Matlab

Contents
vi
Contents
vii
Contents
viii
Contents
xi
Contents
xii
Preface to the
third edition
Preface
xx
Part I
Essentials
1
Introduction
The objectives of this chapter are to enable you to use some simple MATLAB
commands fromthe CommandWindowand to examine various MATLAB desktop
and editing features.
++
Essential MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists
1.1 Using MATLAB
4
1 Introduction
Figure 1.1 The MATLAB desktop
5
1 Introduction
< >
< >
7
< >
< >
< >
/
< >
< >
< >
< >
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< >
8
1 Introduction
< >
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9
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10
1 Introduction
Figure 1.2 A gure window

+ =
= .
11
< >
< >
< >
= =
< >
< >
< >
< >
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< >
12
1 Introduction
+ /
< >
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< >
< >
13
Figure 1.3 The Mexican hat

< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
< >
14
+ +
+
18
1 Introduction
1.3.2 Saving a program: script les
19
Current directory
Recommended way to run a script from the Current
Directory browser
20
1 Introduction
1.3.3 How a program works
21
S u m m a r y
22
1 Introduction
E X E R C I S E
23
2
MATLAB fundamentals
The objective of this chapter is to introduce some of the fundamentals of MATLAB
programming, including:
variables, operators and expressions;
arrays (including vectors and matrices);
basic input and output;
repetition ( );
decisions ( ).
2.1 Variables and the workspace
2.1.1 Variables
2 MATLAB fundamentals
2.1.2 Case sensitivity
2.1.3 The workspace
25
26
2.1.4 Adding commonly used constants to the workspace
2.2 Arrays: vectors and matrices
27
2.2.1 Initializing vectors: explicit lists
28
2.2.2 Initializing vectors: the colon operator
29

2.2.3
/
2.2.4 Transposing vectors
30
2.2.7 Capturing output
32
2.3 Vertical motion under gravity
= /
33
Figure 2.1 Distancetime graph of stone thrown vertically upward

34
.

E X E R C I S E S
. .

2.4.2 Data types
36
Table 2.3 Arithmetic operators that operate element by
element on arrays.
Operator Description
Multiplication
Right division
\ Left division
Power
2.4.6 The transpose operator
2.4.7 Arithmetic operations on arrays
39
=
.
40
2.4.10 Statements, commands and functions
2.4.11 Vectorization of formulae
+
43
+
/ / / /

= / +

46
+ +
48
2.5.2
.
. <
49
2.6 Repeating with

2.6.1 Square roots with Newtons method
51
=
/
2.6.2 Factorials!
!
! = . . . .
2.6.3 Limit of a sequence
= / ! = . . .
!
=
!
=

/ .
53
=
2.6.4 The basic construct
+ + . . .
+ + . . .
> <
54

+ =

+ = .
55
2.6.5 in a single line
2.6.6 More general
2.6.7 Avoid loops by vectorizing!
=
56
=
.
57
+ +
58
!
2.6.8 A common mistake: less loops!
E X E R C I S E S
+ + + + .
+ +
+

+

+ =

.
59
Table 2.4 Relational operators
Relational operator Meaning
less than
less than or equal
equal
not equal
greater than
greater than or equal
<
=
=
E X E R C I S E S
61
Figure 2.2 A quadratic function with equal roots
66
2.7.7 Nested s
=
67
2.8 Complex numbers
+
69
=

.

70
\
72
2.10.2 The statement
74
E X E R C I S E S
2.10.3 Shelling out to the operating system
75
S u m m a r y
77
\
E X E R C I S E S
+
+
+
+
+
+

/
+
/ ! + / !
80
=
+

= = =
= / + .

=

81
=
= =
=
+

= =
83
3
Program design and
algorithm development
The objectives of this chapter are to introduce you to the concept of program
design and to the concept of a structure plan (pseudocode) as a means of
designing the logic of a program.
++
88
3 Program design and algorithm development
+
3.1.1 Projectile problem example
89
< / =
=/
= .
>
=
= =
= .
=
= .
=
= .
= / .
=
=
= .
90
<
> < /
+
=

