INDEX

absolutist states, medical police concept, 1718 Action on Smoking and Health, 141 alcohol and citizen responsibility, 18990 as social problem, naturopaths and, 116 alcoholism, early action on, 32 Alsace-Lorraine, German social insurance laws, 49 American see United States analyst perspectives, 89 anthropologists, on rationalistic strategies, 2001 anti-clericals and Catholics, disputes, 1012, 1045, 10810, 11213 anti-materialist arguments, Netherlands, 93, 947 anti-smoking groups, West Germany, 143 anti-vaccinationism, 67 Austria, medical police concept, 1718 authoritarian regimes, health care, 12 autonomous self-development, 1648 bacterial diseases, naturopaths on, 11415 bacteriology development/effect, 27 disputes over, 7081 Fish Trades Gazette on, 75, 7880 of oyster-borne disease inquiries, 701 shellfish trades and, 67, 70, 715 Bauman, Zygmunt, on unknowability, 205 Beck, Ulrich on rise of risk management, 35 on risk society, 193 on unknowability, 205 Beijlevelt, K. H., on naturopathy, 95

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Belgium 1899 welfare model, 62 and degeneration theory, 289 early social insurance laws, 32 hygienics, 245 insurance law, and genetic risks, 221 predictive lifestyle information, life insurance, 1756, 20926 sanitary reform movement, 22, 245 Bentham, Jeremy and social medicine, 201, 26 hedonistic calculus, 201 Berlin, Isaiah on negative and positive liberty, 48 Best, George, 189 Bevan, Aneurin, 177, 179, 180 Beveridge, William, 177 bienfaisance publique as concept, 51, 556, 578 biomedical technologies, demand, 34 biopolitics (Foucault), 17 Bismarck, Otto von, first social insurance laws, 32, 49 Blair, Tony, 183 and NPH, 189 Blanc, Louis, 59 bodies human and politic, Hobbes on, 8 Boer War, and British social-hygienic concerns, 30 Bottomley, Virginia, and NPH, 188 Bourdieu, Pierre, on lifestyle choices, 193 Bourgeois, Lon, on solidarism, 612 Boyce, Rupert, on pollution and oysters, 734 Brazier, Margaret, on patient rights, 180, 185 Bristol Royal Infirmary scandal, 186

267

268

Health and Citizenship Bulstrode, H. Timbrell, sewage-contaminated oyster beds inquiry, 70, 712, 74, 79 Bunge, Gustav von, on smoking and hereditary degeneration, 148 Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges, Rapports du physique et du moral de lhomme, 1920 Cabet, Etienne, on citizenship and health, 58 Callon, Michel, on unknowability, 205 cameralism, 17 Canada, national health service, 34 care, as low status activity, 37 Care Insurance Act, Netherlands, 197 Care Quality Commission, 184 Castel, Robert, on rise of risk management, 35 Catholics and anti-clericals, disputes, 1012, 1045, 10810, 11213 and public assistance, 57 naturopaths, 10813 Central Health Council, Netherlands, on illegal medical practice, 85, 87, 97 Central Service of Health and Public Hygiene, 104 Chadwick, Edwin and Poor Law medicine, 223, 26 sanitary reform, 125, 129 children at-risk, identification tools, 1956 child monitoring/categorizing, Netherlands, 1956 child-raising, early action on, 32 choice issues/limits, health consumerism, 379 cholera, and sewage-contaminated shellfish, 69 cities, building ideal future, 11617 citizens and health care governance, 206 and health promotion at work, Netherlands, 175, 1979 and vaccination programmes, Netherlands, 175, 199200 and youth care technology, Netherlands, 175, 1956 citizen/client/consumer blur, NHS, 178

Copyright

Britain depopulation/biological decline obsession, 30 early social insurance laws, 32 Enlightenment policies, 18 liberal citizenship, and smoking, 1434 mental health and citizenship, 168 National Health Service (NHS) in 1948, 33, 177 post-1979, 1734, 17790 Trusts, 181, 182 National Insurance Act 1911, 61 neo-liberal attack on social citizenship, 13 public health laws, 22 purity movements, 30 sanitary reform movement, 22 shellfish trade, risks and self-regulation, 423, 6783 smoking anti-smoking advocacy, modern, 141 government supplies to troops, 146, 1512 wartime attitudes to smoking, 1201, 142 World War I, 1457 World War II, 1513 utilitarianism, 201 British American Tobacco Bulletin, 145, 146 British Medical Association, on oysters and typhoid, 77 British Medical Journal on Herdman/Boyce report, 734 on Local Government Board Oyster Bill, 74 on Medical Department oyster inquiry, 70, 72 on sewage-contaminated shellfish, 69, 70 on smoking, 153 British Oyster Industries Association, 73, 74, 75, 77 Broadbent, Sir William, on oysters and typhoid, 68 Brousse, Paul, 64 Brouwer, L. E. J., 94 Buchanan, David, on public health and intervention, 201

