Austin Bradt Geo 499 Annotated Bibliography 200-300 words each

Atkinson, Glen, and Ted Oleson. "Urban Sprawl as a Path Dependent Process." Journal of Economic Issues 30.2 (1996): 609-15. This article is written on the cycle that Urban Sprawl and structural development have been following. They call these cycles self-reinforcing feedback loops and cause-effect linkages. The main reason these cycles exist is because the effect of one cause is not always immediate and another cause may begin before the first one finishes. The article is divided into two main parts: The Dynamics of Urban Sprawl and Growth or Sprawl. The first section discusses some of the causes of sprawl, naming the automobile as one of the chief culprits, while the second section tries to define the difference and dynamics of sprawl and growth. He says that while growth and sprawl may seem similar and share some of the same characteristics, they are two very different things. Growth is a natural part of a city that can be taken care of with proper planning at the state and local level. Sprawl, on the other hand, is a result of poor planning for the growth that goes on in cities. Without a place for these people, and without the government care we Americans are so used to, the people begin to spread out into neighbor hoods where these amenities are given. The authors give us a solution that we can work with, or a way to a solution; if the government can see the cause behind sprawl on a case by case basis, then they will be able to stop it in its tracks.

Bogart, William T. Don't Call It Sprawl: Metropolitan Structure in the 21st Century. Cambridge [England: Cambridge UP, 2006. Bogart puts the modern concept of Urban Sprawl on the stand in Dont Call it Sprawl. Bogart thinks that most of the concepts behind urban sprawl are misunderstood and he takes time to carefully explain them. He explains how a metropolitan area works and how each area in a city affects each other in order to give people a better understanding. He gives more information on housing, business location, and public works as well as people. The book is divided into 9 chapters focusing on things like the past, present and future, zoning, and different parts of the city to name just a few. Without forcing any ideas on his readers, Bogart explains modern economic concepts in a way that helps people make their own decisions on a topic as well as making sure they are ready

for future decisions. It helps the reader see where cites have come from and where they are going. I can use this book as a basis for my argument; the information here is a good stepping stone onto any thesis that I can think of.

Britz, Anele, and Engela Meyer. "Whose Line Is It Anyway? The Origin and Evolution of the Gauteng Urban Edge." Town Planning Review 77.2 (2006): 205-19. This article focuses on South Africa and how it has been affected during the late 1980s as well as how the South African Government has tried to stop their Urban Sprawl. The paper focuses on something called the delineation of Gauteng Urban Edge in 2001; the authors try to explain why this delineation happened as well as what happened during the process. Delineation was basically an attempt to map out, or identify, the Urban Edge to the city of Gauteng; the line between Urban and Rural has become so close it was very difficult to tell the difference. The article is divided into five categories: defining urban sprawl, the rise of growth management, the urban edge in Gauteng, Management of the Gauteng Urban Edge, and concluding thoughts. Each section discusses a different part of the problem, starting with the beginning and moving right on through to the end. I can use this article as an example of what does and doesnt work in an urban sprawl city; things like zoning restrictions, toll roads, and the redevelopment of urban areas. This article gives several options as to what can be done about urban sprawl as well as giving examples of what has worked and what hasnt.

Burchell, Robert W. Sprawl Costs: Economic Impacts of Unchecked Development. Washington D.C.: Island, 2005. The book Sprawl Costs: Economic Impacts of Unchecked Development, by Burchell, Downs, McCann, and Mukherji goes into the social and economic problem of urban sprawl. The book begins with a brief description of urban sprawl, and how it is a rapid, uncontrolled expansion of the suburbs around a city. The authors then go on to explain how urban sprawl is both a good and a bad thing for the economy and the nation, but that they believe that it would be more beneficial to have urban sprawl checked. The book offers many pieces of information on urban sprawl, referring to several past studies on the subject; the authors offer no sugar coated estimates of how the country can get back on track, only data and a realistic estimate of how the problem can be worked on. In addition, Sprawl Costs focuses mainly on the costs of urban sprawl; many social

facts and pieces of data were touched on, yet the primary focus of the book is to give cold hard data. The authors take past studies and clarify them in order to provide a much clearer idea of what the country is dealing with and what cities around the world are dealing with. They use both philosophical ideas and hard data to suggest their conclusions, as the authors are unsure of how each idea will affect each city or place. They give several real world examples such as Portland and Atlanta and give hypothetical ideas of how this problem can be worked on.