.
=
91
92
Figure 3.2 Projectile angle vs. speed

94
95
97
3.2 Other examples of structure plans

98
Figure 3.4 Graph of a quadratic equation with real unequal roots indicated by
3.3 Structured programming with functions
100
S u m m a r y
E X E R C I S E S
101
= =
>
>
= =
+ + = .
.
.
. .
+ =
=
102
= =
+ =
+ = .
103
4
MATLAB functions &
*data import-export
utilities
The objectives of this chapter are:
To enable you to become familiar with some of the more common MATLAB
functions.
To introduce you briey to ways of importing and exporting data in and out
of the MATLAB workspace using:
The and commands.
The Import Wizard.
The low-level le input/output (I/O) functions.
4 MATLAB functions & data import-export utilities
4.1 Some common functions
.
/ /
105

Figure 4.2 A comparison of the results from the acos, asin and atan functions.
109
Importing binary data
4.2.5 The Import Wizard
Importing ASCII data
Importing binary data
112
4.2.6 Low-level le I/O functions
Writing binary data
113
114
Reading binary data
\
115
Changing binary data
\
116
117
4.2.7 Other import/export functions
S u m m a r y
E X E R C I S E S
= + .
+ +
+
118
5
Logical vectors
The objectives of this chapter are to enable you to:
Understand logical operators more fully.
And to introduce you to:
Logical vectors and how to use them effectively in a number of
applications.
Logical functions.
5 Logical vectors
Figure 5.1 A discontinuous graph using logical vectors
5.1.2 Avoiding division by zero
/
123
Figure 5.2 sin(x)/x

=
124
5.1.4 Counting random numbers
126
5.2.2 Danger
< <
5.2.3 Logical operators and vectors
130
5 Logical vectors
E X E R C I S E
5.3 Subscripting with logical vectors
131
132
5 Logical vectors
5.4 Logical functions
133
+
5.4.1 Using and
134
5 Logical vectors
5.5 Logical vectors instead of ladders
+
+
+ .
135
S u m m a r y
E X E R C I S E S
138
5 Logical vectors
+
+
+
139
140
6
Matrices of numbers &
arrays of strings
The objectives of this chapter are to:
Introduce you to ways of creating and manipulating matrices.
Introduce you to matrix operations.
Introduce you to character strings and facilities for
handling them.
6.1 Matrices
6.1.1 A concrete example
142
6 Matrices of numbers & arrays of strings
+ + + .
6.1.2 Creating matrices
143
6.1.3 Subscripts
6.1.4 Transpose
6.1.5 The colon operator
144
147
6.1.8 Elementary matrices
149
6.1.10 Using MATLAB functions with matrices

151
6.1.11 Manipulating matrices
152
6.1.12 Array (element-by-element) operations on matrices
6.1.13 Matrices and
153
6.1.14 Visualization of matrices
6.1.15 Vectorizing nested s: loan repayment tables
=
+ /
+ /
.
\
154
155
6.1.16 Multidimensional arrays
156
6.2 Matrix operations
6.2.1 Matrix multiplication
=
157
+ +
=
.

=

.
158
6.3 Other matrix functions
6.4 *Strings
6.4.1 Assignment
6.4.2 Input
160
6.4.5 ASCII codes, and
162
6.4.6 of strings
\
\
\
6.4.7 Comparing strings
163
6.4.8 Other string functions
6.5 *Two-dimensional strings
164
6.6 * and text macros
165
6.6.1 Error trapping with and
\
166
6.6.2 with
S u m m a r y
167
E X E R C I S E S
168
7
Introduction to
graphics
The objective of this chapter is to introduce you to
MATLABs high-level 2-D and 3-D plotting facilities.
7.1 Basic 2-D graphs
Figure 7.1 Examples of
E X E R C I S E S
172
7 Introduction to graphics
7.1.1 Labels
7.1.2 Multiple plots on the same axes
173
7.1.4 Axis limits
175
7.1.5 Multiple plots in a gure:
176
Figure 7.2 Four subplots: rotations of a 3-D surface

177
Figure 7.3 A logarithmic plot
. . . . . . . . .
=
E X E R C I S E

7.1.9 Polar plots
=
=

179
Figure 7.4 Polar plot of against sin(2)
7.1.10 Plotting rapidly changing mathematical functions:
180
7.2.1
Figure 7.6 Examples of

182
x
y
z
Figure 7.7 The surface =
E X E R C I S E S
=
.
.
185
Figure 7.8Heat distribution over a steel plate
. .
7.6.4Contourplots
186

y x
Figure 7.10 (a) ; (b) cropping a surface
7.2.6 Visualizing vector elds
= +
=
= .
188

Figure 7.11 Gradients and level surfaces

7.2.7 Visualization of matrices
189
7.2.8 Rotation of 3-D graphs

Figure 7.12 Visualization of a matrix
190
.

