2695 21852150.NZL H Polygons NZL

Poly gons
POLYGONS
T P OR PASS
www.mathletics.co.nz
This booklet is about identifying and manipulating straight sided shapes using their unique properties Many clever people contributed to the development of modern geometry including: Thales of Miletus (approx. 624-547 BC) Pythagoras (approx. 569-475 BC) Euclid of Alexandria (approx. 325-265 BC) (often referred to as the "Father of modern geometry') Archimedes of Syracus (approx 287-202 BC) Apollonius of Perga (approx. 261-190 BC) After an attack on the city of Alexandria, many of the works of these mathematicians were lost. Look up these people sometime and read about their contribution to this subject. New discoveries in geometry are still being made with the advent of computers, in particular fractal geometry. The most famous of these being Benoit Mandelbrot Fractal pattern.
Write down how you would describe this shape over the phone to a friend who had to draw it accurately. Try it with a friend/family member and see if they draw this shape from your description.
Work through the book for a great way to do this
Polygons
Mathletics Passport 3P Learning
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
How does it work?

Polygons
Polygons
Polygons are just any closed shape with straight lines which dont cross. Like a square or triangle. All polygons need at least three sides to form a closed path.
Polygon? - All sides are straight - Shape is closed Polygon? - All sides are straight - Shape is NOT closed Polygon? - All sides are NOT straight - Shape is closed Polygon? - Sides cross
Parts of a polygon:
Exterior angle Side Interior angle Diagonal (line that joins two vertices and is not a side) Each corner is called a Vertex (vertices plural)
There are many basic types of polygons. Here are the ones we will be looking at in this booklet: Convex polygon All interior angles are 1 180c Concave polygon Has an interior angle 2 180c
Equilateral polygon
All sides are the same length
Equiangular polygon All interior angles are equal
Cyclic polygon
All vertices/corner points lie on the edge (circumference) of the same circle.
Regular polygon All interior angles are equal All sides are the same length They are cyclic polygons
Here is another difference between convex and concave polygons.
Convex A straight line drawn through the polygon can only cross a maximum of 2 sides
2
Concave A straight line drawn through the polygon can cross more than two sides.
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
How does it work?

Polygons
Polygons
Any polygon can be named using Greek prefixes matching the number of straight sides it has. = Trio = Hepta = Hendeca = Tetra = Octa = Dodeca = Penta = Nona = Trideca = Hexa = Deca = Tetradeca
Polygon naming and classification chart

Sides 3 Name Triangle (Trigon) Quadrilateral (Tetragon) Pentagon Concave Convex N/A Equilateral Equiangular Cyclic Regular
Hexagon
Heptagon
Octagon
Here are some more polygon names. Sides 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Polygon name Nonagon Decagon Hendecagon Dodecagon Tridecagon Tetradecagon Pentadecagon Hexadecagon Heptadecagon Octadecagon Sides 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Polygon name Enneadecagon Icosagon Tricontagon Tetracontagon Pentacontagon Hexacontagon Heptacontagon Octacontagon Enneacontagon Hectogon
Polygons
Nonagon 9 sides
Enneagon
Many of these polygons have more than one name. Look them up sometime!
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
How does it work?

Polygons
1
Your Turn
Polygons
Identify which of these shapes are polygons or not.

a b c d
Polygon Not a polygon

e f

g

h

2
Tick all the properties that each of these polygons have and then name the shape:
a b Convex Concave Equilateral Equiangular Cyclic Regular c Convex Concave Equilateral Equiangular Cyclic Regular
Convex Concave Equilateral Equiangular Cyclic Regular
e Convex Concave Equilateral Equiangular Cyclic Regular
f Convex Concave Equilateral Equiangular Cyclic Regular
Convex Concave Equilateral Equiangular Cyclic Regular
Draw and label:

a
A regular tetragon.
A concave nonagon.
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SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
How does it work?

Polygons
4
Your Turn
Polygons
* POLY
GO
NS * P
A convex, equilateral hexagon.
A convex, cyclic tetragon which is not equilateral.
An equiangular, pentagon which is not equilateral.
A concave, equilateral heptagon with two reflex angles (180c 1 angle 1 360c ).
Explain why it is not possible to draw a cyclic, equilateral, concave octagon.
How would you describe these polygons to someone drawing them in another room?
a b
Polygons
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
P O L YGO
NS
Draw and label:
...../...../20....
OL
Y G O NS
5
How does it work?