Feng, Jian, and Yixing Zhou. "Suburbanization and the Changes of Urban Internal Spatial Structure in Hangzhou, China." Urban Geography 26 (2005): 107-36. This article is written by Jian Feng and Zhou Yixing of Peking University and the Department of Urban and Regional Planning. This article focuses on the suburbanization of Hangzhou over several censuses. The city experienced eras of great population movement, both towards and away from the city during the 60s, 70s and 80s. Industrial suburbanization began developing in Hangzhou and that effected industrial spatial structure, which changed the entire shape of the city. The article is divided into five parts and each part is divided into one of five censuses, each one relating to a different time in history. The five parts are: The study city and definition of urban zones, the spatial variation of population and suburbanization, the spatial distribution of temporary population and suburban, the decentralization of industry and suburbanization, and suburbanization and the changes of urban internal spatial structure; These categories focus the readers attention on the five main points that the writers want to examine. This article is mostly focused on Hangzhou, and so doesnt have a great world view but can still be used as a model for similar cities around the world. This city can be used to define how suburbanization has affected cities in the worldif Hangzhou turned out this way, then other cities could become like this as well.

Flaga, Malgorzata. "Demographic Consequences of Suburbanization in Selected Towns in the Eastern Borderlands of Poland." Urban Geography 14 (2010): 5-22. This article is written by Malgorzata Flaga, from the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Poland. The focus of this article is to discuss the effects of suburbanization in Poland and that still continues today. Flaga uses demographics to help explain this phenomenon in the three largest cities in the area: Lublin, Chelm, and Zamosc. Flaga concludes that suburbanization has occurred

at the cost of the population of urban areas and sometimes at the cost of no development in these areas. In addition, she can draw no clear conclusion as to why this has happened, just that people tend to migrate. This article is divided into six parts: the introduction, migrations as a factor of suburbanization, tendencies of natural increase, differences in demographic structure, changes in population number, and conclusions and final considerations. This article if focused on the demographics of this problem and not so much on the problem itself; it doesnt have a very wide view of the problem on a global scale. This article can be used to give demographic proof of this problem as well as an example from one part of the world that this is actually happening in more than one place.

Friedberger, Mark. "The Rural-Urban Fringe in the Late Twentieth Century." Agricultural History 74.2 (2000): 502-14. This article is written by Mark Friedberger, a lecturer at Texas Christian University. The focus of this article is to explain the impact of rural community growth near metropolitan areas. Friedberger says that the population buildup in these areas had a significant effect on farming, all levels of government, the environment, and real estate. This rural-urban land is the area outside and city that is just waiting to be turned into suburbs. Rural land has more draws than suburbs and urban areas, but at the expense of the environment, the cost of commodities such as water and gas, and the cost of travel. Friedberger uses information from government data, interviews, as well as other studies people have done on the issue. Friedberger studies this movement in a variety of cities across the states and from the federal to local government level. He even brings some history into the mix, giving reasons that agricultural land has become much more efficient, efficient enough to support many more people. Friedberger seems to be against this rural-urban fringe as he doesnt give many pros for the development of these areas. Friedberger concludes with the statement that the US metropolitan vision after WWII has caused the landscape of the nation to be changed drastically as people rushed to the fringe of society to escape city life and to enjoy their own home. This article could be used to show how people want to be spaced out because of the American Dream and because it gives them control that they dont have in a suburban or urban area.