Index failure to engage with, 195200 need to learn from before quantifying, 2056 responsibility, and lifestyle choices, 18890, 194 rights and assistance French revolution, 4956 post-French revolution, 5660 and duties, 3, 9 civil, of mentally ill, 1556 individual and collective, French debate, 478 rights of/rights to development, 47, 119 see also patients citizenship and (in)equality, NHS, 1867 and NHS debate, pre-1979, 17780 and public health, Germany, 18481900, 1259 and social discipline, 1339 as guided self-development, 15961 changing connotations, 3, 47, 916 redefinition 1980s, 173 citizenship/capitalism antagonism, Marshall on, 1213 citizenship/health relationship, 416 democratic, and psychological self-development, 16872 historical development, 916 ideal types, 1016 life insurance and, 21114 Marshall on, 174, 1779, 190 participative/conditional, NHS, 18790 passivity, 1415 psychological definitions of, 1212, 1556 public health and, Netherlands, 1745, 191208 rights as claims on, 47 civic responsibility, crumbling, 173 civic values, naturopathy, 11417 civic virtues, classical republican citizenship and, 1011 civic-mindedness, neo-republican citizenship and, 15 civil liberties, negative and positive, 489 civilizing process theory, 5

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clinician perspectives, 89 coastal inquiry, sewage-contaminated oyster beds, 70, 712 collective health care and social citizenship, 315 environmental issues and, 39 financing debate, 23 funding systems, 345 collective social insurance, Netherlands, 1567 commercial interests, and public health policies, 678 Commission for Health Improvement (CHI), 181 Committee for Amending the Law on Medical Practice, 90 commodification, optical market, 180, 181 communitarians and individualism, failed synthesis, 49 citizenship, and NHS, 178 on citizenship and passivity, 14, 16 on public assistance, 578 Community Health Councils (CHCs), 187 complementary medicine referrals, NHS, 185 compulsory competitive tendering (CCT), NHS, 1801 Conn, H. W., on oysters and typhoid, 69 Conseil Consultatif dHygine Publique, 63 Conseil Suprieur dAssistance Publique (CSAP), 63 Conservative Government, and NHS, 1802 Considerant, Victor Prosper, on citizenship and health, 58, 61 Constituent Assembly, France, and health rights, 502 constitutionalism, disease resistance, 130 consumerism, NHS, 178, 1824 availability/takeup, 184, 185 choice (purported), NHS, 1801, 182 de-commodified entitlement, 1778 regulated, 1846 controversial issues identification need, 206 Cort van der Linden, P. W. A., 87, 97, 99 Direction and Policy of the Liberal Party, 98 Council on Public Hygiene, 104

270

Health and Citizenship Dobson, Frank, 181 doctor/patient relations, and health funding, 37 doctors, decisions rarely challenged, 1789 domestic hygiene, early action on, 32 Donaldson, Liam, and NPH, 189 droits-liberts vs droits-crances, 478 drug treatments, patient-funded, NHS, 183 Durkheim, Emile, 61 Dutch Ministry of Youth and Family, 195 Dutch Society for the Advancement of Medicine, 88 Dutch Society of Psychiatry, 157 Dutton, Paul, on revolutions and health care systems, 49 economic efficiency, market mechanisms and, 35 Elias, Norbert civilizing process theory, 5 on welfare state development, 128 Elliot, Rosemary, on wartime attitudes to smoking, 1201, 14154 Empress Auguste Victoria Hospital, 133 enhancement technologies, demand, 34 Enlightenment, natural rights philosophy, 18 Enthoven, Alain, on internal market, 184 entitlements, social-liberal citizenship and, 1112 environmental health, 11417 environmental issues, and collective health, 39 environmentalism, and disease control, 27 epidemiology and public health, 1278 development/effect, 27 probabilistic, 175 surveys and predictive medicine, 35 oysters and typhoid, 70 epistemic injustice, 2067 equality of opportunity, liberal citizenship and, 11 Esping-Andersen, G., 177 eugenics, 28, 301 Weindling on, 1245 European Charter on Environment and Health, 188

counselling, 160 Couverture Maladie Universelle (CMU), 45, 46 criminal anthropology, 28 Crossman, Richard, on citizenship and NHS, 180 cultural change pamphlets on, 945 revolution, Netherlands, 1701 welfare state and, 15 cure over care, and gender issues, 37 dAiry, Bernard, on right to subsistence, 53 Daily Express, 77 Darwin, Charles, Origin of Species, 28 Darzi reports, NHS, 182 de Swaan, Abram on psychotherapy intake procedures, 197 on welfare state development, 128 De Winter, Mischa, on child monitoring, 196 debatability, mental health workers and, 1634 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 1789, 1, 10, 46, 54, 62 degeneration theory, 2830 Dejace, Lopold, on medical freedom, 111 demand, modern, rising, 345 democratization and public health, 414 and psychological self-development, 16872 and spontaneous self-realization, 1623 undermined by citizenship passivity, 1415 Denmark, medical police concept, 1718 dentistry, NHS, availability, 183 Die medicinische Reform, Virchow and, 24 Directory regime, bureaux de bienfaisance, 56 diseases carriers, causality/prevention, 129, 1369 control, and personal freedom, 25, 27 new, public health challenges, 199 shift from infectious to chronic, 1745, 18890 see also epidemiology; vaccination district physicians proposals, France, 51

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Index European Union, Charter of Fundamental Rights, 45 evidence, objective indicators, 2034 measuring is knowing rhetoric, 1956, 1989 evolution, retrograde, Morel on, 28 expectations, modern, rising, 345 expertocracies, technocratic, 2001, 2014 familiar hypercholesterolaemia (FH), insurers and, 221 family history, insurers and, 221 Fdration Mdicale Belge, 111 Feierabend, Paul Karl, 2001 fish trades and public opinion, 768 Fish Trades Gazette, 69, 712, 76, 78, 7980 Fitzpatrick, M., on NPH, 188, 189 food industries, and public health policies, 678 Food and Sanitation, on Herdman/Boyce report, 73 Foucault, Michel, 5, 2001 on French revolution and medical practice, 50 on governmentality and biopolitics, 17 Foucaultian perspective, normal/abnormal delimitation, 5 Fouille, Alfred, 61, 62 Foundation Trusts, and privatization, 182 Fourier, Charles, 58 France and degeneration theory, 289 and German social insurance laws, 49 Constitution of 1791, on public assistance, 545 depopulation/biological decline obsession, 30 Enlightenment policies, 18 Environmental Charter 2004, and health rights, 47 Fifth Republic, incorporating 1946 declaration, 47 Fourth Republic, 1946 social and economic rights declaration, 467 health insurance and welfare state, 33, 468, 63 current arrangements, Ramsey on, 458 early social insurance laws, 32