E X E R C I S E
191
7.2.9 Other cool graphics functions
192
193
198
E X E R C I S E S
=
+
. .
=
201
=

> >

Figure 7.14 USA population: model and census data ( )
Figure 7.15 Spirals
202
. .

=
!
! !
=

.
8.1.2 Update processes
+
+
=
= . =
206
8 Loops
207
8 Loops
8.2.4 Prime numbers
211
=

= =
= <
=
8.2.5 Projectile trajectory
212
8 Loops
213
Figure 8.1 Projectile trajectory
214
8 Loops
8.2.6 and
8.2.7 Menus
215
Figure 8.2 A menu window
S u m m a r y
216
8 Loops
E X E R C I S E S
= / + / / + /
=
= + +
=

+

+

217
= + + .
= =

/
= /
= /
/
= + /
= /
=
+
/
218
8 Loops
=
< <
< < .
=

=
+
.
=
.
=
=

Figure 8.3 Fourier series: Gibbs phenomenon
219
9 Errors and pitfalls
\
.

+ + =
= +
/
=
/ .
227
= = = . = =
/
/ / =

9.5 Trapping and generating errors
S u m m a r y
E X E R C I S E S
+
228
9 Errors and pitfalls
=
=
+ =
+ =
= /
= / .
. + . = .
. + . = . .
= =
= =
229
10
Function M-les
The objective of this chapter is to enable you to:
Represent your own functions with inline objects and function M-les.
10.1 Some examples
10.1.1 Inline objects: harmonic oscillators
10 Function M-les
=
10.2 Basic rules

233
234
236
10 Function M-les
237
238
10 Function M-les
10.2.1 Subfunctions
10.2.2 Private functions
10.2.3 P-code les
239
10 Function M-les
= +
241
10.4 Command/function duality
242
10.6.1 Debugging a script
244
10 Function M-les
245
10.6.2 Debugging a function
10.7 Recursion
! = !
246
S u m m a r y
248
10 Function M-les
E X E R C I S E S
+ /
= =