Hebbert, Michael. "Urban Sprawl and Urban Planning in Japan." Town Planning Review 57.2 (1986): 141. This article was written by Michael Hebbert on the sporadic building in Japan, preventative measures, and how ineffective these measures were at containing urban sprawl. Hebbert claims that sprawl is universally considered undesirable and uses Japan as an example of why. Hebbert uses agriculture in Europe and America as a comparison tool to show how Japans farmland is in need of protection, even though it has a very high productivity in comparison. Hebbert also touches on the social dimensions of living in a tightly pack urban area; the elites of Japanese society had learned to live with the lower class way back in the feudal era and had no problems continuing to do so. Another argument Hebbert uses against sprawl in the transport time it takes for some families to reach their jobs, as well as the failure to plan for any of these growing changes. Hebbert divides his article into four parts: Urban Sprawl, The Japanese Planning System, Urban Sprawl in Japan, and the Conclusion. In each part Hebbert gives examples of how sprawl exists in Japan compared to Europe and America, as well as ideas of how to change things. This could be used as a guideline for sprawl in many nations around the world, as it touches on almost every aspect of life: social, political, governmental, physical, agricultural, etc. . . .

Horner, Mark. "Exploring Metropolitan Accessibility and Urban Structure." Urban Geography 25.3 (2004): 264-84. This article by Mark Horner focuses on the spatial accessibility of a given region through the use of formulas that can be applied almost every were. Horner uses GIS to model his research; using maps he explains how accessibility within a city works. The further away you get, the less accessible and area is. Surprisingly, the areas of the greatest employment are not always at the center of the city. Often they are located in off center business parks and shopping malls that tend to cluster together based on zoning regulations and business strategies. Horner gives both theoretical and practical uses for his work, such as for future studies and government planning, as well as accessibilities effect on citizens of the nation. Horner also reviews his sources for most of his data, citing people such as Litman, Lucy and Phillips, and Helling. This article is unbiased, dealing in facts and data rather than assumptions; while Horner does suggest some conclusions, he doesnt say that they are concrete, leaving the interpretation of the data to the reader. This data can

be used to explain how sprawl affects transport to and from the city as well as job accessibility to those that live in the suburbs and rural areas around a city.

Hu, Lingqian, and Genevieve Giuliano. "Beyond the Inner City." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2242 (2011): 98-105. Beyond the Inner City focuses on the job availability to low income job seekers compared to that of high-income job seekers. The authors began with census data and, through their methodology, they came up with their results. They defined the low-income job seekers as, between the ages of 16-64 and living in a household below the 25th percentile of household income. They defined the high-income job seekers the same way, except that they were above the 75ht percentile of household income. Next they identified available jobs, there were over twice as many high-income jobs as low-income, but there was close to the same number of people looking for high-income jobs as low-income. The study area used was the Los Angeles Metropolitan area: Los Angeles County, Orange County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County, and Ventura County, from 1990 to 2000. The authors give several ways to fix these problems as well as a direction for further research. This article is unbiased because of the study data; it focuses on the data in a large area, around a city, to gain their conclusion rather than just focusing on one section of that area. This data could be used to prove that sprawl limits job opportunities rather than make jobs easier to find by spreading people out.

Johnson, Lesley. "Western Sydney and the Desire for Home." Australian Journal of Social Issues 32.2 (1997): 115-28. This article, written by Lesley Johnson, is a focus on the negative views held by people on sprawl areas. These views are held by many people, but others continue to move into areas such as western Sydney because it is a type of national dream. Most nations see urban sprawl as an issue and try in enact a form of urban consolidation to counteract the spreading; Johnson states that this sprawl is happening because people are living their dreams and these dreams have been made by an older society after the second world war; the dream of owning your own home in the suburbs with your own land around it. This dream should be factored into future urban planning because, regardless of what any government wants, the dream cannot be taken from people or changed in their minds. This dream is precisely what is causing this sprawl and that should be taken into

account in almost every country. Johnson references many writers and politicians who have attacked the dream of owning your own home, and also those who have tried to categorize Western Sydney as a problem area. This categorizing Johnson sees as wrong, which is what makes this article unbiased. The author merely wants people to see that sprawl is not necessarily a problem; it could be just another fact of life to work around. This article could be used as an argument to all the evidence against urban sprawl; isnt living a dream worth paying extra for?

