.1

In the above figure, if the router sends its link state to its neighbor and the samis done with all the routers.Finally all will receive multiple copies of the link and results in a LSA Flooding. To overcome this flooding election is being conducted among the routers and Designated Router-DR Back up Designated Router-BDR Other BDRs. But there are some issues in this election 1. Who will be the DR? 2. How to be elected and managed? DR is elected based on the Priority and Router-ID. For OSPF the priority is 1.

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in If the priority is same, the next criteria is the routerid. The router that has the highest IP address will be elected the routerid. In some case if the router with the lowest IP address wants to be the DR. Here we cant change the IP address but we can assign a dummy IP address by Loopback. R1(config)#int loopback 0 R1(config-if)#IP address 75.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 R1 is reassigned with the dummy address 75.0.0.1 which is the router-id. Now the election is between the router-ids and R1 is elected the DR and (the next highest router-id 70.0.0.1)R4 is elected the BDR. Once when the election is over all the links are sent to DR/BDR and from there are forwareded to the other BDRs. Even when DR and BDR are elected there is and issue that how the link is received by DR/BDR. Multicast address For OSPF 224.0.0.6 DR 224.0.0.5 BDR For EIGRP 224.0.0.10 Even in point-to-point flooding takes place.

R 0

To solve this the network is divided into autonomous systems in EIGRP and areas in the case of OSPF.

R 0

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R0 Backnone Area. There should be one Backbone in a network. Routers connected to the backbone area Area Border Router. When the is broadcasted it is filtered and forwarded in the hierarchial structure. Only routers in the same area will communicate.

Note: When two similar networks are seperated contiguous network.Because when routing table is broadcasted subnetmask is not sent.So RIP cant differentiate between the 10.6.0.0/16 and 10.5.0.0/15, since it is a classfull protocol.

10.6.0.0/16

R 1

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2

R 2

10.5.0.0/15

Here a classless protocol(OSPF,EIGRP,RIP V2) should be used,where the subnetmask is sent along with the IP address. Variable Length SubnetMask(VLSM): In a network if there arise situation where large number of subnets and host are wasted, the concept of VLSM is used where different subnet mask is used. How to configure OSPF and EIGRP? When there is a choice os OSPF and EIGRP, EIGRP is chosen considering the administrative distance.Lower the distance better the performance.

10.0.0.1

10.0.0.0

R 1

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2

R 2

30.0.0.1

30.0.0.0

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OSPF R1(config)#router OSPF <process-id> [Process-id 1 to 65535] R1(config-router)#network <NID> <WCM>area <areano> R1(config)#router OSPF 15 R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 R1(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 R2(config)#router OSPF 12 R2(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 R2(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 EIGRP R1(config)#router EIGRP <autonomous-no> [Process-id 1 to 65535] R1(config-router)#network <NID> R1(config)#router EIGRP 123 R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 R1(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 R2(config)#router EIGRP 123 R2(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 R2(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 The autonomous system numbers should be the same while communicating between the EIGRPs. For OSPF There can be more than one processess in a OSPF protocol. Between two OSPF routers the process-ids need not be the same. The area numbers should be the same.

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MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Hello time 10 sec Dead time 40 sec Wait time 40 sec Retransmit time 5 sec sh ip ospf interface e 0 sh ip ospf int f 0 sh ip ospf int s 0 sh ip ospf neighbor shows neighbor router-id. sh ip protocols

For OSPF sh ip eigrp neighbors sh ip eigrp topology P Passive A Active U Update R Reply r Reply-state Note: The advantage of EIGRP over OSPF is the feasible successor in the topology table. Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIP V2).
The basic functionality of the protocol is very much similar to the RIP V1 protocol. The RIP V2 protocol has some additional features that are not supported by RIP V1 protocol. They are as listed below : i. The RIP V2 is a Classless Protocol. ii. Uses Multicast address instead of Broadcast address. iii. Supports VLSM. iv. Performs Auto-summarization. v. Every routing table update can be authenticated. 1. RIP V2 is a classless protocol; RIP V1 is a classful protocol. a. Classful Protocol :- Supports networks with default Subnet Mask. b. Classless Protocol :- Supports subnetted networks, It carries the information of subnet mask i.e, the no. of bits for network id.

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2. RIP V2 uses Multicast Address; RIPV1 uses Broadcast Address. In RIPV1 Universal Broadcast(255.255.255.255) is used to send routing table updates for every 30 secs, whereas RIPV2 uses Multicast (224.0.0.9). 3. RIPV2 allows Authentication, it authenticates the source from which the routing updates are originated, so that flooding of routing update can be avoided. 4. RIPV2 supports VLSM - it can be abbreviated as Variable Length Subnet Mask. VLSM is used to conserve ip addresses and helps proper summarization. RIPV1 does not support this.

