INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANTATION MANAGEMENT,

(An Autonomous Organization Promoted by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry Govt. of India)

Jnana Bharathi Campus Malathalli Post Bangalore 560056

Course - Plantation & Agri-Commodity: Production

A Synthesis paper On Centre for Jatropha Promotion and Biofuel

Submitted To: MR. K. NARENDRAN

Lecturer, IIPM, Bangalore.

Submitted By: ASHOK RAUT

(12PGDM40)

Sr. No.
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Contents
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION A SAFE & CLEAN FUEL DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIO-DIESAL PROPOSED AREA OF PLNTATION IN INDIA ABOUT THE JATROPHA PLANT JATROPHA INTER - CROPPING TECHNOLOGY JATROPHA BIODIESEL OVERVIEW RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS THE ADVANTAGE OF BIODIESAL FUEL CONCLUSION REFERENCCES

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Jatropha curcas L. or physic nut belonging to family Euphorbiaceae is an all purpose, zero waste perennial plant. It is considered as a potential source of non-edible fuel producing plant along with its different medicinal properties and grows well in the tropical and subtropical climate in India. The seed contains 40-50 % viscous oil known as curcas oil. Petroleum based fuel are limited reserves concentrated in the certain regions of the world and these are the major cause of air and sound pollution. Depleting reserves of fossil fuel and increasing effects of environment pollution from these fuels demands eco-friendly alternatives. Methyl esters of fatty acids or biodiesel have several outstanding advantages among other non-renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives and can be used in any diesel engine without any modification. It can be made from any biological sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. The paper covers the following topics: The process, technology & cost in Jatropha. Business opportunities & market of Jatropha in India. Ongoing research, national mission & latest updates of Jatropha.

The sharp increase in the price of the petroleum pro-ducts, the finite nature of fossil fuels, and growing environmental concerns especially related to greenhouse gas emissions

and health and safety considerations are forcing the search for new energy sources and alternative ways to power the world's motor vehicles. Biofuels are defined here as organic fuels derived from biomass that can be processed into liquid fuels for either transport or heating purposes, which may offer a promising alternative . They can be made from purpose-grown energy crops, as well as multipurpose plantations and by- products such as residues and wastes. To generate biodiesel, the raw oil is subjected to a process called transesterification. This refining method uses of an industrial alcohol (ethanol or methanol) and a catalyst (substance that speeds up the chemical reaction) resulting to a conversion of the oil into a fatty-acid methyl-ester fuel (biodiesel). It can be utilized in single pure form however it may require engine alterations to avoid maintenance and performance troubles. It is most commonly mixed with conventional petroleum diesel fuel at any level to reduce detrimental automobile emissions. When biodiesel is combined with petroleum diesel, it brings in a fuel that is compatible with diesel engines, reduce imported petroleum needs and decrease toxic emissions. A combination of 20% bio- and 80%- conventional diesel will greatly lessen carcinogenic emissions and gases which can worsen global warming. Lower-level biodiesel blends, such as 2% bio- and 98% diesel or 5% bio- and 95% diesel, are turning out to be increasingly common and widely used by the public as they become more aware of the many benefits. Definition Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from farm products such as vegetable or animal oils, fats, or recycled cooking greases. Almost all biodiesels are derived from soybean oil; however sunflower oil, canola oil, recycled vegetable oils, and animal fats can also be used in the same place

Nonflammable In contrast to gasoline which ignites immediately at any lower temperature, biodiesel will only ignite at a very high temperature.

Renewable Biodiesel is derived from 85% vegetable or animal oils/fats which are renewable sources. Available Currently in the United States, there are roughly 600 fleets that use biodiesel blends in their diesel engines. Moreover, various blends of biodiesel at approximately 800 areas are available nationwide. Simple The automobile need not any complex modification or conversion. The biodiesel can be readily blended with conventional petroleum diesel in your fuel tank at any point in time. Non-hazardous In terms of toxicity, biodiesel is the best alternative that has proven to be safe and not harmful to the environment. Various tests verified that biodiesel is biodegradable and nontoxic that poses no threat to human health Sustainable Aside from it biodegradability, biodiesel is also renewable in contrast to scarce fossil fuel use which is formed from the remnants of animals and plants that have lain in the earth for millions of years. Affordable The geographic area, base organic material (soybean, corn, etc) and supplier will greatly determine the price of biodiesel. It varies depending on the said determinants. It does not also require purchasing new vehicles to shift from conventional diesel to biodiesel. On the side of the fleets, acquisitions of new spare parts supply or rebuilding stations need not to be done by the manager. Appropriate for Your Engine A number of tests reveal that biodiesel is more lubricating than any conventional diesel to both the fuel injection pump and engine.

