Accepted Manuscript

The buried southern continuation of the Oaxaca-Juarez terrane boundary and Oaxaca Fault, southern Mexico: magnetotelluric constraints J.O. Campos-Enriquez, F. Corbo-Camargo, J. Arzate-Flores, J.D. Keppie, C. ArangoGalvn, M. Unsworth, S.I. Belmonte-Jimnez PII: DOI: Reference: To appear in: S0895-9811(13)00006-0 10.1016/j.jsames.2013.01.001 SAMES 1140 Journal of South American Earth Sciences

Received Date: 28 November 2011 Accepted Date: 7 January 2013

Please cite this article as: Campos-Enriquez, J.O., Corbo-Camargo, F., Arzate-Flores, J., Keppie, J.D., Arango-Galvn, C., Unsworth, M., Belmonte-Jimnez, S.I., The buried southern continuation of the Oaxaca-Juarez terrane boundary and Oaxaca Fault, southern Mexico: magnetotelluric constraints, Journal of South American Earth Sciences (2013), doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2013.01.001. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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A study of the southward continuation of the Oaxaca Fault S of Oaxaca (Mexico). Two MT profiles, perpendicular to the fault enabled to infer the crustal structure. An E-W crustal discontinuity separates two domains with different structures. To the S, a 20-50 km, westdipping, low resistivity zone crosses the entire crust. The Oaxaca fault continues, at upper crustal, levels to the S of Oaxaca City.

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The buried southern continuation of the Oaxaca-Juarez terrane boundary and Oaxaca Fault, southern Mexico: magnetotelluric constraints.

Campos-Enriquez, J.O.1, Corbo-Camargo, F., 2 Arzate-Flores, J. 2, S.I., Keppie, J.D. 3, Arango-Galvn, C. 1, Unsworth, M. 4 and Belmonte-Jimnez5, S.I.

Instituto

de

Geofsica,

Universidad

Nacional

Autnoma

SC
de Mxico,

ocampos@geofisica.unam.mx
2

Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Juriquilla, Quertaro, Mxico, Instituto de Geologa, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, D.F., Mxico, Department of Physics, Alberta University, Alberta, Canada CIIDIR-IPN, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mxico

ABSTRACT

Thirty magnetotelluric soundings were made along two NW-SE profiles to the north and south of Oaxaca City in southern Mexico. The profiles

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crossed the N-S Oaxaca Fault and the Oaxaca-Juarez terrane boundary defined by the Juarez mylonitic complex. Dimensionality analysis of the MT data showed that the subsurface resistivity structure is 2D or 3D . The Oaxaca and correlative Guichicovi terranes consist of ca. 1-1.4 Ga granulitic continental crust overlain by Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks, characterized by high and low resistivities, respectively. The Juarez terrane

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D.F., Mxico,

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consists of oceanic Mesozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, characterized by a low to medium resistivity layer, that is approximately 10 km thick. The Oaxaca Fault is a Cenozoic aged, normal fault that

Oaxaca City: its location south of Oaxaca City is uncertain. In the southern

profile, the MT data show a ca. 20-50 km wide, westdipping, relatively low resistivity zone material that extends through the entire crust. This is inferred to be the Juarez terrane bounded on either side by the ca. 1-1.4 Ga granulites. The Oaxaca Fault is imaged

resistivity discontinuity (low to the west, high to the east) along both the western border of the Juarez mylonitic complex (northern profile) and the San Miguel de la Cal mountains (southern profile) suggesting continuity.

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only by a major electrical

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reactivated the dextral and thrust Juarez mylonitic complex north of

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1. Introduction The Oaxaca Fault is a major Cenozoic fault located on the western boundary of the 10-15 km wide, polyphase mylonitic, Juarez shear zone

(Zapoteco, Oaxaquia) and Juarez (Cuicateco) terranes (Campa and Coney,

1983; Sedlock et al., 1993; Alaniz-Alvarez et al., 1994) (Fig. 1). The

towards the west. It is made up of a series of parallel to slightly (<25) oblique faults segments that are named (from north to south): Tehuacn, Coxcatln, Dominguillo Teotitln, Jayacatln, and Etla (Centeno-Garca, 1990). The Oaxaca/Juarez terrane boundary has a complex history: (i) preJurassic, east-vergent thrusting; (ii) Jurassic dextral mylonitic shearing; (iii) Late Cretaceous east-vergent thrusting; and (iv) Cenozoic normal faulting (Alaniz-Alvarez et al., 1996; Alaniz-Alvarez and Nieto-Samaniego, 1997).

less certain and it may continue unbroken southwards along the western

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margin of a horst in the Zaachila sub-basin or be offset along with the terrane boundary.

