APES Chapters 1&2 Study Guide Introduction and Energy Flow

Take this test as an actual test and then check how you did. Answers are on last sheet When we discuss our environment we are referring to a. All conditions in the world. b. only interactions that affect human life. c. only conditions that cause negative effects on our health. d. primarily interactions that harm the atmosphere. e. the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life. The difference between an environmentalist and an environmental scientist is a. negligible because both care about Earth. b. that an environmentalist is involved in a social movement; whereas an environmental scientist is concerned with the methods of science. c. that an environmental scientist has a background in biology and chemistry; whereas, an environmentalist studies the humanities. d. an environmentalist is generally a radical. e. an environmentalist is involved in a social movement; whereas, an environmental scientist is concerned with politics. Ecosystem services a. are the processes by which life supporting resources are produced. b. can be provided by a forest. c. can be provided by an aquifer. d. can be provided by soil. e. All of these answers are correct. The health of frog populations is used as an indicator of environmental health because frogs a. are exposed to the water. b. are amphibious. c. eat insects which are very low on the food chain. d. live in the tropics. e. may ingest toxins on land. Two square km is equal to _____ square meters. a. 200,000 b. 2,000,000 c. 20,000,000 d. 200,000,000 e. 2,000,000,000 Five square miles is equal to _____ acres. (1 square mile = 640 acres) a. 0.32 b. 320 c. 2500 d. 3200 e. 32,000

Seventy-five square kilometers is equal to _____ square miles. (1 km = 0.6214 mile) a. 28.96 b. 2890 c. 5625 d. 39,600 e. 46.61 Twenty square kilometers is equal to _____ hectares. (1 hectare = 10,000 m2) a. 20,000 b. 200 c. 2000 d. 200,000 e. 40 New innovations in food production are a. sure to find new efficient ways to produce enough food to feed the world. b. not keeping pace with food needs of the world. c. not needed to keep pace with food needs of the world. d. frequently the cause of soil degradation. e. Both b and d. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are a. concentrated near the equator. b. completely the product of human activity. c. responsible for constant temperatures near Earths surface. d. causing a decrease in atmospheric temperature. e. primarily the result of volcanic activity. The poorest _____ % of the worlds people consume no more than _____ % of the worlds energy, paper, fish and meat. a. 20: 20 b. 20; 5 c. 5; 20 d. 5; 35 e. 2; 45 If a forest is cleared at a rate of 875 acres per day, approximately how many hectares per year are being cleared? a. 2160 b. 319,000 c. 3500 d. 129,000 e. 13,000 Sustainable development a. was demonstrated on Easter Island. b. requires resources to be saved and stored for one generation. c. is achieved when food is raised by the people who are eating it. d. balances human needs and economic development. e. Allows for clear-cutting of trees.

The concept of ecological footprint is measured in terms of the amount of a. resource an individual consumes daily. b. land area. c. resources an individual consumes over the course of a lifetime. d. resources an entire nation consumes yearly. e. resources an individual consumes yearly. The worlds calculated human ecological footprint is _____ % of the Earths total usable land area. a. 40 b. 75 c. 100 d. 125 e. 200 Passage 1-1 An experiment is set up to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted by itself or together with clover. The setup involves 3 pans of each treatment. Set-up A, B and C contain wheat alone. Set-ups D, E and F contain clover and wheat planted together, in rows alternating one seed of each type. One hundred seeds are planted in each pan. all treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size of pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment. ON THE TEST there will be a number of related questions about this section not just the question shown below. Use Passage 1-1. The treatments planted with wheat alone are the a. constant. b. controls. c. independent variable. d. dependent variable. e. replication. Precision is a. how close a measured value is to the actual value. b. how close a measured value is to repeated measurements of the same sample. c. a measurement. d. an estimation. e. Only measured in the metric system. Inductive reasoning a. is the process of making general statements from specific facts. b. is the process of applying a general statement to specific facts. c. doesnt require facts. d. is the same thing as a hypothesis. e. is the same thing as observation. Deductive reasoning a. is the process of making general statements from specific facts. b. is the process of applying a general statement to specific facts. c. requires observation. d. is the same thing as a hypothesis. e. Both b and c.