There are many different bio-fuels but one of the most common worldwide is E10 fuel, which is actually a mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% petroleum. This formula has been improved in recent years with the introduction of E15 fuel (15% ethanol, 85% petroleum); E20 fuel (20% ethanol, 80% petroleum); E85 fuel (85% ethanol, 15% petroleum); E95 fuel (95% ethanol, 15% petroleum) and E100 fuel which is ethanol with up to 4% water. In Europe, biodiesel is the most popular form of bio-fuel - it can be used in any diesel engine when mixed with mineral diesel. This is produced from oils and fats and is now readily available at many petrol stations. There are many other types of bio-fuel available including vegetable oil, which is used in many older diesel engines; butanol, which is seen as a replacement for petroleum; and biogas which is produced from biodegradable waste materials. This technology has been expanded with the introduction of 'second generation' bio-fuels which use biomass to liquid technology. Examples include bio-hydrogen, bio-methanol and mixed alcohols. Third generation bio-fuels are also known as algae fuels. They have many advantages including have a low input and a high yield level they produce 30 times more energy per acre than land and are also biodegradable. As a result, they are relatively harmless to the environment if spilled.

Non-Forest Areas proposed for Jatropha Plantation in India Over 200 districts in 19 potential states have been identified on the basis of availability of wasteland, rural poverty ratio, below poverty line (BPL) census and agro-climatic conditions suitable for jatropha cultivation. Each district will be treated as a block and under each block 15000 ha jatropha plantation will be undertaken through farmers (BPL). Proposed to provide green coverage to about 3 Million ha of wasteland through plantation of jatropha in 200 identified districts over a period of 3 years. Andhra Pradesh Adilabad, Anantapur, Chittoor, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Karim Nagar, Mehboob Nagar, Nellore, Nalgonda, Prakasam, Visakhapatnam, Warangal. Bihar Araria, Aurangabad, Banka, Betiah (West Champaran), Bhagalpur, Gaya, Jahanabad, Jamui, Kaimur, Latehar, Muzzaffarpur, Munger, Nawada. Chhattisgarh Bastar, Bilaspur, Dantewada, Dhamtri, Durg, Jagdalpur, Janjgir-champa, Kanker, Kawardha, korba, Mahasaund, Rajnandgaon, Raipur, Raigarh, Surguj. Jharkhand Bokaro, Chatra, Daltenganj, Devgarh, Dhanbad, Dumka, Garhwa, Godda, Giridih, Gumla, Hazaribag, Jamshedpur, Koderma, Pakur, Palamu, Ranchi, Sahibganj, Singbhum(East), Singbhum(West). Gujarat Ahmedabad, Amerli, Banaskantha, Bhavnagar, Junagarh, Jamnagar, Kutch, Rajkot, Surendranagar, Surat. The growing seasons for JATROPHA is supposed to be as under: For the countries falling in Northern Hemisphere For the countries falling in Southern Hemisphere

Nursery raising: Plantation:

March May

Nursery rising : Plantation :

September November

Morphology
Jatropha curcas is a monoecious, perennial, deciduous shrub with flowers in racemes in a diachasial cyme pattern. In the inflorescence a female flower is normally surrounded by a group of male flowers. Male to female flowers ratio .ranged from 18:2:1-30:8:1 in the first year and 9:8:1-16:2:1 in the second year. The provenances giving favorable male-female ratio should be identified for future breeding. The flowers open for a period of 8-10 days in the inflorescence. The female flowers open for 2-4 days only. Rooting systems The Jatropha curcas root system formation is directly influenced b propagation method in such a way that any damage or deformation occurred in the root early growth cannot be repaired and will last for all the plant cycle reducing the plant growth and yield.The plant originated from seeds sowed directly in soil develop normal root system.

