STUDY REPORT As a part of the course towards a Post Graduate Diploma on Human Rights we learnt about the basic

issues involved in human rights in the first year. These basic issues covered in the first year of the corse were divided into three heads across three trimesters. The Trimester I Foundation Course introduced me to the conceptual and theoretical understanding of human rights, with a learning about nature and definitional issues, historical background, bases and sources, idea and ethos. I also learnt about the United Nations and its charter, International Bill of Human Rights, perspectives on human rights and human duties, individual and human rights, state responsibility in international law, Indian perspectives on human rights, un perceptions, emerging dimensions in human rights, and future trends for the third millennium. The Foundation Course also introduced me to the principles and theories of human rights by providing an understanding of evolution of the concepts, various theories and principles explicating the concept of human rights, history and process of internationalisation of human rights and modern theories of International Human Rights, foundations of political philosophy, paradigms of legal philosophy, legal realism and critical theory. Further i gained an in depth knowledge of the implication of Culture, Wisdom, and Religion on Human Rights concept and practice. This included a study of human rights and Cultural Relativism, and understanding of various Theological Perspectives. The syllabus also enlightened me about the Impacts of the New World Order, UN and the Challenge of Human Rights and Cultural Diversity, Global Pluralism and Diversity, Holistic Humanism, Indian Traditions and Western Imagination; Ecological Wisdom and Human Rights. Further, as the course progressed i also learnt about the contemporary issues of International Relations, Democracy, and Human Rights. This part of the course helped me learn about Human Rights and the Theory of International Relations, The Morality of States, International Trusteeship and Decolonisation, Human Rights and Respect for Life, Liberty, Justice and Equity, Political Democracy, Survival of Cultures, Democracy, Peace and Development, Self Determination and Human Rights, Democracy and Education, Global Civil Ethics, Rights and Responsibilities.

The Trimester II Orientation Course provided a learning about the systems, Organisations and Instruments of Human Rights. In this second part of the course i enhanced my knowledge about various systems in place for Protection of Human Rights. This included an introduction to the Global Systems, The UN System, Assessing International Human Rights Reporting Systems, Regional Human Rights Regimes, The European System for Protection of Human Rights, The European Court of Human Rights, Inter-American Human Rights System, American Convention on Human Rights, The African System of Human and People's Rights, African Charter on Human and People's Rights, Constitutional Protection of Human Rights, International Human Rights through Ombudsman System. I also learnt about the Organizations Related to Human Rights and their Structure and Functions. This had special emphasis on the Role of UN and Its Specialised Agencies for the Protection of Human Rights, General Assembly, Security Council, ECOSOC, and UN Commission on Human Rights, The United Nations and National Human Rights Institutions, Regional Commissions on Human Rights. Further, i learnt about the Instruments of Human Rights and Covenants, analysisg their Historical Antecedents and development of the International Human Rights Law, International Human Rights Provisions, Regional Human Rights Provisions, National Human Rights Provisions, International Bill of Human Rights, Covenants on Human Rights, Human Rights Treaties, Human Rights under National Constitutions, International Covenants on Civil, Political, Social and Cultural Rights. This part of the course also discussed about the 1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. This included themes about Evolution of Universal Human Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Development of Covenants on Civil and Political Rights, Algiers Declaration, Tunis Declaration, Vienna Declaration, Programme of Action based on Vienna Declaration, Comprehensive Implementation and Follow up of Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. The Trimester - III Integration Course talked about Contemporary Human Rights Situations and Issues. I learnt about Human Rights in Global and Regional Perspectives, Human Rights as an Issue in World Politics, Global Protection of Human Rights, The Politics of Implementing Rights, Human Rights in the Post Cold War Era, Human Rights in the Contemporary World Society, Bill of Rights for the Twentyfirst Century, Legal and Political Arguments for a United Kingdom Bill of Rights, The United

