Lecture 12: Grid Elements and Grid Analysis.

The grid element equations in terms of elemental coords:

EI 12 L3 0 f 1y m 1x EI 6 1z m L2 = f 2 y 12 EI m L3 2x m 2z 0 EI 6 2 L 0 GJ L 0 0 GJ L 0 2 6 EI L2 0 EI 4 L EI 6 2 L 0 EI L 12 0 EI 6 2 L EI 12 3 L 0 6 EI L2 EI L3 0 GJ L 0 0 GJ L 0 EI L2 0 d1 y EI 1x 2 L 1z EI d 6 2 2 y L 2 x 0 2z EI 4 L 6

It is obvious that we need to apply global coordinates in solving grid problems.

y

z
x
3

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Grid Elements and Grid Analysis.

The three-dimensional rotation matrix, R .

i ) i ) ( j i ) (k (i x x x c x j ) j) ( = (i = c y j j ) (k y = R y y z z c z (i k ) ( j k ) (k k ) z c x c y c z c x x c y y z c z

x , y , z angles between i and the i , j , and k global directions respectively x , y , z angles between j and the i , j , and k global directions respectively
and the i , j , and k global directions respectively x , y , z angles between k

The grid element, by convention, lies in the xz plane of the global frame.

This is defined in Logans steps 1 through 4 when we created our grid element.
MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Grid Elements and Grid Analysis.

For grid analysis, orientation changes are only about the y direction.
i ) i ) ( (i j i ) (k x x j ) j) ( j j ) (k y = (i y z k ) z ( ) ( ) ( i k j k k

Plan View

j) = ( (i j i ) = 0 j) = ( (k jk) = 0 ( j j) = 1 k ) = cos( (i i ) = cos( (k

Angle of rotation from the global to the elemental

y, y

) = cos( ) cos( ) sin( ) sin( ) = sin( ) 2 2 2 ) = + sin( )

z z

2 i ) = cos( ) (i k ) = cos( ) (k

Sense of defined by RHR (y-axis).

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Grid Elements and Grid Analysis.

For rotations x, y, or z about the X, Y, or Z axes, respectively, of the global reference frame, the elemental coordinates are related to the global coordinates by:
Rotation about only the y axis.
x c y = 0 s z 0 s x 1 0 y z 0 c

Rotation about only the x axis.

x 1 0 y = 0 c z 0 s 0 x s y z c

Rotation about only the z axis.

x c y = s 0 z s c 0 0 x 0 y z 1

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Grid Elements and Grid Analysis.

The rotation matrix applied in grid analysis is

x c y = 0 s z 0 s x 1 0 y z 0 c

Consider the vector quantities that are being transformed from global to elemental coordinates. At node 1:
f1x c f1 y = 0 s f1z 0.0 0 s f1x 1 0 f1 y 0.0 f 0 c 1z

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

In grid analysis the vertical loads are aligned with the global y axis. There is no need to transform the transverse forces or the corresponding displacements.

Lecture 12: Grid Elements and Grid Analysis.

Consider the moments applied at the grid element node points. At node 1:
m1x c m1 y = 0 m s 1z 1x 0 s m 0.0 1 0 m1 y m 1z 0 c

m1x c = m1z s

1x s m 1z c m

Applying this transformation at both nodes for the element load and displacement vectors

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Grid Elements and Grid Analysis.

EI 12 L3 f1 y 0 m1x 6 EI m1z L2 TG = f 2 y 12 EI m2 x L3 m2 z 0 EI f 6 2 L 0 GJ L 0 0 GJ L 0 2 4 6 EI L2 0 EI L EI 6 2 L 0 EI L 12 0 EI L2 EI 12 3 L 6 0 6 EI L2 EI L3 0 GJ L 0 0 GJ L 0 EI L2 0 d1 y 0 1 0 0 c s EI 1x 2 0 s c L T 1z G ; TG = d EI 0 0 0 6 2 2 y 0 L 2 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 z EI d 4 L 6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 c s 0 s c

k
T f = TG k TG d

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Grid Elements and Grid Analysis.

A note on transforming rotations. Sequences of finite rotation angles are not vectors.
y

y
r
z =
2

z and then x

r
y

x =

2
x and then z

x
z

r a vector prior to a sequence of active rotations. r the same vector after the rotations.
MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

r
x

Lecture 12: Grid Elements and Grid Analysis.

Vectors are a superposition of scalar quantities that are each associated with a direction. Rotation sequences are NOT commutative and thus cant be vectors.
x i + z k z k + x i
Rotation vectors DO NOT exist.

Rotations must be expressed using rotation matrices. Examples are the 3x3 matrices we have looked at in this course.