The plant originated from seedlings raised in appropriate size of bags or containers also develop same type of root system provided that lifting and transplantation is executed in right manner at right time. The plants originated from cuttings develop only thin roots which are unable to explore deep layers of soil and the plant expected to be less resistant to drought and easily fallen by wind. Growth in Nursery The container volume influences the growth of Jatropha curcas seedlings. The growth of Jatropha curcas seedlings in small containers would be limited being a fast growing plant. Hence container size of 9x6 shall be appropriate Pruning The pruning intervenes 120 days after the transplantation in the field. It consists in cutting the final bud of the plants to support the formation of side branches and to maintain the tree on an appropriate height facilitates the gathering. This practice represents a technique of control of the culture to optimize the output Productivity & Soils In abundant precipitations, fertile soil may lead to early fruiting. With contribution of organic matter sandy soil give best result. The clay soil is not proper as it restrict plant growth. In the flooded ground Jatropha dies of asphyxiation. Productivity with Sustainability The production of Jatropha is a function of the ecological condition of the area, nutrients and management practices applied. In order to optimize environmental qualities of this plant , it was essential to pay attention to the condition of production of oil, i.e. of reducing to all stages, the energy expenditure, the ecological impacts and risks due to use of fertilizers. Application of organic manures gives more output than chemical fertilizers The capsules of Jatropha do not mature at the same time. The ripe fruits are recognized by their r yellow colour. Each flower contains 3 seeds. The plants of Jatropha can still flower

after having produced fruits, this second turn of flowering can carry out to another output if the conditions remain favourable.

When two or more crops are grown simultaneously in the same field, this is called intercropping. According to the topography, soil profile and prevailing agro climatic conditions in an area, Jatropha can be combined with other suitable species comprising the agricultural, horticultural, herbs, pastoral and/or silvicultural components to result in an ecologically viable, economically profitable and socially acceptable agro forestry system. By evolving, promoting and adopting Jatropha based intercropping systems it is possible to improve the socioeconomic conditions in rural areas and to transform the National energy scenario and the ecological landscape. Social & economic advantages of multiple cropping systems:

Dependence on only crop is avoided. Less needs to import energy. Reduction in the outlay for fertilizers. There is much greater flexibility of the distribution of labour. Possible to recover investments in much less time. Availability of harvest over a much longer period of time. The farmer of little economic resources can produce a large variety of useful products.

Promote a return to the land. Components can constitute a type of "savings" for the future.

The Biodiesel industry is still young and relatively small, so as it grows to a larger scale and when an infrastructure is developed, the costs of producing and marketing biodiesel may decline. New cost-saving technologies will likely be developed to help producers use energy more efficiently, increase conversion yields and convert cheaper feedstock into high-quality biodiesel. However, in the longer term, the biggest challenge may be the ability of the feedstock supply to keep up with growing demand. The supply of soybeans, rapeseeds and other feedstock available for biodiesel production will be limited by competition from other uses and land constraints. As such the key to the future of Biodiesel is finding inexpensive feed stocks that can be grown by farmers on marginal agricultural land, and Jatropha is one of many plants that hold a great deal of promise. Jatropha proves to be a promising Bio Fuel plantation and could emerge as a major alternative to Diesel thus reducing our dependence on Oil imports and saving the precious Foreign Exchange besides providing the much needed Energy Security. Jatropha oil displacing conventional fossil fuel makes the project fully eligible as a CDM project, i.e. recipient of CO2 credits. Jatropha stacks up nicely compared with other feedstocks, as soybeans and rapeseed have a relatively low oil yield compared with Jatropha 375 kilograms per hectare for soybeans in the United States (280 gallons per acre) and 1,000 kilograms per hectare of rapeseed in Europe (740 gallons per acre) to 3,000 kilograms per hectare of Jatropha (2,226 gallons per acre) in India. Good planning, quality planting material, standardized agronomy practices and good crop management could increase yields

COST BENEFITS SCENARIO Cost benefits scenario will depend on various factors such as seed yield, area of Production, its gestation period, and raw oil yield during various stages of bio-diesel productionplantation, extraction, and trans-esterification.