The crustal structure in southern Mxico has been investigated with

through seismic and magnetotelluric (MT) studies (Nuez-Corn, 1988; Nava et al., 1988; Arzate et al., 1993; GEOLIMEX, 1994; Spranger, 1994, Jording et al., 2000; Joedicke et al., 2006) (Fig. 1). The seismic refraction

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South of Oaxaca City, the southward continuation of the Oaxaca Fault is

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Oaxaca Fault has a mean strike direction of N10W and dips steeply

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that has been interpreted to form the boundary between the Oaxaca

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studies did not image the Oaxaca Fault. However, a previous regional MT study suggests that the Oaxaca-Juarez terrane boundary lies to the east of the Zaachila and Mitla sub-basins (Jording et al., 2000; Joedicke et al.,

which implies that sinistral displacement has occurred on the Donaji Fault.

Based on detailed gravity and magnetic studies, Campos-Enriquez et al. (2010) established the shallow structure of the Oaxaca Fault and of the Oaxaca-Juarez terrane boundary to be: 1) a composite depression comprising three N-S sub-basins: the northern Etla and southern Zaachila

sub-basins separated by the Atzompa sub-basin; and that 2) a ca. 20 km sinistral displacement of the Oaxaca-Juarez terrane boundary occurs along the E-W Donaj Fault, which defines the northern boundary of the Zaachila sub-basin. The sinistral movement may have taken place either during the Late Mesozoic-Early Cenozoic, Laramide Orogeny as a lateral ramp in the

suggests that the Donaj Fault is a transcurrent fault, whereas the later

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implies that it is a transfer fault. These models imply that originally the suture was continuous south of the Donaji Fault, which provides a constraint for the amalgamation of the Oaxaca and Juarez terranes. In this context, a detailed magnetotelluric (MT) study was conducted

to: (i) obtain crustal images of the resistivity across the westernmost part of this terrane boundary; (ii) provide more information about the eastward

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thrust plane or under Miocene-Pliocene, NE-SW extension. The former

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2006; Arzate et al., 2007; Corbo-Camargo et al., 2008) (Figs. 1 and 2),

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continuation of the Oaxacan Complex, and (iii) ascertain if the Oaxaca Fault continues to the south. An emphasis of the study was to determine if the Oaxaca Fault continue southwards at depth beneath the sedimentary

a southward strike.

2. Oaxaca, Juarez and Guichicovi complexes

Mexico is composed of tectonostratigraphic terranes of North American, Gondwanan, and Pacific provenance that were amalgamated during the Late Paleozoic formation of Pangea (Fig. 1). The first comprehensive terrane analysis was by Campa and Coney (1983), and followed by Sedlock et al. (1993). Further refinements of the terranes and their boundaries have been proposed by Centeno-Garca et al. (1993, 2000, 2003), Talavera-Mendoza and Guerrero-Suastegui (2000), and Freydier et

terranes.

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From west to east, southern Mexico comprises Mesozoic Guerrero (Nahuatl),

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al. (2000). Recently, Keppie (2004) analyzed the tectonic evolution of these

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terranes:

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Paleozoic

Mesoproterozoic Oaxaca (Zapoteco), Mesozoic Juarez (Cuicateco), and Mesoproterozoic Maya with the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Xolapa (Chatino) lying to the south. The names in parenthesis are those used by Sedlock et al., (1993) and the boundaries are shown in Fig. 1. A ENE-WSW cross-

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the following Mixteca,

cover, or is displaced to the east along the Donaj Fault before reassuming

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section across southern Mexico shows the Oaxacan Complex as a klippe thrust over the Juarez terrane, which is in turn thrust over the Maya terrane (Guichicovi Complex). The 1-1.4 Ga Oaxacan Complex underlies the Oaxaca (Zapoteco) terrane and has been traced into northern Mexico.

Ortega-Gutirrez et al. (1995) have proposed the existence of the composite Oaxaquia terrane, which extends beneath Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks from the Ouachita Front into southern Mexico, and possibly into the Chorts block of Honduras (Keppie, 2004) covering an area of ca. 1, 000,000 km2.

The Oaxacan Complex in southern Mexico represents the largest exposure (10000 km2) of the Oaxaquia basement. It consists of paragneisses and arc volcanic rocks intruded by within-plate, rift-related orthogneisses at 1140 Ma that were deformed during the 1100 Ma Olmecan migmatitic, tectonothermal event, and intruded by an anorthosite-

granulite-facies metamorphic conditions occurred during the Zapotecan

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orogeny from 1004 3 to 979 3 Ma (Fig. 3a) (Keppie et al., 2003; Solari et al., 2003; Keppie and Ortega-Gutierrez, 2009). These Precambrian rocks are unconformably overlain by late Cambrianearliest Ordovician (Tremadocian) clastic and carbonate rocks (Tiu Formation) containing a Gondwanan faunal assemblage (Landing et al., 2007). The Tiu Formation

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charnockite-granite suite at 1012 12 Ma. Polyphase deformation under

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is overlain by Carboniferous-Permian clastic and carbonate rocks, which are overstepped by Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous continental-shallow marine clastic and carbonate rocks, and Cenozoic red beds and volcanic arc

elongate north-northwest-striking grabens that formed after ca. 19-12 Ma along the western side of the Oaxaca Fault (Ortega-Gutirrez, 1981;

Delgado-Argote, 1989; Ferrusqua-Villafranca and McDowell, 1988; Centeno-Garca et al., 1990; Ferrari and Solari, 2000).

