Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Agenda
Hard
Disks
History
Architecture
of
Hard
Disks
Disk
head,
-arm,
Calcula?on
of
access
?mes
Zoning
Trends
Inuence
of
TPI,
BPI,
on
performance
and
price
Storage
Hierarchy
Primary
Storage:
CPU
Register
(1
Cycle,
ns)
Cache
(10-200
Cycles,
0,02
-
0,5s)
Local
memory
(0,2
-
4s)
NUMA-memory
(2
-
10
x
local
memory)
Secondary
Storage:
Hard
Disks
(2-20
ms)
Solid
State
Disks
(0,05
-
0,5
ms)
Cache
(0,05
-
0,5
ms)
Ter?ary
Storage
Exchangeable
media(Tapes,
Floppies,
CD,
...
(ms
-
minutes)
Tape
Libraries,
op?cal
jukeboxes
(few
seconds
-
minutes)
Tape
libraries
(few
minutes
days)
Tapes
Tapes
are
used
in
computers
since
1951
(UNIVAC
I)
Density
of
128
bytes/inch
on
8
tracks
(6
data
tracks/
1
parity/
1
clock)
Speed
of
up
to
100
in/s
Used
to
store
batch
applica?ons
High
latency
for
random
access
data
Start/stop
mode
if
input
stream
is
too
slow
Low
performance
High
impact
on
media
life
span
Today
only
used
as
oine
backup
media
LTO
drives
have
performance
of
up
to
140
Mbyte/s
(LTO-5)
and
uncompressed
capacity
of
1.5
Tbyte/tape
Tape from 1985
Tapes
Tape
durability
15
to
30
years
archival
5000
cartridge
loads/unloads
Approximately
260
full
le
passes
One
le
pass
is
equal
to
wri?ng
enough
data
to
ll
an
en?re
tape
Oracle StorageTek StreamLine SL8500 Modular Library System Up to 640 tape drives 100,000 slots and 1,000 PB (utilizing 2:1 compression) capacity
Slide based on Wikipedia / Oracle
Source: New York Times, 2/23/98, page C3, Makers of disk drives crowd even more data into even smaller spaces
Slide based on lecture from Prof. D. Patterson (Berkeley)
Source: New York Times, 2/23/98, page C3, Makers of disk drives crowd even more data into even smaller spaces
394 = 0.52 / GB
Source: www.seagate.com
89 = 0.09 / GB
Source: www.seagate.com
1
Hard
disks
2006
Hitachi
Travelstar
C4K60
71
x
54
x
8
mm
60
GB,
4200
RPM,
15
ms
seek
2
plalers,
4
heads
Digital
cameras,
Palm
PCs
Source: www.hitachigst.com
Magne?c
Disks
Purpose
in
computer
systems:
Long-term,
inexpensive
storage
for
les
Backup
for
main-memory.
Large,
inexpensive,
slow
level
in
the
memory
hierarchy
(virtual
memory)
Main Memory
Control
Input
Disk
Processor
Data Path
Output
Actuator"
Platters (12)"
Actuator!
Several
plalers,
with
informa?on
recorded
magne?cally
on
both
surfaces
(usually)
Bits
recorded
in
tracks,
which
in
turn
divided
into
sectors
(e.g.,
512
Bytes)
Actuator
moves
head
(end
of
arm)
over
track
(seek),
wait
for
sector
rotate
under
head,
then
read
or
write
Slide based on lecture from Prof. D. Patterson (Berkeley)
Recording Technology
Perpendicular Recording
http://www.hitachigst.com/hdd/research/recording_head/pr/PerpendicularAnimation.html
Disk
Latency
=
Seek
Time
+
Rota?on
Time
+
Transfer
Time
+
Controller
Overhead
Seek
Time?
depends
on
no.
tracks
to
move
arm,
speed
of
actuator
Rota?on
Time?
depends
on
speed
disk
rotates,
how
far
sector
is
from
head
Transfer
Time?