Mezga, Duane. "Polish Para-urbanization." Town Planning Review 64.1 (1993): 23-35. This article by Duane Mezga is a study on the roots of rural-fringe development in Poland. Mezga relates the problem to the socialist past of Poland as well as the economic and social aspects of the government trying to change to meet an older point of viewone held by Marx and Lenin. Mezga also focuses on the physical aspects of this sprawl: how it affects the geography of Polands cities and how planners can better cope with sprawl and farmland. Mezga concludes that this sprawl is caused by government economic and social planning and the desire for the people of Poland to maintain a connection with both the cities and the rural areas. Mezga uses several sources from the Socialist Management and Planning journal as well as other journals that relate to socialist planning and government. Mezga divides her article into four sections: Background, Urban-fringe Development, Built forms of urban-rural fringe development, and Summary. She doesnt give any methodology, but uses clear evidence to explain her point. This article could be used to reflect on how the type of government can affect how the countries urban geography develops.

Monkkonen, Paavo. "Do Mexican Cities Sprawl? Housing-finance Reform and Changing Patterns of Urban Growth." Urban Geography 32.3 (2011): 406-23. This article, written by Paavo Monkkonen, highlights how expansion of housing and growth in a community is not always sprawl. Using satellites, census data, and other sources, Paavo tells us that Mexican development does not sprawl for a variety of reasons. While sprawl is mostly unchecked housing, the developments in Mexico are relatively high density as well as planned. Paavo also states that new developments, when compared to an ideal model, will always fall short of their mark; but when compared to a previous mode of development, these new areas are superior and open many more development opportunities in the future for the Mexican

government. Paavo divides his article into five sections; the first three sections give data on the Mexican developments, while the fourth comes up with hypotheses on the impact of these new developments and the fifth section tests these hypotheses. Using census data allows Paavo to remain unbiased, yet at the same time it seems like Paavo is arguing for Mexico; he seems to be saying that Mexico isnt the US and takes pains to prove it. This article can be used to explain how not all forms of development are sprawl and that some massive development may actually be good for a city or country.

Nechyba, Thomas J., and Randall P. Walsh. "Urban Sprawl." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 18.4 (2004): 177-200. This article is written on Urban Sprawl in the twentieth century and its causes and consequences. The authors take the stand point that we are better off than when we were before sprawl began because of the massive amount of housing opportunities and land options. Regardless of the gains, the authors show us what we have given up for our land; things such as congestion on roads, spatial inequality, and loss of open space to name a few. The article also shows that in order to fix our urban sprawl, we must deal in trade-offs; lose one thing to gain another. One example is, when you limit the expansion of cities, the poor are even further disadvantaged. Some trade-offs suggested are mass transport, urban growth boundaries, and sprawl specific taxes. This article focuses on the problem as well has how to solve it, suggesting several ways that sprawl can be combated if it cannot be stopped; the authors also suggest adapting to the changing communities and finding a different way of looking at the problem based on how complicated the community is. This article could be used to suggest some possible solutions for this problem and where further research could be done to gain a better understanding of the issue.