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Grid Elements and Grid Analysis.

z and then x :
x cz y = sz z 0 Note: x 1 0 y 0 cx z 0 s x

sz cz 0

0 1 0 0 c 0 x 0 sx 1

0 x sx y z cx 0 x 0 y z 1
Cant change the order of matrix multiplication.

0 cz s sx z 0 cx

sz cz 0

But if the two angles were both very small

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Grid Elements and Grid Analysis.

z dz and x dx :
x cdz y = sdz z 0 0 1 0 0 x 1 0 0 cdz 0 cd sd y = 0 cd sd sd cdz 0 x x x x z 0 sd 0 0 1 cdx x 0 sdx cdx z 0 x d z d z 0 x x 0 1 y = y + d y = 1 0 d d d x z x z 0 z 1 0 d x d x 0 z z x d x x = y + 0 y z d z z sdz sdz cdz 0 0 x 0 y z 1

The rotations would form a vector entity. But this is only strictly true in the case of infinitesimal rotations

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

5.2 Rigid Plane Frame Examples. Pg.# 192-210 contains Examples 5.1 through 5.4. Here we look at P.5.3 pg.#241.

Find the nodal displacements at node 2 and the reaction forces at node 1. Draw the V and M diagrams for element #1. Select a channel section that ensures the bending stress is 66% of the yield stress for A36 steel.
MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

Before embarking on a long solution process target the necessary calculations. Only concerned with node 1 reactions and node 2 deflections. Problem has a few stages:

Solve for the deflections at node 2. Recover the element nodal loads on element 1 (including reactions at node 1). Using the element nodal loads draw the V and M diagrams (V constant and M linear). Based on the peak M value and allowable bending stress, size a cross section.

Involves some criterion on the allowable stress levels and some tabulated cross section geometries.
MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

Could carry the channel geometry through as a variable or use guess and check

C68.2 American Standard Channel y

b = 1.920 in h = 6.000 in I z = 13.1 in 4

x
Neutral axis of channel

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

Element #1:
AE 0 L EI (1) 0 f 12 3 1x (1) L f 1y EI 0 6 m (1) 1z L2 = (1) f 2 x AE 0 f L (1) 2y EI (1) 0 12 2z m L3 EI 6 2 0 L

0 6 EI L2 EI 4 L 0 6 EI L2 EI 2 L

AE L 0 0

0 12 EI L3 EI 6 2 L 0 12 EI L3 EI 6 2 L

AE L 0 0

EI d 0.0 1x 6 2 0.0 L d1 y EI 2 0.0 L 1z d 0 2x d EI 2 y 6 2 L 2z EI 4 L 0

C (1) = 1.0 S (1) = 0.0

The 1st three equations will be discarded until the recovery stage and only the bottom 3x3 submatrix will be used in the assembly.
MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

Element #2:
2 12 I 2 AC + L2 S (2) f 2x (2) f 2y (2) m2 z E (2) = L f 3x (2) f 3y (2) 3 z m SYM 12 I A 2 CS L 12 I AS 2 + 2 C 2 L 6I S L 6I C L 4I 12 I 12 I 6I AC 2 + 2 S 2 A 2 CS S L L L 12 I 2 12 I 2 6 I d 2 x C A 2 CS AS + 2 C L d L L 2y 6I 6I 2 I 2 z S C L L d 3x 12 I 12 I 6I AC 2 + 2 S 2 S A 2 CS L d3 y L L 12 I 2 6I 2 AS + 2 C C 3z L L 4I

The full 6x6 element #2 equations need to be filled out.

C (2) = 0.707 S (2) = 0.707

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

Element #3:
AE 0 L EI (3) f3 x 0 12 3 (3) L f 3y EI 0 6 m (3) 2 3z L (3) = f 4 x AE 0 L f (3) 4y EI 0 (3) 12 m 4z L3 EI 6 2 0 L 0 6 EI L2 EI 4 L 0 6 EI L2 EI 2 L AE L 0 0 AE L 0 0 0 12 EI L3 EI 6 2 L 0 12 EI L3 EI 6 2 L EI d 3x 6 2 L d3 y EI 2 L 3z 0.0 d 0 4x 0.0 d EI 4 y 6 2 0.0 4z L EI 4 L 0

C (3) = 1.0 S (3) = 0.0

The last 3 equations are being discarded in this particular problem (homogeneous conditions at Node 3). Only the top 3x3 submatrix needs be computed.
MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