States and International Human Rights, Human Rights in East - West and North - South Relations, Human Rights in the Third World and Developing Countries. 3.2 Promotion, Protection of Human Rights and Prevention of its Violations Human Rights - Promotion and Protection, Human Rights as a Legal Ideal, Comparative Protection of Human Rights in Capitalist Developed World and Socialist Third World, Human Rights Violations - Social Contexts and Subjectivities, Genocide and Other Crimes against Humanity - A Problem of International Responsibility, Crime Survey and Prevention, Rights of Disabled Persons, Monetary Compensation for Violation of Human Rights, Creating a Culture of Human Rights. 3.3 State of Human Rights in India Genesis of Human Rights in India, Human Rights in Ancient India, Human Rights in Islamic Era, Human Rights in British India, Human Rights and The Constituent Assembly, Human Rights after Independence, Regional Analysis, Right to Equality, Civil Rights, Political Rights, Rights relating to Person, Right to Privacy, Economic and Social Rights, Rights of Minorities, Rights of Suspects, Judicial Protection, Human Rights in India - A Balance Sheet. 3.4 Refugees, Displaced Persons, Immigrants, and Asylum Human Rights and Refugees - Problems and Prospects, Uprooted and Displaced Persons, Statelessness, Immigration, Asylum and Anti Foreigner Violence, The Rights of Refugees and Stateless Persons, Rights of Persons Displaced within their own Country, Basic Rights of Refugees in the Global and Indian Context, Refugees in the SAARC Region, Indian Position on the Legal Status of Refugees. Second Year Trimester - IV : Specialisation Course A) Concept Specific Themes in Human Rights 4A.1 Rethinking and Redesigning Human Rights Positioning Human Rights in the Current Global Conjuncture, Rethinking Human Rights, Challenges of Human Rights, Struggle for Human Rights, Changing Dimensions of Human Rights, Innovations in Human Rights, Alternative Frame of Values, Need for an Integrated Approach to Human Rights, Peace Development and Democratisation, Human Rights and the Right to be Human, Inculcating Human Rights Culture, Human Rights - A Twentyfirst Century Agenda. 4A.2 Expanding Economic, Social, and Cultural Agenda gotop

Economic and Social Rights and Welfare, Human Rights in Donors' Policy, Human Rights and Globalisation, Human Rights and Transactional Corporations, Socio Economic Rights, Socio Economic Disparities and Violations of human Rights, The Economic Case for Human Rights, The Economic Imperatives of Human Rights, Human Rights and Social Issues, The UN Social Agenda, Social Justice and Human Rights, Realisation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Education. 4A.3 Expanding Environment and Development Agenda Eco - Justice : Linking Human Rights and Environment, Right to Live in a Healthy Environment, Environmental Laws and Human Rights. Poverty, Environment and Sustainable Developmental Issues in Human Rights, Right to Development as Human Right - From Rhetoric to a Global Strategy, Integrating Human Rights with Sustainable Human Development, Building the Foundations of Peace, Humanitarian Action. 4A.4 Establishing Linkages with Other Disciplines Human Rights and Developing Societies; Human Rights and Equity; Transsexual Issues and Human Rights; Occupational Health Hazards and Human Rights; Patients, Doctors and Human Rights; Right of the Mentally ill; Right to Consent to Medical Treatment; Universal Declaration on the Human Genome; Human Rights and AIDS; Impact of Technology on Human Rights. B) Action Specific Themes in Human Rights 4B.1 Human Rights Activism and Role of NGOs Human Rights in Action; Human Rights Activism, Democracy and Law; Judicial Activism and Human Rights; NGOs and Human Rights, Role of NGOs for Implementing UN Decade for Human Rights Education; NGOs and Protection of Human Rights within the UN System; NGOs, Human Rights and the Third World; Role of National Institutions and NGOs in Promoting Human Rights. 4B.2 Role of Amnesty, Red Cross and National Human Rights Commission Introduction, Role and Functions of Amnesty International; Amnesty's Observations on Violation of Human Rights in India - Pattern and Sources; International Red Cross and Red Crescent - Role in Enforcing the Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law; National Human Rights Commission - Role, Duties and Functions; NHRC and Redressal of Societal Wrongs; NHRC - Credibility and Acceptance. 4B.3 Implementation, Enforcement and Realisation of Human Rights