Transformations
Polygons
Transformations are all about re-positioning shapes without changing any of their dimensions. There are three main types: Reflections (Flip) Reflecting an object about a fixed line called the axis of reflection.
B A A Axis of reflection (or axis of dilation) A
2nd 1st
A
B object (before) image (after)
Keep equal spacing from axis. Horizontal reflection to the right.
B Vertical reflection up followed by a horizontal reflection left.
Translations (Slide) This transformation involves sliding an object either horizontally, vertically or both. Every part of the object is moved the same distance.
A A A B A 3cm B object (before) image (after) 3cm B B 2cm
3cm translation horizontally to the right
Two translations: 2cm horizontally right, and then 3cm vertically up
Rotations (Turn)
A transformation of turning an object about a fixed point counter-clockwise.

B A O object (before) O B A A
co
erunt clo
Centre of rotation (or centre of dilation) 1 90c rotation (or turn) 180c rotation (or 1 turn) 4 2 image (after)
90c rotation (or 1 turn) 4 6
180c rotation (or 1 turn) 2
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SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
ckwise
K 9
How does it work?

2 Q 10 3 J J 4 01 Q 5 2 Q 10 4 J 3 10 2 9 Q J 10 9 A
9 K6
Your Turn
7 8 6 9 2 A 7 8 3 2 6 8 6 5 9 4 7
10
Polygons
3 Q 2 5 3 Q7 6 2 Q 2 A J
K 9
J J 4 01 Q 5 9 K6 3 Transformations
3 5
10
4 4
J6
K8
7 A
K 9
2K a Q 10
3Q
J 4J
01 Q 5
10
9 K6
9 A
b8
8 2
A 7
7 3
2 6
6 4
3 5
10
5 5
4 4
6 J4
5 3
7 Q3
6 2
8 K2
7 A
A 9
10
K 9
Q 10
object Q
image J 01 Q
10
9 K
9 A
object 8 2 7 A
7 3
image 2 6
6 4
3 5
5 5
4 4
4 6
object 5 3
3 7
6 2
image2 8
7 A
A 9
10
10
9 A
6 4
5 5
4 6
2 8
A 9
10
a K
10
X object image
9 10 J Q K
Y
4
X Reflection Translation Rotation
Reflection Translation Rotation

3
O Reflection Translation Rotation
centre of dilation
Draw the image on the grids below when each of these objects are reflected about the given axis.
a b c
Draw the image on the grids below when each of these objects are translated by the given amounts.
a
Five squares horizontally to the left.
Four squares vertically up.
Eight squares to the right, then six squares down.
Polygons
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SERIES TOPIC
object
3 5
image
Axis of dilation 6 7 5 Y Y X image object Z Z W W

6 7 8
10
9 A
8 2
7 3
6 4
5 5
4 6
3 7
2 8
A 9
10
Each of these objects has undergone two different transformations. Tick them both.
10
9 A
8 2
7 3
6 4
5 5
4 6
3 7
2 8
A 9
10
10
Reflection 10 Translation Q J Rotation
Reflection 6 Translation 8 7 2 A 3 Rotation
Reflection 2 A Translation 3 5 7 6 Rotation
10
9 A
8 2K
7 3Q
6 4J
5 5
10
4 6
3 7
2 8
A 9
6K
10
5Q
J4 J
Q3
10
K2
10
10
8K
7Q
6J
10
6K
5Q
4 J
10
J 8 7each of 6 these playing 5 4 3 undergone: 2 Identify which10 type of 9 transformation cards has
10
6K
5Q
K 9 8 10 9
10
A 7 7 7 7
How does it work?

Transformations
5
Your Turn
Polygons
Draw the image on the grids below when each of these objects are rotated by the given amounts.
a
One half turn (180c rotation).
Three quarter turn ( 270c rotation).
One quarter turn ( 90c rotation).
O O O
Draw the image on the grids below when each of these objects undergo the transformations given.
a
Translate ten units to the right first then reflect down about the given axis of reflection.
Rotate 180c about the centre of rotation O, then translate six units up.
Reflect about the given axis first, then tranlsate two units to the left.
Three quarter turn (270c rotation) first, then reflect about the given axis of dilation.
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SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
How does it work?