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Gauld, Robin, on NPH, 188 Gazette mdicale de Paris, 59 gender issues, cure over care, 37 genetics and predictive, risk-oriented medicine, 209 risk carriers, life insurance, 2212, 2224 geographical service inequalities, NHS, 186 Grando, Joseph Marie, on public assistance, 57 Germany Agency against the Dangers of Addiction, 151 Association for Infant Protection, 133

health care provision project, 412 old age insurance law 1910, 63 medical assistance system 1893, 63 national medical congress 1845, 59 poor relief project, 412 revolution 1789 Dclaration des droits de lhomme et du citoyen, 1, 10, 46, 54, 62 effects/influences, 412 health care as political issue, 1820, 22 rights and assistance during, 4956 rights and assistance post-, 5660 sanitary reform movement, 22, 23 Second Empire, and citizenship and health, 60 Second Republic, and citizenship and health, 5960 Socialist Party, 64 Third Republic, and citizenship and health, 605 Workers Party, 64 Frank, Johann Peter, System einer vollstndigen medicinischen Polizey, 1718 free market/transparency issues, 358 freedom of healing, Netherlands, 43, 8699 Freidson, Eliot, on professionalization, 5 Frmery, Hendrik Nicolaas de, 956 Fricker, Miranda, on epistemic injustice, 2067 Frohman, Larry, on German public health/ social hygiene movement, 120, 12339 funding systems, and demand increase, 345

272

Health and Citizenship Greener, Ian, on citizenship and NHS, 177, 180 Grotjahn, Alfred, Social Pathology, 1312 Gurin, Jules, 59 Guesde, Jules, and health care funding, 64 guided self-development, 15961 guilds/corporations, universalist ban, 50 Guillotin, Dr, and Health Committee, 51 Habermas, Jrgen, influence, 2001 Hamlin, Christopher, on bacteriology, 71 Hardy, Anne, on British shellfish trade regulation, 423, 6783 harmful behaviours, and mental illness, 1578 Harris, Lord, on Local Government Board Oyster Bill, 74 Harrison, Stephen, and Ruth McDonald, on citizenship and NHS, 178, 184 Hartman, Marie, 95, 96 healers healer/patient pastoral conception, 113 irregular, Netherlands, 8697 non-academic, illegal, 103 healing, freedom of, Netherlands, 43, 8699 health and productivity, 129 and welfare linking, French Third Republic, 63 as human right, 1, 23 changing connotations, 12, 78 normal, life insurance, 21718, 219 ideology, 78 in risk society, 1736 in welfare state, 11922 inequalities, increasing, NHS, 186 regulations, popular resistance, 25 risks, preventive intervention, 209 health care as civil right, 12, 4 practitioners, limited exclusive competence, 878 project, France, 412 health consumerism, 36, 378, 178 choice issues/limits, 379 health economics Gottstein on, 132 protection of the healthy, 1339

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Central Committee for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, 133 depopulation/biological decline obsession, 30 eugenics, 301 degeneration theory, 289 first social insurance laws, 32, 33, 49 hydropathy movement, 1089 Lebensreform movement, 44, 96 mental health care political dimension, 1689 political vs. social citizenship, 13 public health and state, 18481900, 1259 sanitary reform movement, 22, 234, 28 social hygiene movement, 120, 12339 purity movements, 30 smoking anti-smoking campaigns, 121, 141, 142, 14850, 153, 154 anti-smoking groups, West Germany, 143 Anti-Tobacco League, 144, 147, 14850 liberal citizenship and, 144 tolerance, modern, 141 wartime attitudes, 121, 142 World War I, 1478 World War II, 14851, 153 young people, concerns, 144, 14751 Wilhelmine, tuberculosis/infant welfare centres, 1339 Giddens, Anthony on rise of risk management, 35 on risk society, 1934 Gide, Charles, on cooperatism, 61 Gbel, J. S., 95, 96 Gottstein, Adolf, on health economics, 132 governmentality (Foucault), 17 governments legislation, and rights enforcement, 48 and population quality, 17 Grand Livre de la Bienfaisance Nationale, 556 Greece, tobacco imports from, 150, 152 Green, Thomas Hill, on negative and positive liberty, 48