9.WAN PROTOCOLS In a LAN all the systems are connected by the same cable and technology. The datalink layer prepares data accorcing to the physical layer.(when there is a change in the physical layer, preparation os data in the datalink layer also changes). WAN operates at the datalink layer. WAN technology operates at the physical layer and WAN software operates at the datalink layer. At the datalink layer data preparation is done by some protocols and some of them are HDLC High level DataLink Control PPP Point-to-Point Protocol Frame-Relay PPP Open to all network devices Supports multiple protocols User authentication is possible Two protocols: 1.PAP-Password Authentication Protocol 2.CHAP-Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol. NOTE: SLIP Serial Link Interface Protocol. Open to all devices Supports only to IP protocol Not used anywhere at present PAP: HO R BO R HDLC Works only on the Cisco devices Supports multiple protocols User authentication is not possible

My name is BOR.My password is XXX.I want to talk

When the username and pwd are matched in the HOR Database,BOR is allowed.It is Authentication Request.

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MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in Three-way Handshake: Client I want to talk to u(SYN) S,u can(SYN/ACK) Ok(ACK) CHAP Server

BOR I want to talk to u Give me password(Challenge) Response(Password sent as Message Digest-MD)

HOR

Message Digest(Message Integrity) is one of the forms of Encryption Eg: if packet sent is 1000.It is performed with Hash function(HF). 1000(pkt) + HF =Message Digest Quality of MD: 1. MD I an one-way process. 2. It is always constant. 3. A small change will result in a big change in MD. Once MD reaches the destination, HF is applied over the MD to get the original message.

How to configure to PPP?

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.0 R 1

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2 R 2

30.0.0.1 30.0.0.0

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HOR(config)#int s 0 HOR(config-if)#encapsulation PPP HOR(config-if)#exit When encapsulation is done only in one router link state goes up and down ie R1--- PPP, R2---HDLC.

BOR(config)#int s 0 BOR(config-if)#encapsulation PPP BOR(config-if)#exit Username HOR(config)#username BOR password 123 CHAP HOR(config)#int s 0 HOR(config-if)#PPP authentication CHAP BOR(config)#username HOR password 123 BOR(config)#int s 0 BOR(config-if)#PPP authentication CHAP

Username HOR(config)#username BOR password 123 PPP HOR(config)#int s 0 HOR(config-if)#PPP authentication PAP HOR(config-if)#PPP PAP sentusername HOR password 321

BOR(config)#username HOR password 321 BOR(config)#int s 0 BOR(config-if)#PPP authentication PAP BOR(config-if)#PPP PAP sentusername BOR password 123

To check the encapsulation in the serial interface HOR#sh int s 0

To debug PPP athentication HOR#debug PPP authentication 10.ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network)

ISDN is an example for Circuit switching Network.Here the circuit doesnt exists physically but get connected when required.When needed to transmit data the user can dial-up, get connected ,finish the work and get disconnected. Data and voice are integrated into one services digital network. So the user can access the network and telephone at the same time. X Z A Y

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LAN 1

LAN 2

Modem

Data

System OR/AND Service Provoiders Voice Digital Phone

Basic Rate Access(BRI): Data Barer Barer For signall link purposes To telephone/System To telephone/System

Total bandwidth = 144 For voice/data = 128 16 Primary Access Data(PRI): Data Barer

For link purposes

For link purposes For voice/data

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Data - 1*64 = 64 Barer - 23*64 = 1472 NOTE:In Dedicated line there is a G703 switch in the telecom service provider.In ISDN there is ISDN switch.

TE-1: Terminal Equipment type-1

4 pair Router R
NT1 BRI0 S/T Network Terminal Adapter-1

2 pair
U

Service Proivder

Digital Phone

TE1

Isdn Switch

TE-2(Terminal Equipment type-2)

Router

R R R

TA

S/T

NT1

Digital Phone

Service Provider

System TE2

ISDN Switch

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in U S/T R TA User Mode Switch and Transfer Rate Terminal Adapter

Demarcation Point: It is the point at which the adminstrative control of the service provider stops and the administrative control of the user starts. How to configure ISDN?
10.0.0.1 E0 10.0.0.0 20.0.0.1 BRI0 20.0.0.2 BRI0 Service Provider 30.0.0.1 BOR 30.0.0.0