Transformations
7
Your Turn
Polygons
Earn yourself an awesome passport stamp with this one. The object (ABCODE) requires thirteen transformations to move along the white production line below. It needs to leave in the position shown at the exit for the next stage of production. The object must not overlap the shaded part around the production line path. Any of the sides AB, BC, DE and AE can be used as an axis of reflection. The vertex O is the only centre of rotation used at the two circle points along the path. Describe the thirteen transformation steps used to navigate this object along the path, including the direction of transformation and the sides/points used as axes of dilation where appropriate.
ENTRY EXIT
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
Polygons
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
How does it work?

Transformations
8
Your Turn
Polygons
For the diagram shown below, describe four different ways the final image of the object can be achieved using different transformations.
A
N S *T
T I
A N S
...../...../20....
F
O R M
Method 1
Method 2
Method 3
Method 4
10
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SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
How does it work?

Reflection symmetry
Polygons
There are many types of symmetry and in this booklet we will just be focusing on three of them. If the axis of reflection splits a shape into two identical pieces, then that shape has reflection symmetry. The axis of reflection is then called the axis of symmetry. Axis of reflection = axis of symmetry
Symmetric Shape has reflection symmetry
Asymmetric Shape does not have reflection symmetry
The distances from the edge of the shape to the axis of symmetry are the same on both sides of the line.
A B X Y Z C
AB = BC and XY = YZ
This shape has only one axis of symmetry. When this happens, we say the shape has bilateral symmetry. Many animals/plants or objects in nature have nearly perfect bilateral symmetry.
Other shapes can have more than one axis of symmetry (axes of symmetry for plural).
1 2 3 4 5 6
There are 6 different ways this shape can be folded in half with both sides of the fold fitting over each other exactly. So we can say it has six-fold symmetry.
Regular Hexagon
Polygons
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11
How does it work?

Reflection symmetry
1
Your Turn
Polygons
(i) Identify which of these shapes have reflection symmetry by ticking symmetric or asymmetric. (ii) Draw all the axes of symmetry for those that do.
a b c d
Symmetric Asymmetric
e f
g
h
i j
k
l
2
How many axes of reflection symmetry would these nature items have if perfectly symmetrical?
a b c d
These shapes all have reflection symmetry. Calculate the distance between X and Y.
a b
Z Y
Z X
YZ = 5cm Distance from X to Y =
XZ = 14cm Distance from X to Y =
12
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
How does it work?

Reflection symmetry
4
Your Turn
Polygons
...../...../20....
ION SYM
ME
T RY
YR T E
S N O ITC MY
CT
X Y L J A B K P Q H M G
How many axes of symmetry does the web have? What pair of points are equidistant to LM?
Psst: equidistant means the same distance
Briefly explain below how you decided this was the correct answer.
Complete these diagrams to produce an image with as many axes of reflective symmetry as indicated.
a
Bilateral symmetry.
Two fold symmetry.
Three axes of symmetry.
Two axes of symmetry.
Five-fold symmetry. (show the other four axes)
Eight-fold symmetry. (show the other seven axes)
Polygons
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
RE F L
Answer these questions about the symmetric web below:
RE F L
13
How does it work?

Rotational symmetry
Polygons
When an object is rotated 360c (a full circle), it looks the same as it was before rotating. If the object looks the same again before completing a full circle, it has rotational symmetry. The number of times the object repeats before completing the full circle tells us the order of rotational symmetry.
O O O
270c (three quarter turn)

O
180c (half turn)

O O
90c (quarter turn) Rotational Symmetry of order 2 i.e. it looks the same 2 times in one full rotation.
180c (half turn)
Rotational Symmetry of order 4 i.e. it looks the same 4 times in one full rotation.
Point symmetry
This is when an object has parts the same distance away from the centre of symmetry in the opposite direction. A straight line through the centre of symmetry will cross at least two points on the object. Each pair of points crossed on opposite sides of the centre of symmetry are an equal distance away from it. Point symmetry for one object
X B X O A Y A O Y B
Point symmetry for a picture with two objects
For both diagrams: AO = BO and OX = OY These both have point symmetry because for every point on them, there is another point opposite the centre of symmetry (O) the same distance away. Objects and pictures can often have both rotational and point symmetry.
14
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
How does it work?
Your Turn
Polygons
Rotational and point symmetry

1
Identify which of these objects are rotationally symmetric or asymmetric.

a b c
Rotationally symmetric Rotationally asymmetric

d e

f

2
Write the order of rotational symmetry each of these mathematical symbols have:
a b c d
All these propellers have rotational symmetry. Identify which ones also have point symmetry. (i) (ii) (iii)
Has point symmetry No point symmetry
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

b
Describe the relationship between the number of blades and the point symmetry of these propellers.
Describe the relationship between the number of blades and the order of point symmetry for the symmetric blades.
Polygons
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
15
How does it work?
Your Turn
Polygons
Rotational and point symmetry