Index health education early action on, 323 information, and provider credibility, 39 health insurance French welfare state, 468 French reformists and, 645 health policy, political organization, Belgium, 1034 health promotion at work, citizens and, Netherlands, 175, 1979 targeting failures, 1978 health rights and French rights debate, 478 and social citizenship, Germany, 120, 12339 healthy behaviour, tools for, 194 Herdman, William Abbott, on pollution and oysters, 734 hereditary biology, and smoking, Third Reich on, 148, 14950 Het toekomstig leven, 91, 95 Higonnet, Patrice, US/French revolutions comparison, 49 Hilton, Matthew, on tobacco use cultivation, 143 Hitler, Adolf, non-smoker, 1489 Hobbes, Thomas, on bodies human and politic, 8 homeopathic movement, Belgium, 106, 110 Hore-Belisha, Leslie, 152 Horstman, Klasien, public health and citizenship, Netherlands, 1745, 191208 Houston, Alexander, 7980, 81 Huisman, Frank, on patient autonomy and medical monopoly, 43, 8599 Human Genome Project, ELSA programme, 201 Human Papiloma Virus (HPV) vaccination programme, 199, 200 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, on liberty and human development, 48 Hungary, medical police concept, 1718 Hunter, David, on NPH, 189 hydropathy movement, Belgium, 10813 qualified doctors requirement, 11112 hygiene and health, 78 and productivity, 129 as applied physiology, 129 Hygienic Institute Van den Broeck, 109 hygienism, 245 politicization, 1046 physicians, natural sciences methods, 1045, 107 programmes, Belgium, 102 on living conditions, 11517

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Icarian movement, on citizenship and health, 589 Idologues, medical education/licensing reform, 1920 incentives, welfare centres and, 137 individualism and communitarianism, failed synthesis, 49 Lebensreform movement, 1078 rhetoric, NPH, 189 individualized risk management, life insurance, 220, 224 individuals adaptation to society, 15961, 162 autonomy/responsibility, 3, 9 disease resistance, 130 freedom, liberal citizenship and, 11 not masses, naturopaths and, 113, 11517 position/self-development, 1212, 15572 rights, subordinated to national plans, 17980 industrial revolution, utilitarianism, 201 industrialization, and public health, 414 infant mortality early action on, 32 social hygiene programmes, 1339 infant welfare centres, 1339 informed consent, and predictive medicine, 38 institutional psychiatry, 1556 insurance and patient freedom of choice, 37 and unhealthy lifestyles, 3 exclusion from, predictive medicine and, 21718, 219 funded health care, France, 45

274

Health and Citizenship

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Legal State (Van Houten) Committee, on limited exclusive competence, 878 Leubuscher, Rudolf, on right to health, 125 Liancourt, Francois-Alexandre de La Rochefoucauld, on rights, 512, 523, 62 liberal citizenship and individual freedom/equality of opportunity, 11 and public health, 1621, 414 and smoking, 1434 classical and civil rights, 10, 11 Jacobins, and health rights, 49, 55 liberal principles, classical vs. social liberal Jaurs, Jean, reformist socialist, 64 ideals, 43 Jefferson, Thomas, and Idologues, 20 liberal state and medicine, Belgium, 1037 Jenner, Edward, 21 liberal-democratic citizenship Jewson, Nicholas, on patient-centred mediand institutional psychiatry, 1556 cal culture, 113 and political rights, 1011 and professionalism, 256, 278 Kanthack, A. A., 79 and sanitary movement, 2231 Kirchner, Martin, 132 liberal-democratic health policies, concepKlein, Edward tual instability, 1013 Fishmongers Company and, 7880 liberalism on bacteriology of shellfish-borne disease, and freedom of healing, 98 701, 7981 and laissez-faire vs. utilitarianism, 2531 typhoid in cockles and mussels, 778 anti-clericals and, 1012, 108 Klein, Rudolf, on service inequalities, NHS, on assistance as donor obligation, 119 187 doctrinaire vs progressive, 1023 Kneipp, Sebastian, 1089, 11112 liberty in everything and for all, Belgium, on qualified doctors and hydropathy, 1012 11112 Lickint, Fritz Kneipp-Journal, 117 and German Anti-Tobacco League, 148 Knobel, Fridolin, 93 Tabak und Organismus, 149 Koch, Robert, bacteriology, 129, 130 lifeskills issues, mental outpatients, 1668 lifestyles Ltat-providence, 467, 605 as predictive health information, insurlabouring classes as national resource, 1303 ance, 21417, 219 Lafargue, Paul, 64 blaming, and health funding, 36, 38 Lalonde Report 1974, 188 citizen responsibility, 173 Lamarckism, Morel and, 28 choices, compliance issues, 18890, Lancashire Sea Fisheries Committee, 73 1924 Lancet diseases, as modern dominant threat, on Bulstrodes inquiry, 70, 72 1745, 18890 on smoking, 1434 regulation campaigns, NPH, 174, Le Grand, Julian, on choice, 184, 187 18890 Lebensreform movements, 234, 28 underwriting, 21417, 219, 224 Belgium, 434, 10117 unhealthy, responsibility, 3 anti-modernist question, 434, 11417 limited exclusive competence, health practitioners, 878 legal liability, health practitioners, 88 funding system, health care, 34 predictive lifestyle information in, 1756, 20926 role as norm-giver, 210 internal market system, NHS, 1812, 1846, 190 Internationale Verein Kneippscher rtze, 111 Italy, medical police concept, 1718

Index Liverpool Marine Biological Committee, 73 living conditions, hygienists/naturopaths on, 11517 Lloyd George, David, National Insurance Act 1911, 61 Local Government Board Oyster Bill, 745 Public Health (Shellfish) Regulations 1915, 812 Locke, John, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 8 on free independent human, 11 on natural rights, 53 on personal material possession, 8 Lohman, A. F. de Savornin, 87, 93 Maastricht University, Balansmeter questionnaire, 198 Major, John, 181 Patients Charter, 185 malpractice prosecution demand, 86 Malthusians, on public assistance, 567 market and state, post-1979 NHS, 1824 mechanisms, and economic efficiency, 35 Marquand, David, on citizenship and NHS, 177, 180 Marshall, Thomas Humphrey, Citizenship and Social Class, 1213, 15, 47, 48, 174, 1779, 190 Marxist socialists, France, 64 masculinity, smoking and nationalism promotion, 143, 145 maternity allowances, early action on, 323 measuring is knowing rhetoric, 1956, 1989 medical assistance programmes, France, 51, 63, 65 medical education/licensing reform, French Revolution, 19 Medical Department oyster inquiry, 712, 76 medical ethics debate, 23 medical examiners, insurance industry, 213, 216, 221 medical historiography, health and citizenship in, 56 medical information, and risk discourse, 367, 39