Nole, Gabriele, and Rosa Lasaponara. "Satellite Based Observations of the Dynamic Expansion of Urban Areas in Southern Italy Using Geospatial Analysis." Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 80.4 (2003): 590-607. This article is another that used satellite imaging and to examine spatial characteristics of cities and gives researchers the ability for quantitative research in several areas: Urban expansion, urban sprawl, land use, agriculture, etc. . . . This article focuses on the area around a small town, named Bari, in southern Italy. The main goals of this article was to determine if the variation of

urban structure could be assessed using TM techniques(Thematic Mapper) and to investigate how the urban landscape of a given area changed over time. The results were very positive, it was found that TM was very effective at mapping these changes and that researchers were able to identify new urban areas using these techniques. The authors were very excited as this data proves that this is a viable technique, and it opens so many more doors and research opportunities for men and women who want to study urban spaces and regions. This research could be used as a tool to map future sprawl and as a way to come up with plans to control future sprawl. Overall, this research is really amazing as it allows researchers to see an area without having to map it out using painstakingly collected data.

Pryor, R. J. "Defining the Rural-Urban Fringe." Social Forces 47.2 (1968): 202-15. The focus of this article is to define the rural-urban fringe with a concrete meaning, as it is commonly misused, and to compile a list of characteristics for the fringe. Some of these characteristics are size, morphology, economic base, and rate of growth in the area along with how these factors relate to finding the reasons behind growth. Pryors hypotheses come from a few factors, in the fringe area, that he uses in his article: residents, accessibility, and land and homes. Pryors article is presented in a way that allows for future research and testing along with presenting a collection of data for further use. Pryors hope for is work is that future studies will use his definition of rural-urban fringe in their work instead of using a misguided definition that they are unsure of. In doing this, Pryor has opened the door to future research relating to this specific part of the city, for without a concrete definition of a thing, one cannot give proof to prove that it exists or to prove a point. This could be used to define what a specific area of urban sprawl is in relation to other parts of the problem.

Qun, GAO, Liu Ying-tao, and Mao Han-ying. "Environmental Influence of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration Development and Strategies of Environmental Protection." Journal of Environmental Sciences 18.3 (2006): 616-23. This article discusses the Wuhan Urban Agglomeration and how processes such as population growth, development (residential and industrial), and urban sprawl all effect the environment, even in an area that has been developing being the rest of the world. The authors focus on the links between these processes and how they relate to environmental pollutants, and

they focus on the policies that they believe need to be adopted in order to slow or prevent these problems from compounding. This article is very straight forward in the way that the authors give four policies that need to be adopted in order to prevent these problems rather that giving suggestions as to what could be done to help. Most of the time, the policies that need to be adapted wont always work; each region is different and will react differently to each of these policies. The study area is Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province in China; this area has eight cities surrounding the main city and the main source of capital and production in the area. This research is one-sided, giving only four ways to fix the problem rather than suggestions that could lead to further research. This article could be used to suggest some methods by which urban sprawl could be combated, in conjunction with other fixes. Runge, Jerzy, and Franciszek Kosowski. "Changes in Population and Economy in lskie Voivodship in the Context of the Suburbanization Process." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 16.-1 (2011): 89-106. This study is a focus on the changes in suburbanization and classical models of urbanization in the metropolitan areas of the Katowice voivodship. The authors use political data, population changes, and old models to show that suburbanization has become something completely different than what had been expected. Older models had predicted a very different area that what is currently in existence and changing, and that different parts of this voivodship are in different stages of development. Population variations have a large impact on the way an area develops: changes in population directly influence changes in housing policy, and economic tendency. The authors suggest further research into the spatial aspects of suburbanization in order to determine what happens in each place in relation to the others. The article doesnt suggest many solutions to these problems, it merely shows how population and economic data affect suburbanization and urbanization. This data could be used to relate social and demographic data to the problem of urban sprawl.