4
Complete each of the half drawn shapes below to match the given symmetries.
a
Rotational symmetry of order 4 and also point symmetry.
Rotational symmetry of order 3 and no point symmetry.
O O
All the vertices shown below represent half of all the vertices of shapes which have point symmetry about the centre of rotation (O). (i) Mark in the other vertices. (ii) Draw the boundary of the whole shape.
a
A B O C
K J O
T R O P
W Q O
16
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
How does it work?
Your Turn
Polygons
Combo time: Reflection, rotation and point symmetry

6
Identify if these flags of the world have symmetry and what type. Include the number of folds or order of rotations for those flags with the relevant symmetry.
a b
Canada
Reflection symmetry with Rotational symmetry of order Point of symmetry. No symmetry
c d
Malaysia
folds . Reflection symmetry with Rotational symmetry of order Point of symmetry. No symmetry folds .
India
e f
Australia
folds . Reflection symmetry with Rotational symmetry of order
T
folds .
N AND POI IO N
AT

g
folds .

h
South Africa
Reflection symmetry with Rotational symmetry of order Point of symmetry. No symmetry folds .
United States of America

Polygons
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
I O N, R OT ECT
Jamaica
Pakistan
folds .
...../. ... ..../20

MB
FL E
..
Point of symmetry. No symmetry
SY
MMET R Y *
CO
.../... .. ../20..
O TIME: R
17
How does it work?
Your Turn
Polygons
Combo time: Reflection, rotation and point symmetry

6
Identify if these flags of the world have symmetry and what type. Include the number of folds or order of rotations for those flags with the relevant symmetry.
k l
Vietnam
m n
United Kingdom
Georgia
o p
New Zealand
Letter 'D' signal flag

q r
Letter 'L' signal flag

Letter 'Y' signal flag

Letter 'N' signal flag

18
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SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
Where does it work?

Special triangle properties
Polygons
Triangles come in a number of different types, each with their own special features (properties) and names. Here they are summarised in this table: SHAPE TRIANGLES Scalene PROPERTIES Three straight sides and internal angles. All three sides have a different length. All three internal angles are a different size. Two of the intenal angles have the same size. The two sides opposite the equal angles have equal lengths. 1-fold reflective symmetry. No rotational symmetry. All of the internal angles have the same size of 60c . All sides have the same length. 3-fold reflective symmetry. Has rotational symmetry of order 3.
1 90c
Isosceles
Equilateral
O
Acute angled triangle
All of the interal angles are smaller than 90c . One of the internal angles is equal to 90c (i.e. one pair of sides are perpendicular to each other). One of the internal angles is between 90c and 180c .
= 90c
Right angled triangle
90c 1 1 180c
Obtuse angled triangle
Determine what type of triangle is described from the information given. (i) All internal angles are less than 90c , and it has one axis of reflection symmetry. Isosceles triangles have one axis of reflection symmetry. ` It is an acute angled isosceles triangle. (ii) All internal angels are equal and it has point symmetry. ` It is an equilateral triangle. Identifying properties and naming shapes that match is called classifying.
Polygons
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
19
Where does it work?
Your Turn
Polygons
Special triangle properties

1
Classify what type of triangle is described from the information given in each of these:
a
All internal angles are less than 90c and it has no axes of reflection.
One internal angle is equal to 90c and two sides are equal in length.
One internal angle is obtuse and there is one axis of reflection.
Has rotational symmetry and all internal angles equal to 60c .
No internal angles are the same size and one side is perpendicular to another.
Classify what type of triangle has been drawn below with only some properties shown.
a b
PR OPE
RT
IES S
./20.... . . . . / . . . . .
TR
PE
C I AL
20
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SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
I A N GL
Where does it work?

