Circuit Elements

Circuit element is a mathematical model of a real device Active element: is capable of generating energy Examples: generators, batteries Passive element: absorbs (dissipates) energy Examples: resistors, capacitors, inductors

Active Element
The most important active elements are voltage and current sources Independent sources
independent voltage source independent current source

Dependent sources
dependent voltage source dependent current source

Active Element
Independent voltage source
provides a specified voltage (independent of the current through the element)

+ V -

Active Element
Independent current source
provides a specified current (independent of the voltage across the element)

Active Element
Dependent source
is a voltage or current generator whose source quantity depends on another circuit variable (current or voltage)

+ -

i
dependent current source

dependent voltage source

Active Element
Dependent source There are four types of dependent sources: VCVS, VCCS, CCVS, CCCS V x: controlling voltage Ix: controlling current a,b,c,d: multiplying constants What are the units?

v=av x

+ -

i=cv x

voltage- controlled voltage source (VCVS)

voltage- controlled current source (VCCS)

v = b ix

+ -

i = d ix

current- controlled voltage source (CCVS)

current- controlled current source (CCCS)

Example
Compute the power that is absorbed or supplied by the element in the following network.
Ix=4A Ix 1 2A 2 36 V + -+ 2A + 3 28V

+ 12V -

24V

Passive Element
Resistance is the physical ability to resist current. The circuit element used to model this behavior is the resistor. R Circuit symbol: Units for R:
l A : resistivit y of the material in O m R= l : length in m A : cross - sectional area in m 2

Ohms Law
The voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the current I flowing through the resistor.

vi v = iR 1 O = 1 V/A

i +

Ohms Law
Two possible reference choices for the current and voltage
+
i

+
i

v=iR

v=-iR

Conductance
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance

G = 1/ R = i / v

Symbol: G Units: siemens (S) or mho (

Example: Consider a 10 resistor. What is its conductance?

Power in a resistor
The power delivered to a resistor is

v v2 p = vi = v( ) = R R p = vi = (iR)i = i 2 R
R i

Example
Find 1. G 2. i vs 3. p(t) for a. vs=12 V b. vs=10 cost V

R=1k

Model for open and short circuit

(a) A short circuit (R = 0) (b) An open circuit (R=).