= + +
!
+
!
+
249
11
Vectors as arrays &
*advanced data
structures
The objectives of this chapter are:
11.1 Update processes
+
+
=
11.1.1 Unit time steps
=
252
254
+
= . = .
11.1.3 Using a function
256
11 Vectors as arrays & advanced data structures
= = .
= .
257
Figure 11.2 Random walk frequencies
11.2.2 Histograms
260
11.3 *Sorting
11.3.1 Bubble Sort
261
Table 11.1 Memory during a Bubble Sort
1st pass 2nd pass 3rd pass 4th pass
: 27/13 13/9 9/5 5/3
: 13/27/9 9/13/5 5/9/3 3/5
: 9/27/5 5/13/3 3/9 9
: 5/27/3 3/13 13 13
: 3/27 27 27 27
4 tests 3 tests 2 tests 1 test
>
+
+
>
+
+ + + + = /
/
262
265
11.5 *Cell arrays
11.5.1 Assigning data to cell arrays
267
11.5.2 Accessing data in cell arrays
268
Figure 11.3 Result of
11.5.4 Displaying and visualizing cell arrays
11.6 *Classes and objects
270
S u m m a r y
271
12
*More graphics
The objectives of this chapter are to introduce you to:
Handle Graphics;
editing plots;
animation;
saving and exporting graphs;
color, lighting and the camera.
12.1 Handle Graphics
12 More graphics
Figure 12.1 Parentchild relationships of Handle Graphics objects (from top to bottom)
12.1.1 Getting handles
273
12.1.2 Graphics object properties and how to change them
274
12 More graphics
275
12 More graphics
Figure 12.2 Result of manipulating a gure using the handles of axes children
12.1.4 Graphics object creation functions
12.1.5 Parenting
277
12 More graphics
12.2 Editing plots
12.2.1 Plot edit mode
279
12.2.2 Property Editor
280
12 More graphics
12.3 Animation
281
12 More graphics
=
=
.
283
12 More graphics
12.4 Color etc.
12.4.1 Colormaps
285
12 More graphics
12.4.2 Color of surface plots
= = =
= = =
287
12.4.3 Truecolor
12.5 Lighting and camera
288
12 More graphics
12.6 Saving, printing and exporting graphs
12.6.1 Saving and opening gure les
289
12.6.2 Printing a graph
12.6.3 Exporting a graph
290
12 More graphics
S u m m a r y
291
13
*Graphical User
Interfaces (GUIs)
The objectives of this chapter are to introduce you to the basic concepts involved
in writing your own graphical user interfaces, including:
Figure les.
Application M-les.
Callback functions.
13.1 Basic structure of a GUI
13 Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
13.2 A rst example: getting the time
293
Figure 13.1 Click the button to see the time
Figure 13.2 GUIDE Layout Editor
294
296
13.2.1 Exercise
13.3 Newton again
Figure 13.3 Square roots with Newtons method.
297
298
299
300
13.4 Axes on a GUI
Figure 13.4 Axes on a GUI.
301
13.5 Adding color to a button
302
14
Dynamical systems
The objective of this chapter is to discuss the importance of learning to use tools
like MATLAB. MATLAB and companion toolboxes provide engineers, scientists,
mathematicians, and students of these elds with an environment for technical
computing applications. It is much more than a programming language like C,
C++ or Fortran. Technical computing includes mathematical computation, anal-
ysis, visualization, and algorithm development. The MathWork website describes
The Power of Technical Computing with MATLAB as follows:
Whatever the objective of your workan algorithm, an analysis, a graph,
a report, or a software simulationtechnical computing with MATLAB
lets you work more effectively and efciently. The exible MATLAB envi-
ronment lets you perform advanced analyses, visualize data, and develop
algorithms by applying the wealth of functionality available. With its more
than 1000 mathematical, statistical, scientic and engineering functions,
MATLAB gives you immediate access to high-performance numerical com-
puting. This functionality is extended with interactive graphical capabilities
for creating plots, images, surfaces, and volumetric representations.
The advanced toolbox algorithms enhance MATLABs functionality in
domains such as signal and image processing, data analysis and statis-
tics, mathematical modeling, and control design. Toolboxes are col-
lections of algorithms, written by experts in their elds, that provide
application-specic numerical, analysis, and graphical capabilities. By
relying on the work of these experts, you can compare and apply a number
of techniques without writing code. As with MATLAB algorithms, you can
customize and optimize toolbox functions for your project requirements.
308
Figure 14.1 Deection of a cantilever beam. The vertical deection of a uniformly loaded
cantilever beam
= /
310
+ = .
=
.
312
14 Dynamical systems
Figure 14.2 Example of a circuit problem. Exponential approach to steady current condition
of a simple circuit with an instantaneously applied constant voltage
313
14.3 Free fall
=
=
= = = = =
=
= = = =

=

.
= =

= =

= ( / ) .
= = =
314
316
= .
317
319
Figure 14.5 Comparison of free-fall distance. Speed: Exact is the line, circles are for the
nite-difference approximate solution
320
=
= +
+ +

+
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
/
=
+ +
.
+ +
+ +
=
321
322
\
14.4 Projectile with friction
= /
= /
/ =
+
/ =
+ .
= =
323
324
\
= .
325
S u m m a r y
326
E X E R C I S E S
= .
= .
327
15
Simulation
The objective of this chapter is to introduce you to:
Simulation of real-life events.
15.1 Random number generation
<
15 Simulation
15.1.1 Seeding
15.2 Spinning coins

329
15.3 Rolling dice
330
15 Simulation
S u m m a r y
E X E R C I S E S
337
16
*More matrices
The objectives of this chapter are to demonstrate the use of matrices in a number
of application areas, including:
Population dynamics.
Markov processes.
Linear equations.
And to introduce:
MATLABs sparse matrix facilities.
16.1 Leslie matrices: population growth
+
=
= =
= /
= .
+
+
+
+ = +
+ =
+ = .
+
=
+ =
/
/
342
Figure 16.1 Total rabbit population over 15 months

344
16 More matrices
16.2 Markov processes
16.2.1 A random walk
345
+
+ = / + / .
+ = .
346
16 More matrices
347
16.3 Linear equations
+ =
+ + =
= .
=
= .
348
16 More matrices
=