Special quadrilateral properties
Polygons
Quadrilaterals exist in many different forms, each with their own special properties and names. Here they are summarised in this table: SHAPE QUADRILATERAL Scalene A convex or concave quadrilateral Trapezium A convex quadrilateral PROPERTIES Four straight sides and internal angles. All four sides have a different length. All four internal angles are a different size. No symmetry.
At least one pair of parallel sides. No symmetry.
Isosceles Trapezium
Non-parallel sides are the same length. Diagonals cut each other into equal ratios. Two pairs of equal internal angles with common arms. 1 axis of reflective symmetry. Opposite sides are parallel. Opposite sides are equal in length. Diagonally opposite internal angles are equal.
Parallelogram A convex Qaudrilateral

O
Diagonals bisect each other (cut each other exactly in half). No axis of reflective symmetry. Rotational symmetry of order 2 and point symmetry at the intersection of the diagonals O. Opposite sides are parallel. Opposite sides are equal in length. All internal angles = 90c .
Rectangle A convex, equiangular quadrilateral

O
Diagonals are equal in length. Diagonals bisect each other (cut each other exactly in half). 2-fold reflective symmetry. Rotational symmetry of order 2 and point symmetry at the intersection of the diagonals O.
Polygons
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Where does it work?

SHAPE PROPERTIES
Polygons
Square A regular quadrilateral

O
Opposite sides are parallel. Opposite sides are the same length. All internal angles = 90c . Diagonals bisect each other. Diagonals bisect each internal angle. Diagonals cross at right angles to each other (perpendicular). 4-fold reflective symmetry. Rotational symmetry of order 4 and point symmetry at the intersection of the diagonals O. Opposite sides are parallel. All sides are the same length. Diagonally opposite internal angles are the same. Diagonals bisect each other. Diagonals bisect each internal angle. Diagonals cross at right angles to each other (perpendicular). 2-fold reflective symmetry. Rotational symmetry of order 2 and point symmetry at the intersection of the diagonals O. Two pairs of adjacent, equal sides. Internal angles formed by unequal sides are equal.
Rhombus A convex quadrilateral

O
Kite A convex quadrilateral
Shorter diagonal is bisected by the longer one. Longer diagonal bisects the angles it passes through. Diagonals are perpendicular to each other. 1-fold reflective symmetry. No Rotational symmetry.
This diagram shows how each quadrilateral relates to the previous one which shares one similar property.
Isosceles Trapezium Trapezium Quadrilateral Kite Parallelogram Rhombus Rectangle Square
22
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SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
Where does it work?
Your Turn
Polygons

1
Classify what special quadrilateral is being described from the information given in each of these:
a
Two pairs of equal sides, all internal angles are right-angles and has 2-fold reflective symmetry.
One pair of parallel sides and one pair of opposite equal sides.
Two pairs of equal internal angles with the diagonals the only axes of reflective symmetry.
One pair of parallel sides and one pair of opposite equal sides.
Diagonals bisect each other and split all the internal angles into pairs of 45c .
Perpendicular diagonals and no rotational symmetry.
Write down two differences between each of these special quadrilaterals:

a
A square and a rectangle.
A rectangle and a parallelogram.

ES * S TI
C PE
PROPE
A parallelogram and a rhombus.
A rhombus and a kite.
20.... / . . . . . ...../
AD
I AL Q U
A rhombus and a square.
A kite and an isosceles trapezium.
A quadrilateral has been partially drawn below. Draw and name the three possible quadrilaterals this diagram could have been the start of according to the given information.
axis of symmetry diagonal

a b c
Polygons
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
R I L AT E R
AL
23
Where does it work?
Your Turn
Polygons
Combo time! Special quadrilateral and triangles

1
These two identical trapeziums can be transformed and combined to make two special quadrilaterals. Explain the transformation used, and then name and draw the new quadrilateral formed.
These two equal isosceles triangles can be transformed and combined to make two special quadrilaterals. Explain the transformation used, then name and draw the two special quadrilaterals formed.
Draw all the different quadrilaterals that can be formed using these two identical right-angled scalene triangles.
24
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
What else can you do?

Transformations on the Cartesian number plane
Polygons
Just as grids were used earlier to help transform shapes, the number plane can also be used. The coordinates of vertices help us locate and move objects accurately.
y 4 3
Positive y direction Translated 3 units in the positive x direction Rotated one quarter turn 90c about the point^2, -1h
image
1 2 3 4 x
object
^-4, 2h ^-1, 2h
image
2 1
Negative x direction
-4
-3
-2
-1
0 -1
Positive x direction
^-1, -3h -2
^1, -3h
^2, -1h
object
image
-3 -4
object
Reflected about the y-axis
Negative y direction Same methods apply as before, this time including the new coordinates of important points. Determine the new coordinates for the points after these translations (i) The coordinates of B after ABCD is reflected about the line x = 1.
y y
x=1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3
A D
B C
3 4
B C
2 1
A D
1
A D
2 3
B C
4
New coordinates for B are (-1.5, 2)
-2 -1 0
-2 -1 0
(ii) The coordinates of E after the shape ABCDEF is rotated 90c about the origin (0,0).
y y 4 3 2 1
D B C
B C
F D A B C
2 1
New coordinates for E are (-2, 4)

x
-2 -1 0 -1
-2 -1
0 1 -1
Polygons
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SERIES TOPIC
25
Your Turn
Polygons