The Juarez terrane consists of deformed Jurassic and Cretaceous oceanic and volcanic arc rocks that form three gently West dipping structural units (Fig. 3b: Ortega-Gutirrez et al., 1990; Prez-Gutirrez et al., 2009). The lowest unit comprises greenstone, lenses of gabbro and serpentinite, metatuff, and greywacke deposits interpreted as a disrupted ophiolite (Carfantan, 1983). These are overlain by a sedimentary cover that is faulted

with the Maya terrane. The middle and most voluminous unit, is made up

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of a polydeformed, weakly metamorphosed, Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous arc-related tholeites deposited in an oceanic basin assemblage of flysch, tuff, black slate, and limestone (Carfantan, 1981; Ortega-Gutirrez and Gonzlez-Arreola, 1985; Prez-Gutirrez et al., 2009). This intermediate unit is locally capped by sheared serpentinite associated with low-grade phyllite-quartzite and greenstone. The uppermost structural unit includes

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along its eastern side by the Vista Hermosa Fault that forms the boundary

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rocks. Neogene non-marine strata and volcanic rocks were deposited in

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mylonitic mafic to silicic orthogneiss that outcrop adjacent to the western boundary of the Juarez terrane (Fig. 4). On the northernmost portion of the Juarez terrane, a sequence of thick pillow lavas interbedded with

2006; Mendoza Rosales et al., 2010), that are interpreted to have probably formed in a subsiding marine rift basin, at a ridgetransform intersection as

a segment of the rift system associated with the opening of the Gulf of Mexico (Mendoza Rosales et al., 2010).

The Juarez terrane was thrust northeastwards over the Maya terrane along the Vista Hermosa Thrust during the Laramide orogeny (PrezGutirrez et al., 2009). The Maya terrane consists of a ca. 1-1.4 Ga basement (Guichicovi Complex), which is unconformably overlain by Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks. The Guichicovi Complex has been

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3. Previous studies of crustal structure in Southern Mexico Seismic data indicate that the thickness of the crust of southern

Mexico (Fig. 1) varies from 23.5-19 km along the coast of Oaxaca State to 48 km beneath Oaxaca City (Nava et al., 1988; Nuez-Corn, 1988; GEOLIMEX, 1994; Spranger, 1994). Below the Oaxacan Complex, the

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correlated with the Oaxacan Complex (Keppie et al., 2011).

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siliciclastic turbidites comprise the Chivillas Formation (Angeles-Moreno,

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lower part of the upper crust is characterized by higher seismic velocities (Valds et al., 1996). A regional gravity profile (Mena et al., 1995) along the GEOLIMEX (Mexican Lithospheric Geotraverse) traverse was

Oaxaca and Juarez terranes with contrasting densities, i.e., 2.75 and 2.57 g/cm3, respectively (Ramrez-Ruiz, 1994). Using seismic constraints, Mena

et al. (1995) interpreted the gravity data in terms of a shallow, ca. 5 km thick cover of volcano-sedimentary rocks resting on more dense Precambrian metamorphic rocks.

Although MT studies have imaged major crustal and mantle structures in the study area, the Oaxaca Fault is not apparent, probably because station coverage is sparse (Arzate et al., 1993; Jording et al., 2000; Joedicke et al., 2006). For example, along the GEOLIMEX traverse the nearest MT stations are located ca. 10 km to the southwest and northeast of

approximately located parallel to the Oaxaca Fault, and has only one

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station in the Juarez terrane. Nevertheless, magnetotelluric studies (Arzate et al., 1993; Jording et al., 2000) indicate a difference in the electrical conductivity across the Oaxaca Fault. Thus, the transverse electric (TE) pseudosection of the MT GEOLIMEX profile shows that most of the Oaxaca terrane has a shallow resistive layer (1000 Ohm-m) that dips to the east and disappears near the Oaxaca Fault. In contrast, most of the Juarez

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the Oaxaca Fault. Another MT profile (Arzate et al., 1993) is

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interpreted to indicate a common lower Grenvillian crust beneath both the

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terrane has lower resistivities (about 100 Ohm-m). Several features observed on the transverse magnetic (TM) pseudosection also suggest a difference in the electrical resistivity of the two terranes (i.e., Fig. 2).

4. Magnetotelluric data acquisition.

Magnetotelluric data were collected at 30 locations (Figure 4) distributed along two NE-SW oriented profiles. The northern profile (AA) comprised 12 soundings, and the southern profile (BB) had 16 soundings.

Two other MT sites were located away from these profiles. Profile AA crosses the trace of the Oaxaca Fault north of Oaxaca City. The location of profile BB was chosen to cross the southward projection of the Oaxaca Fault to south of Oaxaca City.