FEED STOCK PRODUCTION PER HECTARE & COST THEREOF FEEDSTOCK SOYA OIL RAPESEED OIL JATROPHA OIL PALM OIL Country USA Europe INDIA Malaysia Yield/hectare (kg) 375 1000 3000 5000 Rate per

barrel(US$) 73 78 43 46

Some of the institutions presently involved in R&D activities are the following:

Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) Coimbatore Horticultural University with 250 I/day bio-diesel production facility institute of Petroleum (lIP) Indian institute of Chemical Technology (IJCT) Indian Institute of Technology (Delhi, Madras) Indian Oil Corporation (bC) with 60 kg/day bio-diesel production facility at Faridabad

Mahindra&Mhindra (works on tractors from Karanji bio-diesel; pilot plant in Mumbai)

A number of research and development needs have been defined by the program:

Genetically improved tree species, to produce better quality and quantity of oil This includes tree improvement programs, identification of candidate plus trees, standardization procedures of nursery raising techniques, (vegetative/seed/tissue culture)Scientific data for planting density, fertilization practices, planting

Technology practices for adoption at grass root level. Research on inter-cropping for agriculture, agro-forestry and forestry application Processing techniques including bio-diesel and uses of by-products Utilisation of different oils and oil blends including potential additives needed Blending, storage and transport of bio-diesel Engine development and modification Marketing and trade

The National Mission on Jatropha Bio-Diesel

In April 2003, the committee on development of BIO-FUEL, under the auspices of the Planning Commission of India, presented its report that recommends a major multi-dimensional programme to replace 20% of Indias diesel consumption. The National Planning Commission has integrated the Ministries of Petroleum, Rural Development, Poverty Alleviation and the Environmental Ministry and others.

To plant 11 Mio ha Jatropha, the program is to become a "National Mission" and mass movement and wants to mobilize a large number of stakeholders including individuals, communities, entrepreneurs, oil companies, business, industry, the financial sector as well as Government and most of its institutions. Land available for Jatropha plantations (Million hectares) Wastelands Strip lands such roads, railways, as Total Additional wastelands

Forest areas

Agriculture (boundary Planation)

Agriculture (agriforestry)

Cultirable under fallow lands intergrated watershed

development canalbanks 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.4 2.0 1.0 13.4 4.0

The National Mission on Biodiesel, is therefore proposed in two phases as below: 1. Phase I consisting of a Demonstration Project to be implemented by the year 2006-07 with an investment of Rs. 1500 Crore ($300 million) on 400,000 ha. 2. As a follow up of the Demonstration Project, Phase II will consist of a self sustaining expansion of the programme beginning in the year 2007 leading to production of Biodiesel required in the year 2011-12.

Research Programmes on Jatropha

Sl.No Title of the project Investigators 1. ICARImprovementDr.M.Paramathma and Popularisation ofProfessor and Nodal Officer, Centre Biofuels Dr. P. Venkatachalam and Head, Professor 2. TN Promotion Tamil Nadu 3. of Excellence in Bio-fuels

Funding agency ICAR

Duration 6years

Department of Bio energy GovernmentDr.M.Paramathma

Tamil

Nadu5 years

ofProfessor and Nodal Officer,Government Centre of Excellence in BioTamil University Centre of Excellence in NOVOD Board 2 Years Biofuels EliteDr.M.Paramathma andProfessor and Nodal Officer, Centre Biofuels of Excellence in Nadu5 Years

Cultivation of Jatropha in fuels Production and sale ofDr.M.Paramathma TBOs.

seeds, seedlings of majorProfessor and Nodal Officer,Agricultural

4.

Development planting TBOs

of

material

Model plantation in major

BIO FUEL ADVANTAGES

Biodiesel can be considered a new technology, taking into account all the years consumers have had to settle for traditional diesel. Using biodiesel for your car has many advantages:

1 Biodiesel is produced locally.

A locally produced fuel will be more cost efficient. There is no need to pay tariffs or similar taxes to the countries from which oil and petroleum diesel are sourced. Every country has the ability to produce biodiesel.