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medical insurance, private, tax relief on, 181 medical liberalism ambivalences, Belgium, 1023 naturopaths on, 10911, 11417 medical manuals for the poor, 106 medical materialism, 105 medical monopoly abolition petition, 8599 Medical Monopoly and Freedom of Healing, 889 medical officers of health, Fish Trades Gazette on, 767 medical police concept, 1718 medical practice regulation, 17 and liberal state, Belgium, 1037 self-regulation, and Bristol Royal Infirmary scandal, 186 medical profession ambiguous attitudes, 256 and 3H petition, 8891 and collective health insurance, 33 boundaries questioning, 10713 on state regulation, 11112 medical professionalisation, public health, 256, 278 medical questionnaires, life insurance, 215, 221 medical reformers, French Revolution, 1820 medical sciences, 8992 and public health value systems, 1234 technology costs, 2 medical statisticians, 104 medical underwriting, life insurance, 175, 21417, 219, 224 Medical State (Pekelharing) Committee, 901, 98 medicine, Bentham and, 201 Medicinsche Reform, 125 mental health and citizenship, Netherlands, 1212, 15572 care socialization, 1648 psychological definitions of citizenship, 1212, 1556 outpatient care, 158, 159 broad orientation/distribution, 16972 when unsuitable, 1668

276

Health and Citizenship natural science/healing Belgium, 1023 Dutch enthusiasm for, 93 hygienist physicians, 1045, 107 naturopaths and scientific respectability, 112 Belgium, 10813 civic values, 11417 on living conditions, 11517 on state regulation, 10912 Nazi regime eugenics, 301 German Anti-Tobacco League and, 14850 Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 889, 95 negative civil liberties, 11, 17, 489, 54, 56 neo-conservatives, on citizenship and passivity, 14, 16 neo-liberalism and individual autonomy/responsibility, 3, 9 attack on social citizenship, 1315 revolution 1980s, 173 neo-republican citizenship, 1736 and civic responsibilities/obligations, 10, 15 and new public health, 359 and post-1979 NHS, 1734, 17790 post-1979 NHS, 18090 quasi-neo-republicanism, 1912, 1945, 2078 Netherlands early social insurance laws, 32 government criticism over public health inadequacies, 39 hygienics, 245 mental health and citizenship, 1212, 15572 national sickness fund, 33 Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 198 patient autonomy and medical monopoly, 37, 43, 8599 public health and citizenship, 1745, 191208 purity movements, 30 sanitary reform movement, 22, 245 vaccination programmes distrust, 39

Copyright
National Care Service (New Labour pledge), 183 national health insurance schemes, 33 National Convention 17934, and public assistance, 556 National Health Service (NHS), Britain in 1948, 33, 177 post-1979, 1734, 17790 Trusts, 181, 182 National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), 181, 186 National Liberals, Wilhelmine Germany, 134 National Sea Fisheries Protection Association, 74 National Society of Non-Smokers, 153 nationalized government-organized health care, 34

workers and personal liberation, 1634 self-criticism, 162 hospitals, eligibility critera change, 1656 suffering alleviation, shift to, 1668 Mexican swine flu vaccination programme, 199200 miasmatic theory of disease, 23, 27 Milburn, Alan, 181 Mill, John Stuart, On Liberty, 48 Ministry of Internal Affairs, and public health policy, 1034 modernization, controlled, psycho-hygienists on, 15961, 1612 modernity issues, Netherlands, 937 monitoring, and predictive medicine, 35 Monod, Henri, 63 moral behaviour, predictive medicine and, 219, 220 moral hazard, life insurance and, 21114 Moran, Michael, on citizenship and NHS, 1778, 179 Morel, Benedict Augustin, Trait des dgnrescences de lespce humaine, 28 municipal government, and welfare centres, 1347 Muntendam, Pieter, on self-help books, 90