HOR

The link is up only if the ISDN switch is specified. 11. FRAME-RELAY

Frame-relay is an example of a Packet Switched Network. This network enables end-stations to dynamically share the connection and the available bandwidth. Here bandwidth is concentrated and not the connectivity. The Frame Relay frame is transmitted to its destination by way of virtual circuits (logical paths from an originating point in the network) to a destination point. TDM-Time Division Multiplexing-In this process users doesnt knew whether others are sending data or not.Each user is allotted with a time slot and are to transmit only in that time slot. STDM-Statistical TDM-In this process all the users knew whether others are sending information or idle.If they are idle that particular user in turn can use the full bandwidth and transmit data. CIR-Frame relay connections are often given a Committed Information Rate (CIR) and an allowance of burstable bandwidth known as the Extended Information Rate (EIR). The provider guarantees that the connection will always support the CIR rate, and sometimes the EIR rate should there be adequate bandwidth. Frames that are sent in excess of the CIR are marked as "discard eligible" (DE) which means they can be dropped should congestion occur within the frame relay network. Frames sent in excess of the EIR are dropped immediately.

HUB

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Broadcast Multiaccess

Point-to-point

Non-Broadcast Multiaccess

Congestions in the network are reported by 1. FECN=Forward Explicit Congestion notification bit 2. BECN=Backward Explicit Congestion Notification bit 3. DE=Discard Eligibility bit- When there is congestion on the line, the network must decide which frames to discard in order to free the line. Discard Eligibility provides the network with a signal to determine which frames to discard. The network will discard frames with a DE value of 1 before discarding other frames DLCI-Data Link Connections Identifier.The DLCI serves to identify the virtual connection so that the receiving end knows which information connection a frame belongs to.(Range=16 to 1007)

20.0.0.2 200 100 300

BO R

HO R

DLCI
20.0.0.1

PVC-Permanent Virtual Circuit

In the above figure,data is sent from 20.0.0.1 to 20.0.0.2 through DLCI 100 and data is sent from 20.0.0.2 to 20.0.0.1 through DLCI 300. Inverse ARP carries the IP address between the devices with the help of DLCI. The link between the frame-relay and the router is managed by LMI-Local management Interface or Link management Interface. How to configure Frame-relay?

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in BOR(config)#int s 0 BOR(config)#encapsulation frame-relay If there is router that are two routers, one with S 0 and S 1 connected to the framerelay swtich. R 2 R 1 300 S1
20.0.0.2 200

S0

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.3

100

S0

R 3

Frame-relay Switch In the above figure R1 connected through S1 and R2 through S 0 interfaces to the Frame relay switch.Since R1 has only S 1 interface, it requests to the frame-relay switch to provide DLCI from through the same line that has been used to the R1 router. The above figure represents a Spoke & Hub(PartiallyMesh structure). Connecting R1 and R2 is not possible(Fullr-meshed structure). To solve this we go for Frame-relay mapping. This is another way of configuring Frame-relay network. R1(config)#int S 0 R1(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 20.0.0.3 200 broadcast R1(config-if)#frame-relay map ip 20.0.0.2 200 broadcast (If RIP, broadcast is optional ) Point-to-point is another way of configuring frame-relay. Logically making serial interface into two point-point interface(dedicated).

R3(config)#int S 0 R3(config-if)#no ip address R3(config-if)#exit R3(config)#int S 0.5 point-to-point R3(config-subif)#ip address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 R3(config-subif)#frame-relay interface-DLCI 100

R3-----Identified as Multi-point if in same network

Red Apple
MG Road,VIJAYAWADA-10 AP. Ph: 92903-56810, 91-866-2474763 Web: www.redapple.net.in e-mail: info@redapple.net.in

R1 (S0.x) point-point

R2 (S0.y) point-point

In case of sub-interfaces DLCI no is mandatory to be specified. In case of normal serial interfaces it finds automatically. How to configure Frame-Relay Switch?

R1(config)#Frame-relay switching R1(config)#int S 0 R1(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay R1(config-if)#frame-relay intf-type DCE R1(config-if)#frame-relay route 100 int S 1 200 R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000 R1(config-if)#no shutdown R1(config)#int S 1 R1(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay R1(config-if)#frame-relay route 200 int S 0 100 R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000 R1(config-if)#no shutdown To show frame-relay LMI type R1#sh frame-relay LMI To show frame-relay PVC R1#sh frame-relay PVC To show frame-relay mapping R1#sh frame-relay map To stop auto mapping R1(config-if)#no frame-relay inverse-arp To clear frame-relay R1#clear frame-relay-inarp