Taking Human Rights Seriously, Obligation to Implement Human Rights Provisions; Covenants in Domestic Laws; Human Rights Implementation Mechanism at Regional and International Levels; Role of UN in the Implementation of Human Rights Laws and Programmes; Ethics in Law Enforcement; Issues of Democracy; Law Enforcement in a Free Society - New Trends; Implementation and Enforcement of Human Rights Under the Indian Constitution; Realising Human Rights. 4B.4 International Humanitarian Issues, Laws and Assistance The Ethics of Human Solidarity; Interface Between Humanitarian Issues and Human Rights; Humanitarian Laws; The Geneva Convention and Protocols; Humanitarian Laws and Human Rights Treaties; International Humanitarian Law, History and Development; Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues; Impact of Armed Conflict on Children; International Human Rights Laws for Forces Undertaking UN Operations; Human Rights and National Emergencies, Human Rights and TADA; Refugee Law and Humanitarian Assistance. C) Issue Specific Themes in Human Rights 4C.1 Child and Human Rights The Rights of Children; Child Survival; Soft and Hard Rights; Nutrition Rights; Protecting the Right to Life; Human Rights and Female Foeticide, The Foetus Rights as Human Rights; Abortion through the Ages; Sex Determination and Ultrasonography; Foeticide, Infanticide and Child Murder; Crime Against Children; Abuses of Children Rights, Sexual Exploitation and Child Labour; Human Rights Violations of Street Children; Parenting and Child Health; Child Prostitution; Child Rape; Bonded Labour; Child Labour; Forced Labour; Illegitimate Child; Delinquent Child. 4C.2 Women and Human Rights United Nations and Status of Women, Setting the Global Gender Agenda; The Status of Women in U S and Scandinavian Countries; Offences, Violence and Crime Against Women; Women Prisoners; Sexual Harassment at Work Places; Rape Victims; Dowry Deaths; Police Investigation and Harassment; Strategies to Safeguard the Rights and Dignity of Women; Human Rights of Women - International Standards and the Indian Law; The Beijing Declaration and Action Plan. 4C.3 Religion and Human Rights Impact of Religion on Human Rights; Post Modern Philosophies and Human Rights; Religious Approaches to Religious Rights; Emergence of Religious Rights; Formation of

Religious Communities; Religious Human Rights in Vedic, Judaic, Buddhist, Islamic, Biblical, and Other Religious Texts; Religious and Social Practices of Dalits and Human Rights; Religious Activism of Human Rights; Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religion. 4C.4 Population and Human Rights The State of World Population; Population Growth, Food Security and Civil Society; Right to Adequate Food as Human Right; Population Trends and Policies in the Twentyfirst Century; Population and Human Settlements; Contraception, Family Planning and Human Rights; The Problem of Induced Abortion and Human Rights; Direct and Indirect Economic Measures in Fertility Policy; New Bio-technologies, Population Policy and Ageing. D) Legislation Specific Themes in Human Rights 4D.1 International Human Rights Provisions The Rights of Self Determination; International Convention on the Elemination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and Suppresion of Apartheid; Discrimination in Employment and Occupation Convention; Equal Remuneration Convention; Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolorance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belif; Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice; War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity Including Genocide; Freedom of Association. 4D.2 Regional Human Rights Provisions American Convention on Human Rights; Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; European Social Charter; Inter American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Erradication of Violence Against Women, European Convention on the Excersice of Children Rights; African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child; European Agreement on Transfer of Responsibility for Refugees; Amreican Convention on Human Rights to Abolish Death Penalty. 4D.3 National Human Rights Provisions Introduction to National Human Rights Provisions; The Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955; The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961; Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986; The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Rules 1988; The Juvenile Justice Act 1986; The Scheduled Castes and The Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989; The National Commission for Minorities Act 1992; Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act 1995; The

Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 1932; The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 1961; The Criminal Law Amendment (Amending) Act 1966; The Identification of Prisoners Act 1920. 4D.4 Indian Constitution and Human Rights Rights in India and Article 2 (7) of the UN Charter; Indian Constitution and UN Declaration; Universal Economic, Social and Cultural Right and the Indian Constitution; Human Rights in the Indian Constitution : A Comparison with China and USA. E) Violation Specific Themes in Human Rights 4E.1 Torture, Custodial Violence and Disappearances Elimination of Cruel and Degrading Treatment and Punishment; Police Attrocities; Human Rights and Judicial Wisdom; Activist's Role of Supreme Court and High Courts' Role in Safeguarding Human Rights Agains Custodial Crimes; Impunity - Condoning Custodial Violance; Causes and Cure; Deaths in Custody; National Standards Against Torture and Custodial Death; Enforced or Involuntary Disapperances; UN Convention Against Torture; The Committee Against Torture; UN Support to Victims of Torture. 4E.2 Pretrial Detention, Undertrials and Prisoners Human Rights and Pre Trial Detention; Human Rights Abuses, Sensitising Police and Judicial Personnel; National and International Standards on Pre Trial Detention; Right Against Arbitrary Arrest; Treatment of Prisoners; Life Convicts; Prison Justice and Judicial Wisdom; Model Agreement on the Transfer of Foreign Prisoners and Recommendations on the Treatment of Foreign Prisoners. 4E.3 Human Rights and Police Police and Human Rights, United Nations and the Police; Indian Constitution and the Indian Police; The Itiology and Diagnosis of Human Rights and Unfriendly Police; Human Rights and the Practice of Policing; Police and Fair Elections; Changing Role of Police and Understanding of Human Behaviour; Human Rights Friendly Police; Priciples of Police Conduct; Development of Values, Police Personality and Human Rights. 4E.4 Human Rights During Emergency Human Rights in a State of Exception, Standards for the Third World; Human Rights and Emergency; Provisions in the Indian Constitution; Human Rights Standards in the States of Emergency in the Context of Multilateral Treaties; The Principle of Proclamation of the State of Emergency; The Principle of Non - Derogability of Fundamental Rights; gotop Critical Appraisal of Human Rights under Indian Constitution, Relevant Articles; Human

Principle of Proportionality; Principle of Non - Descrimination; Principle of Consistancy; Human Rights, State of Emergency and the General International Laws. F) Refugee Specific Themes in Human Rights 4F.1 Refugee Laws and UNHCR Origin of International Refugee Regime; Definition of Refugee in International Law; 1951 Convention on Refugees and its 1967 Protocol : Awareness and Accession; UN Declaration on Territorial Asylum; Refugee Protection and Human Rights Law; International Human Rights Laws Concerned with Refugees; International Refugee Convention and the Indian Law; International Instruments on Refugees, Stateless Persons and Victims of Conflict; International Instruments on Internally Displaced Persons; Internally Displaced Persons Regime; Laws on Illegal Migrants; Formulation and Adoption of Regional Refugee Instruments; OAU Refugee Convention; Reconceiving International Refugee Law; Prospects of Reforming International Refugee Law; Pertinent Executive Committee Recommendations; Model National Law on Refugees; UNHCR: The Organizational Framework and Activities; UNHCR; Refugees and Others of Concern; UNHCR and Support from Military 4F.2 Refugee Protection and Plan of Action Humane Protection of Refugees; Protecting Human Rights of Refugees; Specific Issues in Refugee Protection: Assembly, Opinion, Expression and Religion; Children; Detention; Education; Fair Hearing; Family Life; Racial Discrimination; Refoulement; Women; Temporary Protection of Refugees; Repatriation Aid and Development Assistance; Burden Sharing; Fiscal Burden Sharing; Basic Legal Concepts in Providing Refugee Protection; Asylum and Treatment of Refugees; Role of Judiciary in Providing Refugee Protection; Refugee Protection at Regional Level; Durable Solutions to Refugee Problems; Refugee and Migratory Movements; Managing Migration; Aftermath Actions : Resettlement; Comprehensive Plan of Actions; Keeping Peace; Promoting Development; Humanitarian Agenda for Action. 4F.3 Refugee Status and Humanitarian Assistance gotop Definition of Refugees; Uprooted; Information on Statelessness; Statelessness : Accession; Internationally Displace Persons; Alienage; Persecution; Grounds for Claiming Refugee Status; Determination of Refugee Status; Cessation and Exclusion; Statelessness and Citizenship; Indian Position on Legal Status of Refugees;