Index

277

blaming Neumann, Salomon, on right to health, 1256 NPH, 174, 18890 new liberalism, French Third Republic, 603 and health funding, 36, 38 new public health rights, 37 and citizen lifestyle responsibility, 173 and obligations linking, 187 and neo-republican citizenship, 359 NHS, 17980, 181, 185, 187 New Public Health (NPH), Britain, 18890 mental health law, 165 New Labour of mentally ill, 1556 and NHS, 1812, 1823, 185 or aspirations, 186 and NPH, 189 to choose and to refuse, 114 ephemeral consultative bodies, 187 welfare state diminution theory, 14 New Zealand, national health service, 34 see also citizens Nolen, Willem, on medicine as science, 89 patriotism, and smoking, 1201, 1423, normal/abnormal delimitation, 5 1467 numerical rating system, life insurance, Peeters, Evert, and Kaat Wils, on Belgium 21314 Lebensreform movements, 434, nutrition, early action on, 32 10117 Pekelharing, Cornelis, on medicine as sciobesity, as lifestyle choice, 190 ence, 89 Oesterlen, Friedrich, on sickness as social performance indicators, NHS, 181 problem, 126 Perri, on consumer choice in NHS, 184 old age insurance law 1910, France, 63 personal care, free in Scotland, 183 one family, one plan policy, 195 personal freedom, and disease control, 25 Oosterhuis, Harry, mental health and citipersonal liberation, mental health workers zenship, 1212, 15572 and, 1634 optical market, commodification, 180, 181 Personal Budget scheme, NHS, 185 Order of Physicians, 103, 112 Personal Care at Home Bill, 183 Ortt, Felix, 95 Petersen, A., and D. Lupton, on NPH, 188 out-patient clinics, early action on, 323 Pettenkofer, Max von, on disease and polluoutsourcing, NHS, 1801 tion, 1278 Phalanstery ideals, 58 Panopticon, 21 pharmaceutical industry, suspicions of, 200 parents, responsibility but non-consultation, philanthropic associations, women and, 135 1956 physicians Paris, health/health care rights, Weiner on, and free market vs. state, 256 512 and medical knowledge ownership, 91 Paris school of medicine, 19 and public health systems, 5 Parsons, Talcott, on citizenship and NHS, and self-regulation, Belgium, 103 178 as legislators, 60, 63 passive citizenship, classic NHS, 17980 on medicine as science, 89 Pasteur, Louis, 129 Pinkhof (physician) on reactionaries, 93 paternalistic/rationalistic public health, plague, measures against, 17 192204 Players, on cigarettes as comfort, 1456 patients political change autonomy, 378 counterculture of health, Belgium, 44, and medical monopoly, Netherlands, 1067, 10713 43, 8599 democratization, Netherlands, 1567 predictive/preventive medicine and, 38

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278

Health and Citizenship prisoners of war, cigarette rations, 152 Private Finance Initiative (PFI) scheme, 182 privatization issues, NHS, 1804 probabilistic epidemiology, 175 Proctor, Robert, The Nazi War on Cancer, 142 productivity, as measure of individual health, 129 professional associations, and competitive market, 1056 progress issues, Netherlands, 937 Progressivism, and social hygiene, 131 protest movements, and self-determination, 162 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 64 psychiatry institutional, 1556 on causes of mental illness, 1578 preventive, 160 psycho-hygienists, 158 as guides to self-determination, 160 pessimism, 158, 15960 on controlled modernization, 15961, 1612 psychological definitions of citizenship, 1212, 1556 psychological self-development, and democratic citizenship, 16872 psychosocial outpatient facilities, 162, 1645 psychotherapeutic services increase, 1623 intake procedures, 197 neoliberal politics effects, 164 public assistance and state intervention, 11922 as social necessity, 567 post-revolution views on, 5660 public health and citizenship, Netherlands, 1745, 191208 health and state, Germany, 18481900, 1259 Bentham and, 201 development, and liberal citizenship, 1621 French revolution, 50 intervention vs learning, 201 issues, as technical problems, 194

Copyright

development, French Third Republic, 604 devolution and national service, 1867 post1791, and public health, 414 political dimension, 3H petition, 979 political scientists, on rationalistic strategies, 2001 politics of health and citizenship, 139 pollution and disease, Pettenkofer on, 1278 poor people and disease, 22 hygiene education/coercion, 1379 inability to implement hygiene, 1289, 1379 relief project, France, 412 popular resistance, health regulations, 25 population growth, poverty and disease, 22 population quality governments and, 17 Porter, T. M., on quality of life assessments, 213 Porter, Theodore, on rationalization/expertocracies, 202, 2034 positive civil liberties, 17, 28, 489, 102, 120 possessive individualism American citizenship as, 13 Locke on, 8 possibilists, 64 Poverty Committee, Constituent Assembly, 51, 525 Powell, Martin, neo-republican citizenship and post-1979 NHS, 1734, 17790 pragmatic approach, public health, 2057 predictive medicine and moral behaviour, 219, 220 lifestyle information, life insurance, 1756, 20926 preventive medicine, 2, 34, 356, 38, 39 and lifestyle regulation, NPH, 174, 18890 Health of the Nation strategy, 181 interventions, and lifestyle choices, 1934 treated as prognostic, 176 preventive psychiatric treatment, 160 preventive social welfare programmes, 1245 Priessnitz, Vincent, 108 priests, and self-help medicine, 106

Index laws, 22 naturopaths and, 113, 11517 organizations, Belgium, 1034 paternalistic vs. rationalistic, 1924 policies, implementation contested, 678 pragmatic approach, 2057 rationalistic strategy, questioning, 2001 social hygiene movement, Germany, 120, 12339 value systems, 123 public mental health, 1578 public opinion, fish trades and, 768 Public Assistance Committee, France, 53 Public Health (Regulations as to Food) Act 1907, 81 qualitative equality of welfare, Marshall on, 179 quasi-neo-republicanism, 1912, 1945, 2078

279

racial hygiene, and smoking, Third Reich on, 148, 14950 Ramsey, Matthew Before ltat-Providence..., 4565 on French projects, 412 Raspail, Franois-Vincent annual handbooks of health, 50 on citizenship and health, 589 rational thought, and smoking, 1434 rationalistic/paternalistic public health, 192204 rationalistic public health as product of democratization, 2013 healthy behaviour tools, 194 questioning, 2001 Reagan, Ronald and neo-liberal revolution, 173 attack on social citizenship, 13 Reclam, Carl, on health and productivity, 129 Reemstma, Phillip, on political importance of tobacco, 150 reformist socialism, 64 Regional Institutes for Ambulatory Mental Health Care, 162, 1645, 166 regulated consumerism, NHS, 1846 Reich Agency Against the Dangers of Alcohol and Tobacco, 14950, 151