2. Biodiesel reduces the environmental effect of a waste product.

Because biodiesel is made out of waste products itself, it does not contribute to natures garbage at all. Biodiesel can be made out of used cooking oils and lards. So instead of throwing these substances away, the ability to turn them into biodiesel becomes more than welcome.

3. Biodiesel is cheap.
You can even make biodiesel in your backyard. If your engine can work with biodiesel fuel alone, then you really need not go to the gas station to buy fuel. You can just manufacture some for your own personal use.

4. Biodiesel can make your car last longer.

Because of the clarity and the purity of biodiesel, you can be sure it will not have too many impurities to harm your car. It is actually more lubrication. A cars power output is unaffected by this type of diesel.

5 .Biodiesel may not require an engine modification.

Some cars can take advantage of biodiesel without the need to undergo engine alterations. Some mix 20% biodiesel with regular diesel. Doing so enables the car to benefit from the good points of biodiesel without the hassle.

6. Biodiesel is energy efficient.

If the production of biodiesel is compared with the production of the regular type, producing the latter consumes more energy. Biodiesel does not need to be drilled, transported, or refined like petroleum diesel. Producing biodiesel is easier and is less time consuming.

7 .Biodiesel is not harmful to the environment.

Unlike its counterpart, a car using biodiesel produces fewer emissions. If a vehicle uses traditional diesel, the vehicle emits black, stinky smoke. With biodiesel, the smoke becomes very clean indeed.

Jatropha Updates

India is not alone. China claims to have 2 million ha of jatropha under cultivation, and announced plans to plant an additional 11 million across its southern states by 2010.

Jatropha has been held up as a reliable source of income for Indias poor rural farmers, providing energy self-sufficiency, while reducing fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions

Many Indian states have already jumped onto the jatropha train, including Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Ahmed nagar.

So far there are 200000 ha of jatropha in Malawi and 15 000 ha in Zambia, almost all under a formal lease or agreements with the UK-based company D1-Oils.

Several states have distributed plants free of charge to small farmers, encouraging private investment in jatropha plantations and setting up biodiesel processing plants.

The Ministry of Rural Development, which is to coordinate the national mission on bio-fuel when it is approved, estimates that there are already between 500 000 to 600 000 ha of jatropha growing across India.

Burma has plans to plant several million ha, and the Philippines, and several African countries have initiated large-scale plantations of their own.

The Indian Railways have started to use jatropha oil blended with diesel to power its diesel engines with great success

As a substitute for fast depleting fossil fuel, Bio diesel had come to stay. In future, it should also serve to reduce and maintain the price of automobile fuel. The under exploited and un exploited vegetable oils are good sources of bio-fuel. Our country is endowed with many such plants. Research is being carried out now to convert vegetable oils into biodiesel through biotechnological processes using biodiesel, with a concentrated and coordinated effort. Wide use of bio diesel in our country is going to be a reality in the days to come. The economy vibrancy of a country is indicated by its energy consumption. Oil is the major source of energy for the entire world as it is convenient to store and handle. During the 21st century, an alarming scarcity is supposed to come in the production of crude petroleum oil and they will be costly to produce and at the same time there will likely to be an increase in the number of automobiles and other internal combustion engines. It has been made mandatory to used biodiesel with the diesel and alcohol in petrol to initially minimize the cost of import A variety of plants have been identified as energy sources. Jatropha Curcas L. (Ratanjot) considered as a wild oilseed plant of the tropics and subtropics is now being credited as a most promising biofuel crop, ideally suited for growing

in the waste lands of the country. This potential biodiesel crop can be about major economic activity providing income and employment opportunities to the rural communities.

Weblinks:- "Centre For Jatropha Promotion - Promoting farming for future fuel - Growing

Diesel Fuel Plant". http://www.jatrophaworld.org/.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha

"Rlys to plant jatropha for captive use "". The Hindu Business Line.
www.jatrophabiodiesel.org/

Journal:- "Jatropha Plant Gains Steam In Global Race for Biofuels". Wall Street Journal.

August 24, 2007. "

Encyclopaedia :- Encarta Encyclopaedia 2007.