Savitch, H. V. "How Suburban Sprawl Shapes Human Well-Being." Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 80.4 (2003): 590-607. This article is different from the others because it focuses on the social aspects of sprawl and how it affects the well-being of humans. Savitch defines well-being as the condition of a

persons environment as well as how their general health is affected. Savitch states that everyone agrees that greater human well-being is always preferred, but this well-being requires change that is difficult to come by. He continues with a focus on how things can be changed, how some things cannot be changed, and how people will need to change in order to make their own lives better. Savitch is doesnt suggest any irrational solutions, stating that we, as human beings, cannot change the impossible; instead he suggests that we change our policy into something he calls incremental strategy. He fully details his strategy, stating that while it may not be the best, it is very adaptable to any need a country may have; this is the most important quality a policy can have. While Savitch only suggests one solution, he doesnt say that it is the only solution, just one that might work based on previous evidence and attempts. This article could be used to tie together several solutions using Savitchs solution.

Tan, Minghong, M. Robinson Guy, and Xiubin Li. "Urban Spatial Development and Land Use in Beijing: Implications from Londons Experiences." Journal of Geographical Sciences 21.1 (2011): 49-64. The focus of this article is to analyze Beijing through economic development, arable land, and environmental improvements. In addition, the authors use London as a model for what Beijing could become and use policies in place in London to explain what could happen in Beijing if they want to keep their sprawl down. Following London, a city that has the theoretical and practical experience, would lead Beijing to become successful as well without falling prey to the problems that so commonly plague sprawl cities. The authors suggest policies from London, such as developments of Green Belts and small towns to house immigrants and urban overspill, to maximize the effectiveness of land-use planning in Beijing. China has a huge population, and survives mostly on nationally grown food to feed its people; this presents a unique problem as Chinese cities are unable to expand if they want to maintain the current level of agriculture needed to feed its people. With the new London ideas, China hopes to overcome this problem and continue being successful. This article could be used to show how ideas and policies from one side of the world can have success in other parts of the world, allowing one successful idea to be used around the world.

Zachariah, Oswald. "The Changing Caribbean: Uncontrolled Growth: Rururban Sprawl in Antigua." Caribbean Geography 2.3 (1988): 203-10. The focus of this paper is to demonstrate that urban sprawl does not only affect large nations and cities. Oswald replaces urban sprawl with rurural sprawl as, in the Caribbean, this concept is defined as businesses and residences moving into rural areas. Oswald elaborates on how economics affects these rural and agricultural areas, especially in a time of rapid economic growth. Before this economic growth, there was no money with which to expand; after this growth, it is up to the government to install polices in order to stop the rapid sprawl that has been so prevalent in larger countries. Oswald only uses two sources to back up his point: the Department of Statistics and a man named N. Ahmad. This leads the reader to believe that is information was either very conclusive, or that the author just assumed most of his work. Regardless, this study shows that organization is the key to keeping sprawl down and, if sprawl can be caught early, it can be steered to be a manageable fact of life. This article could be used to show the development of sprawl before it reaches the stages it is in the United States or Europe.

Zhou, Yixing, and Laurence J. C. Ma. "Economic Restructuring and Suburbanization in China." Urban Geography 21.3 (2000): 205-36. The article that I looked at was Economic restructuring and suburbanization in China by Yixing Zhou. This article looks at four of the major cities in China- Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Dailan- and how suburbanization has affected population, the economies of these cities, and how the cities expanded. Yixing also looked at how similar suburbanization in China was to that in the United States. This last point is the focus of the article; the author wants to know if Western models of successful suburbanization are applicable to countries and cities in the East. This expands on how the world is connected in almost every way, from economy to people to food and life in general. Yixing began his article with a look at the stages of Urbanization China has already gone through; I believe this is so that any reader can see exactly where China is coming from and how exactly they have the system they have today. The author used available data and also data from field work that had not been previously collected; he compared this data between cities and against those Western models in order to determine the effects suburbanization was having on the cities. The author also looks at the effects of urban decentralization and how it affects the suburbanization of cities in China. Yixing continually states that there has not been enough

research in this area to form and consistent answer to the questions he is asking, yet he still goes ahead with his work in, what I believe is the hope, that someone will come along and continue his research.