Copyright
Saint-Simonianism, 23 Salter, Brian, on citizenship and NHS, 177, 185 Salvandy, Comte de, on medical reform, 59 sanitarians and urban infrastructure, 1289 British, 125 ideology, Lebensreform movement, 1078

Renouvier, Charles, 61 republican citizenship, classical, and civic virtues, 1011 responsibility, individual behaviour, life insurance, 219, 220 Richards, Mike, 183 rights see citizens; patients Rikli, Arnold, 108 risk(s) and self-regulation, food industry, 423, 6783 carriers genetic, insurers and, 2212, 2224 predictive medicine and, 210 cultures, unpredictable/unknowable, 205 discourse, 367, 38 factors, lifestyle underwriting, 21517, 219, 224 identification/definition, 38 management, 357, 389 privatization issues, NHS, 1814 selection, life insurance, 1756, 20926 takers, lifestyle, insurers and, 2224 risk society, 1736, 1935 Rivers Pollution Prevention Act 1876, 81 Robespierre, Maximilien de, on assistance as obligation on rich, 54 Romein, Jan, health reformers as sentimentalists, 114 Royal Academy of Medicine, 104 and homeopathic movement, 106 Royal Commission on Long Term Care, 183 Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal report, 7980, 812 Royal Society for Public Medicine, 104 Rudy, Jarrett, on tobacco use cultivation, 143 Russia, medical police concept, 1718 Ruys de Beerenbrouck, Charles, 99 Ruyssen, Auguste, 112

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Health and Citizenship Smith, Adam, 56 smoking and life insurance, 21617 bans, Britain, 174 current war on, 1412 in World War I, 1448 in World War II, 14853 wartime attitudes to, 1201, 14154 social adaptation, self-development through, 1568 social care issues, Britain, 183 social case-work, 160 social change mental health workers and, 1634 post1791, and public health, 414 social citizenship American version, 13 and collective health care, 315 and health rights, Germany, 120, 12339 core of welfare state, 177 health in the welfare state, 11922 neo-liberal attack on, 1314 social coercion and self-control, 56 and social hygiene, 1303 social/cultural influences, and mental illness, 1578 social Darwinism, 28, 29 Social Democratic Party, Wilhelmine Germany, 134 social democratic citizenship and welfare rights, 10, 1115 NHS as, 177 social discipline, and social hygiene, 1339 social engineering vs individualization, 164 social fabric, post1970s, 15 social/financial consequences, predictive/ preventive medicine and, 38 social hygiene and social contract, 1303 and social discipline, 1339 education/coercion, 1379 movement, Germany, 120, 12339 preventive social welfare programmes, 1245 programmes, infant mortality/tuberculosis, 1339 psychiatrists and, 1578

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sanitary movement and liberal-democratic citizenship, 2231 sanitary reform, 1259 sanitary regulation/monitoring, fish trades, 678, 715 Say, Jean-Baptiste, on public assistance, 567 Schlossmann, Arthur, on ignorance and indifference, 137 Schmoller, Gustav, 131 Schnapper, Dominique, on Fourth Republic rights, 46 Scientific Institute for Research on the Dangers of Tobacco, 149 scientism culture, 105 Scotland, free personal care, 183 screening/monitoring, and predictive medicine, 35 Sea Fisheries Committees, 73, 74 and sewage regulation, 74, 75 self-control, and social coercion, 56 self-determination, protest movements and, 162 self-development and citizenship, 1212, 15572 autonomous, 1648 guided, 15961 spontaneous, 1614 through social adaptation, 1568 self-help medicine, Belgium, 44, 1067 self-reflection, and mental health care, Netherlands, 16972 Selhorst, Jan Frederik on 3H petition, 88 on Van Holthe tot Echten, 92 service inequalities, NHS, 1867 sewage, believed beneficial to oysters, 69 sewage regulation Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal and, 7980, 812 Sea Fisheries Committees and, 74, 75 shellfish trades, and public health policies, 678, 715 sickness, as social problem, 123, 1259 Sieys, abb E. J., What is the Third Estate?, 50, 52 Silesia, Polish population and typhus, 234 Slingenberg, J., on medical deregulation, 889

Index social causality/prevention, 1302, 1359 welfare centres, early action on, 323 social insurance schemes, 32, 34 social isolation/lifeskills issues, mental outpatients, 1668 social issues, medical treatments, 345 social liberalism, French Third Republic, 603 social material assistance, early action on, 323 social/moral activism, 157 social relations, and health norms, 5 social responsibility, neo-republican citizenship and, 15 social welfare programmes, preventive, 1245 social work, early action on, 323 socialism, early French Third Republic, 634 on public assistance, 578 Socialist Party of France, 64 Socit Royale de Mdecine, 51 society degeneration theory, 2830 divergent concepts, 1012 Society for Mental Research and Applied Magnetism, 90 socio-economic health differences, workplace health promotion, 197 socio-medical statistics, 23 sociologists, on rationalistic strategies, 2001 solidarism, 613 Southend-on-Sea, oyster trade, 71 Soviet Union, first socialized medicine, 33 spontaneous self-development, 1614 Star, on Medical Department oyster inquiry, 76 state and citizenship rights and duties, 3, 9 and intervention and public assistance, 11922 certification, medical practice, 50 Hegelian concept of state, 1267 regulation, naturopaths vs. medical profession on, 10912 statistical biometer, 23