Humanitarian Assistance to Refugees; Kosovo Exodus : Lessons to be Learnt; Humanitarian Assistance to Refugees in India; Asylum Dilemma; Defending Refugee Rights; Return and Reintegration; IDPs and Humanitarian Assistance; Humanitarian Agenda for Refugees; Safeguarding Human Security. 4F.4 Refugee Problem and South Asia General Overview of Global Refugee Problems; General Refugee Situation the World; Refugee Situation in South Asia; Refugees in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Region; Refugees and Migratory Movements in South Asia; Refugees and Human Rights : An Overview; Refugee Rights : An Overview; Refugees and Human Rights in India; Chakma Peace Accord between India and Bangladesh; Changing Approaches to Refugee Problems; Investing in Future : A Humanitarian Agenda for Refugees; Searching for Solution to Refugee Problem; Regional Initiatives in South Asia; Developing a Regional Approach to Refugee Problem in South Asia; Refugees and Regional Securing of South Asia. Trimester - V : Application Course Awareness, Teaching, Research, and Implementation 5.1 Human Rights Education, Teaching and Training Human Rights Education, Tehran Conference 1968, Vienna Conference 1993, Role of the Central and State Governments in Promoting Human Rights Education; UNESCO and Its Role in Human Rights Education for Social Change; Human Rights Education in India and UN Decade for Human Rights Education (1995 - 2004); Role of Government and Non- Governmental Organisations; Human Rights Teaching at School, College and University Levels; Human Rights Education : The Legal Perspective; Research Priorities in Human Rights; Peace Keeping and Traning of International Civil Servants. 5.2 Human Rights, Peace, Non-Violence, and Conflict Resolution Peace as the Idea of Social Needs; 50 Years of UN; Peace and Human Rights in the UN Agenda; UN Resolution on an Agenda for Peace; The Instinct of Conflict : The Disappearing Boundaries Between Internal and External Conflicts; Contemporary Global Conflicts, Global Survey of High and Low Intensity Conflicts and Disputes; Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflicts; Human Rights and Ethnic Conflict Management; Nuclear War and Human Rights; Preventive Diplomacy and Peace Making; The Future of Human Rights in World Politics.

5.3 Implementing Human Rights Standards and Required Legal Aid, Remedies and Reforms Setting and Implementing International Human Rights Standards; Legal Aid and Human Rights; Legal Literacy; Role of Government and Non Government Organisations; Prison Reforms and Human Rights; Future Expectations of Human Rights; Limits of Judicial Review; Free Legal Aid; Legal Remedies Available in India; Legal Reforms Required; 5.4 Role of Judiciary, Public Interest Litigation and Media Legal Philosophy of Human Rights; Role of Judiciary; Human Rights Jurisprudence and Public Interest Litigation; Judicial Independence and Human Rights; Protection of Human Rights in Criminal Justice Administration; Towards A Burgeoning Indian Judisprudemce of Social Action; Media and Human Rights Education.