Dissemination of scientific results a. is an essential part of the scientific process. b. Allows for scientists to discuss results. c. furthers critical thinking. d. assists researchers in developing alternative explanations to observable phenomena. e. All of these answers are correct. Passage 1-2 An experiment uses two groups of mice with 20 individuals in each group. Both groups are fed the same amount of water and food every day. They are kept in similar cages in a climate-controlled room. The experimental group is given five doses of a pesticide every day. After two months, the amount of an enzyme in the brains of the mice was measured. ON THE TEST there will be a number of related questions about this section not just the question shown below. Use Passage 1-2. The independent variable in this experiment is the a. climate control of the room. b. enzyme in the brain. c. pesticide fed to the mice. d. time of the experiment. e. food. When studies are done to determine the effect of pesticides on humans, a. human subjects are used to test the pesticides. b. the health of similar groups of people who have not been exposed to the pesticides are used as a basis for comparison. c. it is very difficult to find more than a single person exposed. d. higher primates are tested because their systems are close to those of humans. e. Both a and b. Which of the following statements is/are correct: a. If more efficient automobile are built, consumption of gasoline will decrease. b. Even though more efficient cars are built, consumer behavior dictates the trend in consumption of gasoline. c. Interactions between natural and human-dominated systems are fairly easy to predict. d. Interactions between natural and human-dominated systems are complicated to predict. e. Both b and d. The study of a system in the context of environmental science may involve a. predator-prey relationships. b. energy exchange. c. only relationships of biological components to one another. d. only relationships of biological and non-biological components. e. a and b. Compounds a. are the same as molecules. b. are made up of cells. c. are found in orbitals. d. contain more than one element. e. are not found in nature.

The proportion of carbon-14 in an organism is useful in figuring out the age of an organism after it dies because a. carbon-14 decays to carbon-13. b. the proportion of carbon-14 is stable forever. c. carbon-14 becomes more plentiful over time. d. the proportion of carbon-14 slowly decreases after the death of the organism. e. It is not true that the proportion of carbon-14 is useful in dating the ages of organisms. Compounds formed by elements that share electrons are held together by a. ionic bonds. b. protons. c. covalent bonds. d. isotopes. e. nitrogen bonds. The surface tension of water results from the a. adhesion of water molecules at the surface. b. cohesion of water molecules below the surface. c. cohesion of water molecules at the surface. d. many water striders on the surface. e. high boiling point. The amount of energy needed to change the temperature of water a. is great in relation to the energy required to change the temperature of most other substances. b. is small in relation to the energy required to change the temperature of most other substances. c. is not significant in understanding climate. d. is responsible for more moderate seasonal temperature swings in areas close to large bodies of water. e. Both a and d. Bases contribute _____ to a solution. a. negative hydroxide ions b. positive hydrogen ions c. nitrate ions d. neither hydrogen nor hydroxide ions e. Both a and b are correct. On the pH scale, _____ is neutral. a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 e. 7 An exception to the law of conservation of matter is seen in a. nuclear reactions in which matter may change into energy. b. single replacement reactions. c. double replacement reactions. d. both b and c. e. the natural environment, where most waste can be buried forever.

Inorganic compounds I. never contain carbon II. may contain carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen III. always contain carbon bound to hydrogen a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II The ability to do work is called a. power b. joules c. energy. d. heat e. radiation. The difference between potential and kinetic energy is that a. potential energy has not yet been released. b. kinetic energy has not yet been released. c. potential energy is measured in calories, whereas kinetic energy is measured in joules. d. potential energy is measured in watts, whereas kinetic energy is measured in joules. e. kinetic energy cannot be captured at a dam. Fifty-six calories = approximately _____ joules. a. 234 b. 275 c. 13 d. 350 e. 468 Twenty-five Btu = _____ MJ a. 26,375,000 b. 0.026 c. 26 d. 263,375 e. 2,630,750 14,500 kilocalories = _____ kWh. a. 36,250 b. 16,850 c. 16.85 d. 16,852.2 e. 60,668 In the electrical lines that transmit electricity between a power plant and a home, _____ percent of the energy is lost as heat and sound. a. 10 b. 30 c. 50 d. 70 e. 90

The second law of thermodynamics states that a. in an energy conversion, no energy is lost. b. all systems move toward increased entropy. c. new energy is available in all systems. d. matter can be neither created nor destroyed. e. velocity increases as a dropped object nears the earths surface. The types of organisms that can live in an environment may be a. determined by the amount of solar energy available. b. determined by the amount of dead organisms available. c. determined by chemical energy emitted from a deep sea vent. d. evident in the size of the plants. e. All of these answers are correct. In a steady state, a. input is greater than output. b. Input equals output. c. The system changes over time. d. The amount of energy is not increasing. e. Both b and d. The state of global systems on Earth, such as the atmosphere and oceans, a. are in steady state today. b. have never been in steady state. c. are changing. d. were in steady state until 2010. e. are clearly showing a net loss of water. A negative feedback loop is a. when feed back into the system increases the rate of progress. b. seen in the example of increased greenhouse gases leading to global warming. c. seen in the example of world population growth. d. when a system responds to a change by returning it to its original state. e. Both b and d.

Questions 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-44

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