depends
on
data
rate
(bandwidth)
of
disk
(f(bit
density,rpm)),
size
of
request
Slide based on lecture from Prof. D. Patterson (Berkeley)
Seek
Time
Inuence
factors
on
seeks
?me
Accelera?on
of
disk
arm:
Accelera?on
between
30-40g
Higher
weight
requires
higher
forces
on
disk
arm
Smaller
weight
can
lead
to
deforma?on
of
disk
arm
head
crash
Higher
TPI
and
BPI
allow
smaller
diameter
at
same
capacity
Higher
accelera?on
and
smaller
distances
lead
to
smaller
seek
?mes
Areal density:
Seek =
i (n i )
i =1
n 1
i
i =1
n 1
(n 1) n (2n 1) 6 =1 = n in = n =1 n 1 3 (n 1) n i 2 i =1
n 1
n (n + 1) 2
i2 =
i =1
n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 6
Rule:
Measured
seek
?me
typically
between
and
of
seek
?me
on
data
sheet
Slide based on lecture from Prof. D. Patterson (Berkeley)
Sehr
kurze
Seeks
werden
durch
Selle-Zeit
dominiert
(1-3
ms),
bzw.
bestehen
nur
aus
der
Selle-Zeit
Kurze
Seeks
(200
-
400
Tracks)
benden
sich
nur
in
der
Beschleunigungsphase
Bei
langen
Seeks
bewegt
sich
der
Festplalenarm
hauptschlich
mit
konstanter
Geschwindigkeit
Zeit
propor?onal
zur
En~ernung
plus
einem
Overhead
Zeit
propor?onal
zur
Wurzel
des
En~ernung
plus
der
Selle-Zeit
Folie basiert auf C. Ruemmler and J. Wilkes: An introduction to disk drive modeling
Selle
Time
Die
Feinposi?onierung
des
Kopfes
an
dem
Ende
der
Festplalenarmbewegung
ist
Aufgabe
des
Track-Following-Systems
Reposi?onierung
des
Festplalenarms
auch
dann
notwendig,
wenn
nur
der
Kopf
und
nicht
der
Track
gewechselt
wird
(entspricht
ca.
1/3
der
Selle-Zeit)
wenn
nach
dem
Lesen
des
letzten
Sektors
eines
Tracks
zu
dem
ersten
Sektor
des
folgenden
Tracks
gesprungen
wird
(volle
Selle-zeit)
Mit der Trackdichte steigt die Zeit fr die Kopfwechselzeit => geht gegen Selle-Zeit des Festplalenarms Bei Lesezugrien knnen Daten bereits vor Beendigung der Feinposi?onierung gelesen werden
Geschwindigkeitssteigerung bei Hit Keine Verluste bei Miss Unterschiede der Selle-Zeit fr Lesen und Schreiben bis zu 0,75 ms
Folie basiert auf C. Ruemmler and J. Wilkes: An introduction to disk drive modeling
Zoning:
Adjazente
Tracks
werden
in
Zonen
mit
gleicher
Anzahl
Sektoren
eingeteilt
(typisch
3
20
Zonen)
Track
Skewing:
Sektor
0
eines
jeden
Tracks
wird
verschoben,
um
die
Zeit
fr
den
Head-
oder
Track-Switch
zu
kompensieren
und
mit
nahezu
voller
Bandbreite
zugreifen
zu
knnen
Sparing:
Es
werden
Sektoren
auf
der
Festplale
reserviert,
auf
die
defekte
Sektoren
gemapped
werden
Folie basiert auf C. Ruemmler and J. Wilkes: An introduction to disk drive modeling
Transfer rate: +40%/year (2x / 2 year) Rota?on- and seek ?me: -8%/year (1/2 / 10 years) Areal Density
Bits per inch, BPI on a track #Tracks on plaler (Tracks per inch, TPI) Important: Bit density per areal unit (Bits/Inch2), called areal density = BPI x TPI Fewer Asics per hard disks and higher areal density
Costs
Technology
Trends
100 CPU Network Normalized relative to 1990 Memory bandwidth Hard disk bandwidth Network latency 10 Hard disk latenxy
Amdahls
Law
Amdahls
Law
is
used
to
calculate
system
speed-up
if
only
parts
of
the
system
becomes
faster
Heavily
used
in
parallel
compu?ng
Generalized
Amdahls
Law
calculates
speed-up
S
based
on
1 S=
P
k
,
n
1
k =0
where
S k
Pk Time frac?on for group Sk Speed-up (or slow-down) of group n number of groups
Assump?on: CPU increases 100 %/year, I/O latency decreases by 8% / year Speed-up decreases from 29%/year (1996 1997) to 14%/year (1999 2000)
Slide based on lectures from Prof. D. Patterson (Berkeley) and Prof. R. Burns (Baltimore)
Relative Ausfhrungsdauer
Exponen?al performance increase can change cri?cal component Speed-up decreases from 46%/year (1996 1997) to 33%/year (1999 2000)
Slide based on lectures from Prof. D. Patterson (Berkeley) and Prof. R. Burns (Baltimore)