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Stein, Lorenz von, theory of public health, 1267 Stone, D., on insurance role as norm-giver, 210, 212 Streicher, Julius, 153 subsistence, right to, 53 survivor costs, 2 Sweden, national health service, 34 technocratic expertocracies, 2001, 2014 temperance, naturopaths and, 116 Thatcher Government and NHS, 1801 and neo-liberal revolution, 173 attack on social citizenship, 13 therapeutic communities, 162 Thiers, Adolphe, on public assistance, 567, 61 Third Reich, anti-smoking propaganda, 121, 141, 142, 14850, 153 Thomas, Albert, on workers contributions to insurance plans, 645 Thorbecke, Johan Rudolph, 86, 97 Thorne, Richard, on bacteriology, 71, 74 tobacco industry and Nazi Party, 1501 brand names Germanization, 147 cigarette smoking promotion, 1457 economic concerns and role, 141, 143 smoking and nationalism promotions, 144, 147 Tracy, Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de, Elments dIdologie, 1920 Troelstra, Pieter Jelles, 99 trustworthiness measurement, life insurance, 220 tuberculosis and human carriers, 129, 1369 early action on, 32, 33 social hygiene programmes to combat, 1339 welfare centres, 1339 Turgot, on claims of poor, 51 Turkey, tobacco imports from, 150, 152 Turner, Bryan, on citizenship, 9 typhoid, shellfish trades and, 678

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Health and Citizenship van Leersum, Evert Cornelis on 3H petition movement, 94 on medication, 90, 91 van Rees, Jacobus, 94 van Rijnberk, Gerard, on medicine as science, 89 Van Son, Alos, 109 and vaccination debate, 114 on healer/patient pastoral conception, 113 on natural healing as science, 112 Van Waver, Pol, on medical freedom, 109, 111 venereal diseases, early action on, 32 Villerm, Louis Ren, statistical biometer, 23 Virchow, Rudolf Berlin public health facilities, 24 on epidemics, 11920 on right to health, 125, 126 on typhus and living conditions, 234 Report on the Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia, 126 Vis Naturae Medicatrix Society, 90 voluntary sector, and welfare centres, 1347 Vox Medicorum, 88, 93 Waldegrave, William, and NPH, 188 Weindling, Paul, Health, Race and German Politics..., 1245, 133 Weiner, Dora, The Citizen-Patient in Revolutionary and Imperial Paris, 512 welfare state and cultural change, 15 and dependent underclass, 14 and health insurance, France, 468 and psychotherapeutic services increase, 162 civil rights diminution, 14 dismantling, 1648, 172 health in, 11922 Marshall on, 1213, 174, 1779, 190 no longer affordable, 173 political controversy, 1415 post-1980s crisis, 23 see also National Health Service (NHS), Britain welfare work mental health workers and, 1634 neoliberal politics effects, 164

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vaccination anti-vaccinationism, 67 debate, natural healers and, 114 early action on, 32 issues, NHS, 185 programmes, Netherlands, citizens and, 175 classic, uptake, 199 new, reaction to, 199200 Van den Broeck, Frans Jozef, on medical freedom, 10810, 113 van Eeden, Frederik, 94 van Gunsteren, Herman, on unknowability, 205, 2067 van Hamel, Joost, and 3H petition, 86 van Holthe tot Echten, Rudolph and 3H petition, 86 on Slingenbergs report, 912, 96 on freedom of healing, 923 van Houten, Samuel and 3H petition, 86, 87, 978 Letters on Politics, 978 Van Hoyweghen, Ine, predictive lifestyle information, life insurance, 1756, 20926

underclass, dependent, welfare state and, 14 United Kingdom see Britain United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1 United States citizenship, as possessive individualism, 13 Declaration of Independence, 1, 10 Enlightenment policies, 18 mental hygiene movement, 168 neo-liberal attack on social citizenship, 13 private health insurance, 34 Revolution, and health care system, 49 universal manhood suffrage, France, 56 universal suffrage, Netherlands, 99, 157 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 45 universalism and communitarianism, defined, 4950 Higonnet on, 49 unorthodox healing methods, Pekelharing Committee on, 901 urban infrastructure, sanitarians and, 1289 utilitarianism influences, 2031 public assistance as social necessity, 567

Index Wesleyan University, oysters and typhoid, 689 West Germany, anti-smoking groups, 143 Western Europe early social insurance laws, 32 neo-liberal attack on social citizenship, 1314 Which?, on NHS dentist availability, 183 World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 141 Healthy Cities initiative, 201 Williamson, C., on health consumerism, 178 Wils, Kaat, on Belgium Lebensreform movements, 434, 10127 women and smoking, 1201, 1424, 1467 legitimised, partly, 1512 targeted by social welfare, 33 working-class, infant welfare education, 1378

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workers framed as at-risk workers, 197 unhealthy, dismissal proposals, 197 Workers International, French Section, 64 working class social insurance schemes, 32 smokers criticized, 143 Working for Patients white paper, 181 workplace health promotion, Netherlands, 175, 1979 World Federation of Mental Health, 160 World Health Organization, definitions, 1, 7 World War I, smoking in, 1448 World War II, smoking in, 14853 Worshipful Company of Fishmongers, action on shelfish pollution, 7881 young people and smoking, concerns, 144, 14751 youth care technology, citizens and, Netherlands, 175, 1956 Zola, Irving, on professionalization, 5

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