The Phoenix Geophysics V5-2000 system was used to collect the data and at each station electric and magnetic fields (Ex, Ey, Hx, Hy, and Hz

Simultaneous and synchronous recording at two stations enabled removal

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of local noise from the time series data through the remote reference technique (Gamble et al., 1979). Data processing

Standard MT data processing techniques were used to estimate the magnetotelluric impedances from the measured electric and magnetic fields (Gamble et al., 1979). The resulting apparent resistivity and phase curves

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) were recorded for time periods ranging between 14 and 20 hours.

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were then edited to eliminate noisy data points. The static shift correction was made on a site by site basis and used knowledge of the geology of the study area as well as information about the shallow resistivity structure

Marquez et al., 2001; Belmonte-Jimnez et al., 2007).

5. Magnetotelluric data analysis

5.1. Dimensionality regional strike and induction vectors

DIMENSIONALITY, REGIONAL STRIKE, and INDUCTION VECTORS Impedance tensor decomposition and phase tensor analysis were

measured at each station (e.g., Swift, 1967; Bahr, 1988, 1991; Groom and Bailey, 1989; Weaver et al., 2000; Caldwell et al., 2004; Mart et al., 2004). The skew values obtained according to the definition of Swift (1967) were in general lower than 0.20 suggesting that the data could be considered 2-D

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The geoelectric strike direction was calculated for each of the soundings, using a range of techniques including the approach of Bahr (1991). The phase tensor method of Caldwell et al. (2004) was also used (Figures 5, 6 and 7). The phase tensor has the advantage that it is not affected by galvanic distortion, and it is not necessary to assume a 2-D dimensional

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used to investigate the dimensionality of

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the MT impedance tensor

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obtained by DC resistivity and transient electromagnetic studies (Flores-

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regional resistivity (i.e., it can be applied to situations where the regional geologic structures are 3-D). The phase tensor ellipses shown in Figure 5 are the mean of the values for the frequencies observed at each of the

ellipses are aligned parallel to the regional strike direction as expected for the Oaxaca fault and suggest that a 2-D analysis of these data is appropriate. . The strike directions obtained with the method of Bahr

(1991) are shown in Figures 6 and 7. Both methods give consistent regional strike directions in the central portion of the profiles, over almost the whole frequency range, and at almost all of the stations. At higher frequencies, corresponding to shallow depths in the valley, the behavior was found to be 1-D, which is consistent with the presence of a sedimentary basin (for example sounding number 16 in Figure 8). The geoelectric strike direction obtained from the MT data is consistent with the mapped strike of the Oaxaca fault, as well as with the boundary between the Oaxaca and Juarez terranes. In some cases (sites 7,

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12 and 20), the geoelectric strike directions were unstable and varied rapidly with frequency. In these cases, the average used more stable values over a wide frequency band. The mean strike directions obtained from the MT data was N1W for the profile AA, and N3W for the profile BB.

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stations on the MT transects . It is observed that the major axis of the

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Support for this interpretation is provided by the induction vectors which are calculated from the vertical magnetic field component. They provide an independent constraint on the dimensionality and in a 2D

induction vectors are plotted in the convention of Parkinson (1959) in

Figures 6 and 7, so that that they point at conductors. In Figure 9, the induction arrows for frequencies of 1 and 0.01 Hz are plotted. The 1 Hz data corresponds to penetration in the Earth to shallow depths, and the induction arrows correlate well with the local faulting as indicated on the geologic maps from the Servicio Geolgico Mexicano. Data at 0.01 Hz corresponds to penetration to depths of 80 km and at these low frequencies (0.01 Hz), it can be seen that the direction of the arrows is correlated with these directions. Figure 9 shows how the induction arrows become larger

as the frequency diminishes, and corresponds to a more heterogeneous

The induction arrows have large magnitudes at soundings 7, 10, and

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11 larger that are likely due to noise in the data. . Also, at sounding 27, a conductor is indicated by the induction arrow and is coincident with the Oaxaca Fault.

6. Inversion and results

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resistivity structure at greater depths.

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scenario they are orthogonal to the geoelectric strike direction. . The

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As the Oaxaca MT data appears to be relatively 2D , a 2D inversion was used to invert the MT data. This used the non-linear conjugate gradient inversion algorithm of Mackie et al. (1998) and Rodi and Mackie (2001)

regularizes the resistivity model to overcome the inherent non-uniqueness in the inversion process. Prior to inversion, the MT data were rotated into

the coordinate system determined from the phase tensor analysis. A regularization parameter tau = 4 was used, which was obtained by running several inversions and analyzing their errors. A plot of tau as a function of root-mean-square (r.m.s.) misfit was obtained, and accordingly a tau of 4 and 50 iterations resulted in acceptable values of model roughness and r.m.s. misfit. The inversion of the two profiles was obtained after 50 iterations and used transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes separately as well as joint inversion of the TE and TM mode data.

