Lecture 8: Assembly of beam elements.

4.2 Example of Assemblage of Beam Stiffness Matrices. Place nodes at the load application points.

Assembling the two sets of element equations (note the common elemental coordinate system)

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 8: Assembly of beam elements.

Step 5: Assembly.
f1(1) 12 y (1) m1z EI (1) = 3 f2 y L SYM (1) m2 z 6 L -12 6 L d1 y 4 L2 6 L 2 L2 1z 12 6 L d 2 y 4 L2 2 z f 2(2) 12 y (2) m2 z EI (2) = 3 f3 y L SYM (2) m3 z 6 L -12 6 L d 2 y 4 L2 6 L 2 L2 2 z 12 6 L d3 y 4 L2 3 z

Element #1

Element #2

f1(1) F1 y -12 6L 0 0 d1 y y 12 6 L (1) 6 L 4 L2 2 L2 0 0 1 6 L m1z m1z (1) (2) f2 y + f2 y F2 y EI 12 6 L 12 + 12 6 L + 6 L 12 6 L d 2 y = (1) = 3 2 2 2 2 (2) 6 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 L L L + L L + L L L m L m + m z 2 2 2z 2z f 3(2) 0 0 12 6 12 6 L L F3 y d3 y y (2) 0 6L 2 L2 6 L 4 L2 0 3 m3 z m3 z

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 8: Assembly of beam elements.

Step 6: Apply boundary conditions & solve.

1 = d1 y = d3 y = 0
F1 y -12 6L 0 0 d1 y 12 6 L 6 L 4 L2 2 L2 0 0 1 6 L m1z F2 y EI 12 6 L 12 + 12 6 L + 6 L 12 6 L d 2 y = 3 2 2 2 2 6 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 L L L L L L L L + + m L 2z 2 F3 y 0 0 12 6 12 6 L L d3 y 0 6L 2 L2 6 L 4 L2 0 3 m3 z
1000 lbf 24 0 6 L d 2 y +12000 in lbf F2 y EI 2 2 = 0 8 2 m L L 2 2 z 0.0 ft lbf 3 L 2 2 m 6 L 2 L 4 L 3 3z

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 8: Assembly of beam elements.

4.3 Examples of Beam Analysis Using the Direct Stiffness Method. For each element, the state variables have been calculated in the solution step. We can deduce anything to deal with the loading, stress, and strain on the two beam elements. Global nodal forces (the net external forces). Shear and bending moment diagrams Recall from earlier classes (MECH 141 and MECH 220) that a shear and bending moment diagram is a convenient way to locate a design point in a beam. ( x ) allows us to plot the V and M The displacement function v diagrams for any one element or a chain of elements. Continue using Figure 4-7 pg. #162 here. Examples 4.1 4.5 pg.#163-175 should also be reviewed.

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 8: Assembly of beam elements.

Consider a case of:

E = 29 106 psi I = 833 in 4 L = 50.0 in

Structural steel

1000 24 0 6 L d 2 y EI 2 2 1000 = 3 0 8 L 2 L 2 0 L 6 L 2 L2 4 L2 3

1000 lbf 0.024 0 0.3 d 2 y 10 2.42 10 103 0 20 5.0 2 12000 in lbf = 4 0.0 in lbf 12.5 10 0.3 5.0 10.0 3

d 2 y 3.38 104 in 7 2 = 6 10 rad 9.8 106 rad 3

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 8: Assembly of beam elements.

We can now recover the global nodal forces from the original system of equations.
F1 y 0 0 0.0 .012 0.3 .012 0.3 0.3 10.0 0.3 5.0 0 0 0.0 m1z F2 y 2.42 1010 3 .012 0.3 .024 0.0 .012 0.3 3.38 104 in 10 = 4 6 107 rad 0.3 5.0 0.0 20.0 0.3 5.0 m 12.5 10 2 z F3 y 0 0 .012 0.3 .012 0.3 0.0 6 0 0.3 5.0 0.3 10.0 0 9.8 10 rad m3 z 820 lbf 20212 in lbf -1001 lbf = 11810 in lbf A quick check to validate the solution process. 181 lbf -77 in lbf

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 8: Assembly of beam elements.

We can also recapture the nodal forces acting on each element.

f1(1) 0.0 .012 0.3 .012 0.3 818 lbf y 0.3 10.0 0.3 5.0 0.0 20149 in lbf m1(1) z 8 (1) = 1.93 10 = 4 .012 0.3 .012 0.3 3.38 10 in 818 lbf f2 y 0.3 (1) 6 107 rad 5.0 0.3 10.0 20728 in lbf m2 z

Element #1

Element #2

f 2(2) .012 0.3 .012 0.3 3.38 104 in -181 lbf y (2) 6 107 rad -8955 in lbf 0.3 10.0 0.3 5.0 m2 z 8 (2) = 1.93 10 = 0.0 in .012 0.3 .012 0.3 f3 y 181 lbf 6 0.3 (2) -77 in lbf 5.0 0.3 10.0 9.8 10 rad m3 z

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 8: Assembly of beam elements.

From the free body diagrams of the two elements we can construct the shear and bending moment diagrams.

818 lbf
1

818 lbf

181 lbf
2

181 lbf

1
20149 in lbf

2
20728 in lbf

2
8955 in lbf

3
77 in lbf

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 8: Assembly of beam elements.

V and M diagrams are useful when we deal with rather simple beam assemblies. The calculation of maximum axial stresses (for beams these maximum stresses occur at the top and bottom beam surfaces) can be easily coded in advance.
x MAX
d 2v = Ec 2 dx 1 1 2 + 1 ( 6 xL + 1 ( 6 xL 6L ) d 2 L2 ) 4 12 6 L x L d = Ec 3 (12 x + + ( ) ) 1y 1 2y 2 3 3 3 L L L L

x MAX

6 6 ) 4 2 )+ 2 + 4 = Ec d d ( = x MAX x Ec d d ( 1y 1 2 2 2y 1 y 2 y 1 2 =0 x 2 =L L L variation over the L L L L

Node 1 value

element is given by a linear interpolation of the two node values.

Node 2 value

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 8: Work Equivalence for Beams.

4.4 Distributed Loading. Concept of work equivalence is the same as covered for bar elements.

We are looking for four generalized nodal forces that are equivalent to the actual distributed load.

This equivalence must hold for any set of generalized nodal displacements.
MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 8: Work Equivalence for Beams.

Case study: a rectangular (constant magnitude) distributed transverse load.

w0 L w = N w dx f = 1y 1 0 2 0 w0 L2 = N 2 w0 dx = m 12 0
w 1z L

w0 L w = N w dx f = 2y 3 0 2 0 w0 L2 = N 4 w0 dx = m 12 0
w 2z L

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 8: Work Equivalence for Beams.

Pg.# 178-179 emphasizes how these equivalent nodal loads must be superposed over other external loads. Example 4.6 looks specifically at how the equivalent point loads superpose over other external loads such as those created by beam supports. The revised form of the element equation becomes
+ f w = k d f = f f 1y 1 w f
w 1y

{ ={f

f 2y 2

w
1

w w f 2y 2

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications

Lecture 8: Work Equivalence for Beams.

Appendix D of Logan (pg.# 752) gives the equivalent nodal loads for a variety of distributed load forms. These results can be applied in the first stages of any analysis. Once you have replaced a distributed load, it is removed from the FDB of the element/system.

Note: these Appendix D results are specific to the beam element we have derived. If we were to change the element type it would affect the shape functions that are associated with each nodal load. If the shape functions change then the integration process tabulated in Appendix D is no longer valid.

MECH 420: Finite Element Applications