ES202 - Fluid & Thermal Systems

Objectives for Mechanical Energy Balance, Bernoulli Equation and Pipe Flow When a student completes Fluid & Thermal Systems (ES202), they should be able to do the following: 1. Define, Illustrate, and Compare and Contrast the following terms and concepts: Flow visualization Pathline Streakline Streamline & Streamtube Pressure Distribution in Moving Fluids Pressure distribution along a streamline if NO losses Bernoulli Equation Static vs. Dynamic (Kinetic) vs. Gravitational (hydrostatic) Pressure Stagnation point Static vs. stagnation pressure Pressure distribution across parallel streamlines Pressure at a submerged exit, i.e. a point where a flowing fluid enters a much larger body of fluid Viscous Flow in Ducts Developing vs. fully-developed flow Reynolds number and flow regimes Mechanical energy balance Energy vs. Pressure vs. Head form Restrictions Head loss Pump/Turbine Efficiencies (Incompressible flow) Major loss Head loss due to friction in straight pipes Reynolds number Re = VDH / Hydraulic diameter (DH) for non-circular ducts. Laminar vs. turbulent flow Pipe roughness () and relative roughness (/DH) Darcy-Weisbach (Moody) friction factor Moody friction factor diagram Laminar region Ducts with circular cross-section: f = 64/ReD. Ducts with non-circular cross-section (Use DH but geometry specific correlation f = C/ReDH Critical (transitional flow) region Turbulent region: transitionally rough vs. fully rough region Colebrook equation (or Haaland equation)

Objectives MEB Pipe-Flow Revised.doc

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ES202 - Fluid & Thermal Systems

Minor loss Head loss due to changes in velocity direction or magnitude (fittings) Loss coefficient KL Inlet vs. exit losses Expansion and contraction losses Valves, fittings, and elbow losses 2. List the assumptions that reduce the conservation of energy equation to the mechanical energy balance for incompressible fluids. 3. List the assumptions that reduce the mechanical energy balance for an incompressible fluid to the Bernoulli Equation. Explain the limitations upon the use of the Bernoulli equation 4. Apply the Bernoulli equation along a streamline in an incompressible, frictionless flow to predict how static pressure, velocity, and elevation change along the streamline. Specific applications include but are not limited to determining (a) the pressure at a stagnation point and (b) the pressure and/or velocity at the exit of a large reservoir 5. Given steady flow in a pipe or fitting, calculate the head loss, i.e. ghLoss for flow through the fitting or pipe. 6. Given the steady flow of an incompressible substance through a single-inlet/single-outlet piping system, apply the mechanical energy balance to the system to relate the pump work, turbine work, and loss of mechanical energy (head loss), to changes in pressure, elevation, and velocity in the piping system. If necessary, correctly use the efficiency values to find the actual work into the pump or out of the turbine.

Objectives MEB Pipe-Flow Revised.doc

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