The layout of the assembled system is

Element #1 Element #2

(1) + f (2) f F 0 x 2 2x 2x F 2000 f (1) + f (2) 2y 2y 2y (1) (2) 2z + m 2z m2 z 0 m = = (2) = (3) F3 x 0 f3 x + f3 x F3 y 2000 (2) (3) f3 y + f3 y (2) m2 z 0 3 (3) z + m3 z m

d2 x d 2y 2z d 3x d 3y 3 z
Element #3

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

Calculating the physical and geometric system values:

2 3 Mc x = c is the distance from N.A. to surface; I z is the 2nd moment of area of the section. Iz x < Y = 24 ksi

Element #1: Element #2: Element #3:

12 I z 6I z 2 = 0.03032 in ; = 1.092 in 3 ; 2 L L E lbf = 4.028 105 3 L in E lbf = 2.136 105 3 L in E lbf = 4.028 105 3 L in

12 I z 6I z 2 = 0.008528 in ; = 0.5789 in 3 ; 2 L L 12 I z 6I z 2 = 0.03032 in ; = 1.092 in 3 ; 2 L L

Elements #1 and #3 should have identical element equations.

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

The assembly process leaves us with (imposing the BCs simultaneously):

F1x 0 12.24 2.554 0.8745 2.573 2.554 0.8745 d 2 x F d 2 y 2000 2.695 3.523 2.554 2.573 0.8745 1 y M 1z 0 323.0 0.8745 0.8745 55.97 2 z 5 10 = = d 0 12.24 2.55 0.8745 F x 2 3x F2 y 2000 2.69 3.523 d3 y 0 i 323.0 M 3 z 2z

d 2 x 3.01 109 in d 2 y 0.402 in 2 z 0.00666 rad = 9 d 3.30 10 in x 3 d3 y 0.402 in 0.00666 rad 3 z

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Note the magnitude of the rotations.

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

Step 7: Recovery.

Start with the elemental nodal loads. Pull out element #1 and consider its equilibrium:
0.0 d (1) f 1x 1x 0 0 2.4 (1) 0.0 f 0 0.0303 1.0917 d1 y 1y m (1) 0.0 0 1.0917 26.2 1z 1z 5 (1) = 4.025 10 f 2x d2 x f d (1) 2y 2y (1) 2z m 2z (1) f 0.0 lbf 1x (1) 2000 lbf f1 y = 3 m 106.9 10 lbf in (1) 1 z

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

The remaining elemental node 2 loads can be obtained by an FBD (the element must be in static equilibrium).
y

1 1
1(1) m z = 106,900 lbf in

x
(1) 2 m z = 37, 060 lbf in

(1) = 2000 lbf f 1y

m = 0:

(1) = 2000 lbf f 2y

(1) (1) 2 (1) m z = 2000 ( L ) m1 z = 37060 lbf in

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Note: no portion of the external 2000 lbf load is applied to element #2.

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

For element #2 it only remains to calculate the elemental nodal moments. Using the element #2 equations in terms of global components
(2) (2) m2 z = m2 z (2) (2) m3 z = m3 z

f 2(2) d2 x x (2) d f2 y 2y (2) 2 0.4094 52.4 0.4094 0.4094 26.2 2 z m 5 0.4094 z (2) = 2.136 10 d3 x f3 x f3(2) d3 y y (2) 0.4094 0.4094 26.2 0.4094 0.4094 52.4 m 3 z 3z
(2) 2 m z = 37, 060 lbf in (2) 3 m z = 37, 060 lbf in

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Was there any need to even evaluate these values? Could you have immediately deduced them from the previous slide?

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

The FBD for element #2 becomes

y x
(2) 2 m z = 37, 060 lbf in (2) 3 m z = 37, 060 lbf in

(2) = 0.0 lbf f 2y

(2) = 0.0 lbf f 3y

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

Recalling that:
(3) F3 y = f3(2) + f y 3y

The FBD of element #3 can be drawn right away:

y x
(3) 2 m z = 37, 060 lbf in (3) 3 m z = 106,900 lbf in

(3) = 2000 lbf f 3y

(3) (1) 3 (1) m z = 2000 ( L ) m1 z = 106,900 lbf in

(3) = +2000 lbf f 3y

= 0:

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 12: Frame Analysis Example.

The peak bending moment in the system (neglecting any concentrated bend effects at the interconnections) is 106,900 lbf in.
y
b = 1.920 in h = 6.000 in I z = 13.1 in 4

x
Neutral axis of channel

MAX x

M MAX c 106,900 1 = = 6.00 = 24.5 103 psi 13.1 2 Iz

Made a good choice.

Note: we have only considered bending stresses we assumed the transverse loads were applied through the shear centre, SC.
MECH 420: Finite Element Applications