2D inversion models obtained from the TE and TM modes respectively.

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The electrical resistivity models in both inversions (TE and TM modes) are quite similar, as shown in Figures 10 and 11. Note that whereas the northern profile overlaps the western half of the southern profile, the eastern part of the southern profile extends well into Juarez terrane.

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For each inversion an 85x85 mesh was used. . Figures 10 and 11 show the

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and included in the WinGlink software package. This inversion algorithm

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Figures 12 and 13 show the observed resistivity and phase pseudosections and the corresponding responses of the inversion models. A mean r.m.s. misfit of 4.4 and 3.8% for profiles AA and BB were obtained,

6.1. Profile AA...

From SW to NE, profile AA (Figure 14) crosses the Oaxaca Complex south of the Etla Granitoid Pluton (MT soundings 29, 09, and 10) (Ortega-Obregon et al., 2003), the Etla Valley (MT soundings11, 12 and 27) and the Juarez mylonitic complex (MT soundings 14, 22, and 23). MT sounding 21 is located 35 km east of the Mixteca terrane at the footwall of the easterly dipping Las Juntas Fault that forms the eastern border of Cenozoic sandstones, polymictic conglomerates, granitic intrusions, andesites, andesitic tuffs and granite intrusions. A slight increase in

the Oaxacan basement (around sounding 29). Between MT soundings 21

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and 10, a shallow, 5-10 thick and 50 km long conductive body is interpreted as either anorthosite or graphitic gneiss of the Oaxacan Complex overlain by Cretaceous siltstones, marls, limestones, and dolomites. The conductive body terminates approximately 14 km east of sounding 10, and the medium resistivities may be related to the metamorphic aureole around the adjacent Etla Granitoid Pluton.

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resistivities coincides with the boundary between the Cretaceous rocks and

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respectively which represent a satisfactory fit to the data.

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In the Etla Valley, the shallow, low resistivity beds thickens to ca. 2 km in the east. The Oaxaca fault occurs where the resistivities change from medium to low.

conductive layer in the eastern half of the Etla Valley are truncated by the

Oaxaca Fault. The marginal Juarez mylonites are characterized by resistivities of about 50 Ohm-m, whereas the middle portion is characterized by medium to high resistivities that decrease to the east adjacent to the Aloapan fault. This could be partly due to an edge effect in the MT inversion.

The underlying middle and lower crust is characterized by higher resistivities indicating the preponderance of rocks of a granitic/granulitic nature. No resistivity contrast is observed at depth across the Oaxaca Fault

consistent with its interpretation as a normal fault (Alaniz et al., 1996). The

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highly resistive, middle-lower crust below the Oaxaca Complex appears to continue eastward beneath the Juarez mylonitic complex, which suggests that the Juarez mylonitic complex is limited to the upper 10 km of the crust. However, the similarity in resistivities of the middle and lower crust under the Oaxaca Terrane and the Mylonitic Complex does not necessarily imply that they have a similar geologic nature. On the other hand, the resistive

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trace, which suggests that it does not penetrate deeply into the crust: this is

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In the TM mode inversion, the low resistivities of the shallow, thin

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middle-upper lower crust under the eastern part of the Juarez mylonitic complex is displaced downwards about 5 km.

The resistive middle-upper lower crust of the Oaxacan Complex varies in

thickness from about 30 to 18 km and is interrupted by medium resistivity values between MT soundings 29 and 09 only to reappear at the western end of the profile A-A (below MT sounding 21) where it us ~25 km thick. The interruption of the high resistive middle and lower crust around MT sounding 29 coincides with western limit of exposed Oaxaca basement. The mantle and lower crust in this region is characterized by medium resistivity values.

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This profile traverses the area shown in Figure 14 where the Oaxaca basement is exposed (MT soundings 08, 07, and 17), the Zaachila Valley (MT soundings 06 and 26), the San Antonio de la Cal Range (between MT soundings 26 and 16), the Mitla Valley (MT soundings 04 and 24), and the Juarez terrane (02, and 20). Sounding 18 is located on the footwall of the

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6.2. Profile BB.

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Las Juntas Fault, 50 km east of the Mixteca terrane in a similar tectonic setting as sounding 21 on northern profile. For this profile, the inversions of the TE, TM, and TE + TM modes provide

A. In the southwestern portion of the profile BB (MT soundings 18 to

06), a sub-horizontal to west dipping, wedge-shaped lens of low

resistivities is observed. This feature extends from the surface to depths of about 12 km, surrounded by a core of intermediate resistivities.. As on profile A-A, the conductive rim of the uppermost low resistivity body is exposed between MT soundings 08, and 07. The intermediate body outcrops to the east of the uppermost one. The lowermost low resistivity body also outcrops, and can be associated with either anorthosite of

graphite bearing paragneiss, whereas the core is inferred to be granitic/granulitic rocks. The middle and lower crust is characterized by

those observed on profile A-A.