16.3.1 MATLABssolution
= = =
349
16 More matrices

=

=

.
353
16.4 Sparse matrices
.: .) [ >: {[[ :{_a_][.[a//)H)//[[` [[{_,a//[{ ])]//,_[]//{.)]//_//{.)[` [/[{//a/[{ [[ a,_./.. [{ >)_./).[ .[.): [).):)[)@.[
[ {){.:
.):[@ :{ :).:[@
{]):[{ { {]):.))] :
.):_ >:[ : .: ..[ : :{: .[: .): _). .) { [{ [): _). ..
16 More matrices
E X E R C I S E S
+ =
+ + =
=
+ . = .
. + . = .
= =
357
17
*Introduction to
numerical methods
The objectives of this chapter are to introduce numerical methods for:
Solving equations.
Evaluating denite integrals.
Solving systems of ordinary differential equations.
Solving a parabolic partial differential equation.
17.1 Equations
=
17.1.1 Newtons method
f x
k
f x
k
x
k
x
k
Figure 17.1 Newtons method
+
/
+
+
=

.
|

/ | =
+
= /

+ +
+ =
360
. .
17.1.2 The Bisection method
=
= + .
<
= = = =
= + / .
= =
=| |/
362
17 Introduction to numerical methods
x
M
x
R
f x
x
L
Figure 17.3 The Bisection method
=| |/ .
| |/ <
>
| |/
>
=
363
=
+ =
17.1.3
+
17.1.4
+
17.2 Integration
364
17.4 First-order differential equations
17.4.1 Eulers method
/ = .
/
+
= .
+ = + .
369
= =
=
= /
=
+
= +
+
= +
=
17.4.2 Example: bacteria growth
= .
/ = =
= .
+
= +
=
370
= .
17.4.3 Alternative subscript notation
=
371

Figure 17.5 Bacteria growth: (a) Eulers method; (b) the exact solution
17.4.4 A predictor-corrector method
/ =
373
17.6.2 Systems of differential equations: chaos
/ =
/ = +
/ = / .
376
y
t
t
Figure 17.6 Chaos?
.
378
Figure 17.7 Lotka-Volterra model: (a) predator; (b) prey
/ =
/ =
= . = . = . = = =
380
+ = + .
+ = . + .
+ = . + .
+ = . + .
+ = . + . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
=
= .
=
. . .

.
= .
= /
383
\
384
y
x
x
Figure 17.8 A cubic polynomial t
17.8 Other numerical methods
385
S u m m a r y
E X E R C I S E S
386

Figure 17.9 A trajectory of Van der Pols equation

=
= =
389
A p p en d ix A Syntax quick reference
A.4 and
391
A.5 and
392
A p p en d ix A Syntax quick reference
A.6 Input/output
\
\
\
\
\
\
A.7 /
A.8 Vectors and matrices
393
Appendix B
Operators
Table B.1 Operator precedence (see Help on )
Precedence Operators
1.
2. (pure transpose)
3. (unary plus) (unary minus) (NOT)
4. \ \
5. (addition) (subtraction)
6.
7.
8. (AND)
9. (OR)
Appendix C
Command and functionquick
reference
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
C.1.4 Controlling the Command Window
C.1.5 Starting and quitting MATLAB
C.2 Logical functions
C.3 Language constructs and debugging
C.3.1 MATLAB as a programming language
398
C.4.3 Time and date
C.4.4 Matrix manipulation
C.4.5 Specialized matrices

C.5 Mathematical functions
400
A p p en d ix C Command and functionquick reference
C.6 Matrix functions
401
C.13.2 3-D
C.13.3 General
404
Appendix D
ASCII character codes
Code Char Code Char Code Char Code Char Code Char
A p p en d ix E Solutions to selected exercises

= =
= =
= / = /
Chapter 4
411
Chapter 5
412
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
413
414
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
415
Chapter 15
416
Chapter 16
417
Chapter 17
. .
. . .
.
/ =
/ = .
= .
= .
=
418
Index
422
Index
423
Index
Index
427
Index
428

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Contents

Figure 1.2 A gure window

Figure 1.3 The Mexican hat

Figure 2.1 Distancetime graph of stone thrown vertically upward

2.6 Repeating with

Figure 3.2 Projectile angle vs. speed

Figure 5.2 sin(x)/x

6.1.10 Using MATLAB functions with matrices

Figure 7.2 Four subplots: rotations of a 3-D surface

Figure 7.6 Examples of

Figure 7.11 Gradients and level surfaces

7.2.8 Rotation of 3-D graphs

Essential MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists

10.2 Basic rules

15.2 Spinning coins

Figure 16.1 Total rabbit population over 15 months

Figure 17.9 A trajectory of Van der Pols equation

C.4.5 Specialized matrices

A p p en d ix E Solutions to selected exercises

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