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Between MT soundings 26 and 16, there is a shallowing in the depth of highly resistive middle-lower crust that coincides with the San Antonio de la Cal range that separates the Zaachila and the Mitla-Tlacolula valleys. The western boundary of this structural horst lies on the southward projection of the Oaxaca fault, which at this location is observed to only affect the upper crust. The eastern boundary lies on the southward

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medium resistivities that increase eastwards. These features are similar to

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similar resistivity models that contrast with those along northern profile A-

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projection of the Aloapan fault that borders the Juarez mylonitic belt to the north. The rest of the crust is highly resistive. The shallow layer (0.2-4 km) in the upper crust (between MT soundings

around sounding 04. This corresponds with the sedimentary infill of the Mitla Valley. At shallows levels, the resistivity contrast between MT soundings 04 and 24, may be related to the southeastern continuation of the

Donaji Fault (Alaniz et al., 1996). In contrast, the upper crust is moderately resistive at MT soundings 24 and 03.

In the eastern part of profile B-B a rectangular low resistivity block occurs around sounding 02, bounded by vertical boundaries with medium resistivity. The western boundary lies on the southward projection of the Siempre Viva fault, which appears to connect with a vertical fault in the underlying, moderately resistive layer at middle crustal depths. The

rocks of the Juarez terrane. Note that the west dipping medium resistivity

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layer reaches a depth of around 40 km in the middle of profile BB, east of which the deeper parts of the resistivity model are similar to profile AA.

Below the low resistivity

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resistivity of this block could reflect the presence of metasedimentary

resisitive, west-dipping layer that extends from the lower crust at around 50 km to the surface close to sounding 20 and dipping 25 to the west

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block (sounding 02), there is a moderately

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04 and 03, typically has medium resitivities with local conductive lens

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between two highly resistive lenses of the Oaxacan Complex and the correlative Guichicovi Complex. At sounding 20, this west dipping layer corresponds to the Juarez terrane, the width of which is consistent with the

Guichicovi Complex is thrust beneath the Juarez terrane, which, in turn, is

thrust beneath the Oaxaca Complex. The resistive Oaxaca Complex has a mean thickness of 50 km.

7. Discussion

The crust on the northern profile has a total thickness of about 38 km, of which the resistive crust of the Oaxacan Complex comprises about 30 km (Figure 14). To the west of the Etla valley, the resistive portion of the crust thins to around 18 km, and it is interrupted by medium resistivity values

profile (below MT sounding 21) the resistive crust is again thicker (about

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25 km), but with slighter lower resistivity values. The upper mantle and lower crust are characterized by medium resistivity values. In contrast, on the southern profile, the resistive crust of the Oaxaca Complex has a mean thickness of 50 km.

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between MT soundings 29 and 09. At the western end of the northern

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results of the geotraverse of Ortega-Gutierrez et al. (1900) where the

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The following features must be accounted for by an explanation of the disappearance of the Mylonitic Complex and Juarez terrane south of the Donaji Fault.

described above. On the eastern part of the northern profile beneath the mylonitic belt, a feature is observed at the base which could indicate a crustal root showing that this region is in isostatic equilibrium. (2) the basement is shallower on the northern profile.

(3) The southern profile appears to be out of isostatic equilibrium. (4) The location of the outcrop of the westward dipping conductive body. This outcrop is located east of the southward continuation of the Vista Hermosa Fault which is the suture between the Juarez and Maya terranes. This would correspond more closely with the southward continuation of the Siempre Viva Fault , the contact between the mylonitic belt and the

(5) In particular, the absence of indicators on the Donaji Fault of E-W

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horizontal movement is inconsistent with eastward displacement of the Mylonitic Belt and eventually of the whole Juarez terrane. This argument is inconsistent with the interpretation of the discontinuities listed above , around MT soundings 24 and 02, that extend to mid and lower crustal depths. Another explanation is required for the crustal development.

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Juarez terrane.

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(1) The crustal resistiveity structure is different between the two profiles as

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It cannot be assumed that the basement thins and shallows to the north in a continuous way. This is because the Mylonitic Complex disappears to

the south of the Donaji Fault, and the resistive crustal structure on the

dipping conductive body that extends through the entire crust on

southern profile does not represent the whole Juarez terrane, then an explanation must be found for the significant width of this feature.

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possible explanation is the existence of a crustal discontinuity between the profiles.

The Donaji Fault could be the expression of such an east-west discontinuity. The Bouguer gravity data in the study area (Campos-

Enriquez et al., 2010) indicates the presence of an E-W belt of gravity anomalies that supports the existence of E-W trending faults extending the Donaji Fault to the west up to the limits of the Etla Valley. To the east, the

could represent the expression of this discontinuity in the upper crust. In

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the ductile part of the crust, the discontinuities observed around MT soundings 24 and 03 on the southern profile, and between MT soundings 09 and 10 on the northern profile, could be expressions of a discontinuity. Further, the discontinuity observed on the southern profile around MT sounding 24 when extrapolated to the west coincides with the Donaji Fault,

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fault can also be traced into the Mitla Valley. Together this fault system

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the One

northern and southern profiles are different. On the other hand, if the west

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but also with the discontinuity around MT soundings 09 and 10 along the northern profile. Two rheological domains are defined by this discontinuity. The northern

exhumation of the mylonitic belt. The southern domain has not attained the

isostatic equilibrium. More over, it has been subjected to an incipient extension giving rise to the wider valleys to the south, compared to the narrow Etla Valley. The west dipping conductive body extending through the entire crust could represent detachment surface according to model of crustal extension of Wernickes (1985).

This crustal extension at the origin of the Zaachila and Mitla Valleys would have contributed to obliterate the trace of the N-S tectonics south of the Donaji Fault.

8. CONCLUSIONS

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The MT data indicate that the regional geoelectric strike on both

profiles is very close to N-S, consistent with the strike of the Oaxaca Fault. Inversion of MT data produced models that show the following: On the southern profile, a 20-50 km wide low resistivity, west dipping zone extends through the entire crust and is bounded on either side by high resistivity crust. This feature can be interpreted as the contact between

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domain would have attained the isostatic equilibrium, which led to the

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the Oaxaca and Juarez terranes. The low resistivity layer could be the Mylonitic Complex, or as even the whole Juarez terrane bounded above and below by rocks of the Oaxacan and Guichicovi complexes. This

Continent Transect H-3 (Ortega-Gutirrez et al. 1990) and the correlation

of the Oaxacan and Guichicovi complexes made by Keppie et al. (2003; 2011).

The existence of an E-W zone of crustal weakness zone between the profiles could result in two separated rheological domains in the crust. westward thrusting of the Juarez terrane

Isostatic compensantion, and could

have formed the Mylonitic Complex. Isostasy would have

contributed to the exhumation of this feature . Thus, it is not necessary to postulate that the Oaxaca-Juarez terrane boundary south of Oaxaca City

Fault (i.e., at this location the suture between the Oaxaca and Juarez

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terrane have remained buried in the crust). Gravity and magnetic data support the existence of such an E-W crustal discontinuity located to the south of Oaxaca City. This crustal discontinuity would coincide with the southernmost limit of the rift basin proposed for the origin of the Chivillas Formation in the northernmost part of the Juarez terrane by MendozaRosales et al. (2010).

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decouples from the Oaxaca Fault and migrates eastwards along the Donaji

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conclusion is consistent with the crustal model proposed for the Ocean-

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On both profiles the Cenozoic Oaxaca fault has no expression in the electrical resistivity distribution in the mid and lower crust. However, on

characterized by a major electrical resistivity discontinuity that places low

resistivities of the Etla Valley in contact with with resistive units of the westernmost border of the Mylonitic Complex (i.e, the boundary between the Oaxaca/Juarez terranes). On the southern profile, a similar, sub-surficial contrast in electrical resistivity is observed on the western side of San Miguel de la Cal mountains and coincides with the southward projection of the Oaxaca Fault, suggesting that it continues southward. The presence of the Zegache Fault (PEMEX, 1989, Campos-Enrquez et al., 2010) is confirmed by the magnetotelluric. The geometry of the Etla Fault is defined by the resistivity model as a shallow listric fault.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study has been supported by PAPIIT-UNAM IN116107 project.

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the northern profile the Oaxaca Fault in the brittle upper crust (0-4 km) is

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FIGURE CAPTIONS Figure 1. Location of 1) the Oaxaca Fault between the Oaxaca/Zapoteco

CD of Sedlock et al. (1993), through the terrane along transect H-3

(Ortega-Gutirrez et al. 1990), as well as from the 2) seismic and 3) magnetotelluric studies conducted in the study area (Arzate et al.,

1993; GEOLIMEX, 1994). X: Xolapa terrane; O: Oaxaca terrane; J: Juarez terrane; M: Maya terrane; G: Guerrero terrane; M: Mixteca terrane; SM: Sierra Madre terrane; Coahuila terrane; TMV: Transmexican Volcanic Belt; OF: Oaxaca Fault; VHF: Vista Hermosa Fault; JCHF: Juchatengo-Chalapa Fault; Figure 2. Electrical resistivity on the western MT profile from Arzate et al. (1993). a) model from Schmieder (1994), and b) model from Arzate

Figure 3. Upper panel) Schematic generalized stratigraphic column of the

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Zapoteco terrane according to Sedlock et al. (1993); Middle panel) Schematic structural sections, after Sedlock et al. (1993), through the Juarez terrane along transect H-3 (Ortega-Gutirrez et al. 1990); Lower panel) Key to Figures 3a and 3b. Location of transect H-3 is shown in Figure 1.

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et al. (1993).

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(O) and Juarez/Cuicateco (C) terranes and structural sections AB and

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Figure 4.- Location of the MT soundings. The geologic maps are after E 14-9 and E 14-12 of the Servicio Geolgico Mexicano. In yellow are indicated the limits between Mixteca, Oaxaca and Jurez

Figures 5.- Phase tensor ellipses on the MT profiles indicating a relatively well determined strike direction. The major axis corresponds to the main regional structure. The ellipses represent the mean of all the

frequencies for each sounding. Accordingly, they are N1W for de profile AA and N3W for the profile BB.

Figure 6.-a) Profile AA. Strike angle according to Bahr (1991) in agreement with phase tensor ellipses and, b) plot of induction

vectors obtained from the measured vertical magnetic field component, yields a consistent orthogonal direction with respect to the geolectric strike. These data provides independent evidence of a

Figure 7.- Profile BB. a) Strike angle according to Bahr (1991) in

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agreement with phase ellipses and, b) plot of induction vectors obtained from the measured vertical magnetic field component.

Figure 8.-MT data at station 16 as an example of 1-D behavior.. Figure 9.-Induction arrows on both profiles at frequencies of (a) 1 Hz and b) 0.01 Hz.

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2D resistivity structure in the survey area.

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tectonostratigraphic terranes according to Campa and Coney (1983).

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Figure 10.- 2D resistivity model derived from inversion of the TE mode data on profiles AAand BB. Figure 11.- 2D resistivity model derived from inversion of the TM mode

Figure 12.- Observed and calculated apparent resistivity and phase pseudosections on profile AA for the TE mode inversion.

Figure 13.- Observed and calculated apparent resistivity and phase pseudosections on profile BB for the TM mode inversion.

Figure 14.- Geologic interpretion of the resistivity models derived from the inversions .

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data on profiles AAand BB.

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REFERENCES

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Alanz-Alvarez, S.A. and A.F. Nieto-Samaniego, 1997, Representacin

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37.

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grfica de los dominios de ruptura y delizamiento Aplicacin de la falla

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Alaniz-Alvarez, S. A., Nieto-Samaniego, A. F. and F. Ortega-Gutirrez,

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Arzate, J.A., Mareschal, M., and J. Urritia-Fucugauchi, 1993, A preliminary crustal model of the Oaxaca continental margin and subduction zone from magnetotelluric and gravity measurements, Geofsica

Arzate-Flores, J.A., Campos-Enrquez, J.O, Arango-Galvn, C., CorboCamargo, F. and S.I. Belmonte-Jmenez, 2007, Estructura de la zona de sutura entre los terrenos Oaxaca y Jurez (Falla Oaxaca) a partir de sondeos magnetotelricos, Abstract, 2007 Annual Meeting, Mexicana, GEOS, vol. 27(1), p.54.

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Bahr, K., 1988, Interpretation of the magnetotelluric impedance tensor: regional induction and local telluric distortion, J. Geophys., 62, 119127.

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23

22 12 27 11 14

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20 -96.1

17.5

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17.3

Latitude (degrees)

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17.1 28 9

10

Simbology
Alluvium (Quaternary) Limoline (Tertiary-Neogene) Rhyolitic tuff (Tertiary-Neogene) Andesitic tuff-Andesite (Tertiary-Neogene) Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) Limestone-Dolomite (Upper Cretaceous) Marlstone-Limolite (Upper Cretaceous) Marlstone-Dolomite (Lower Cretaceous) Limestone-Shale (Lower Cretaceous) Gypsum-Dolomite (Lower Cretaceous) Limestone-sShale (Upper Jurassic) Sandlone-Shale (Middle Cretaceous) Sandlone-Shale (Paleozoic) Granodiorite (Intrusive ingenious rock) Metamorphic Complex (PpJmCm1) Metamorphic Complex PTmCM) MT Soundings Oaxaca Fault Donaji Fault Aloapan Fault Siempre Viva Fault

15 21 16.9 8 18 16.7 7 17 6 26

16

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OF DF AF SVF

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Profile A-A (TE mode)

Etla Etla Fault Valley

Depth (km bsl)

Cretaceous

OAXACAN COMPLEX
Granulite Oaxaca Fault Granulite

Mantle?

Zegache Fault?

Oaxaca Fault?

Aloapan Fault?

Etla Zaachila

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San Antonio de la Cal horst

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Mitla Valley
Donaji Fault?

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Profile B-B (TM mode)
Siempre Viva Fault?

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App. Res. (ohm-m)

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Anorthosite

Contant Aureole

Meso/Ceno

Juarez Mylonite Juarez Terrane

5000 3509 2482 1728 1212 851 597 419 294 206 145 102 71 50

Depth (km bsl)

OAXACAN COMPLEX

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Anorthosite Granulite

Granulite

Juarez Terrane

Ju

are

a err T z

ne

Granulite

Mantle?

Mantle?

App. Res. (ohm-m)

La sJ un tas Fa ult ?

Granulite

Juarez Terrane

5000 3509 2482 1728 1212 851 597 419 294 206 145 102 71 50

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