1
All these images are reflections of the object. Choose whether the reflection was vertical (up/down), horizontal (right/left) or both (diagonally).
a
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x y
b
4 3
object
object
2 1 1
image
2 3 4 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1
image -2
-3
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
-4
Reflected
Vertically Horizontally Diagonally

y 4 3 2
Reflected

y 4 3 2
image
1 1
object
2 3 4 x
1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1
object
1 2 3 4 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
image
-2 -3 -4
Reflected

y 4 3 2 1 x
Reflected

y 4
image
object
3 2 1 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
object -2
-3 -4
image
Reflected
Reflected
26
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SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
Your Turn
Polygons

2
All these images are rotations of the object. Choose whether the rotation is 90c , 180c or 270c about the given point of rotation labelled O.
a
4 3 2 1 y
b
4 3 2 x
object O
1 2 3 4
O
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1
-3 -4
object
image -2
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
image
90c
c
4 3 2 1
180c
y
270c rotation
d
90c
image
4 3 1
180c
y
270c rotation
object
image
x
O
1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 O 1 -1 -2 -3 -4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
object
90c
e
4 3 2
180c
y
270c rotation
f
90c
4 3 2
180c
y
270c rotation
O image
O object
1 2 3 4 x
1 1
image
2 3 4 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1
object-3
-4
-2
90c
g
4 3 2
180c
y
270c rotation
h
90c
4
180c
y
270c rotation
object O object
1 2 3 4 x
3 2 1
image
O
1 2 3 4 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
image
90c
180c
270c rotation
90c
180c
270c rotation
Polygons
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
27
Your Turn
Polygons

3
(i) Draw the image for the requested transformations on the number planes below. (ii) Write down the new coordinates for the dot marked on each object.
a
Reflect object about the line x = 1.

y 4 3 2 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 1
Translate the object four units in the positive y y direction.

4 3 2
x=1
object
2 3 4
1 x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 x 1 2 3 4
object
New coordinates for dot =

c
Rotate the object 180c about the ^0, 0h .

y 4 3 2 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 x 1 2 3 4
( , )
d
( , )
Translate the object four units in the negative y y direction.

4 3
object
2 1
object
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
x 1 2 3 4

e
( , )
f
( , )
x
Reflect object about the x-axis.

y 4 3 2 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 x 1 2 3 4
reflect object about the given axis line, y = x.

y 4 3 2
object 1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 x 1 2 3 4
object -3
-4

28
( , )
Polygons
Mathletics Passport
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
3P Learning
y=
( , )
Your Turn
Polygons

4
(i) Draw the image for the requested double transformations on the number planes below. (ii) Write down the new coordinates for the dot marked on each image.
a
Translate object 3 units in the positive x-direction and then reflect about the line y = 1. y
4 3
Rotate the object one quarter turn about the point (-1, 3) then translate 2.5 units in the negative y-direction. y
4
object
2 1
object y=1
1 2 3 4 x
3 2 1 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4

c
( , )
d
( , )
Rotate object 270c about the point (-1, 1) and then reflect about the x-axis.
y
Reflect the object about the y-axis, and then reflect about the line y = 1.
y
object
4 3 2 1 x
object
4 3 2 1
y=1
1 2 3 4 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4

e
( , )
f
( , )
Reflect object about the y-axis then rotate 180c about the origin ^0, 0h .
y 4 3 2 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 1 2 3 4 x
Translate the object 2.5units in the negative y-direction and then reflect about the line y = -x.
y 4
object
3 2 1 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
j ob ec t
y= x
( , )
Polygons
Mathletics Passport
( , )
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
29
3P Learning
Your Turn
Polygons

5
A player in a snow sports game can only use transformations to perform tricks and change direction to get through the course marked by trees. Points are deducted if trees are hit. Points are awarded when the corner dot marked A passes directly over coordinates marked with flags on the course. The dimensions of the player are a square with sides two units long. Write down the steps (including the coordinates of point A after each transformation) a player can take to get maximum points from start to finish.
y
6
C Start here
NUM B E R AN I S
NE * TRAN LA
5 4 3 2 1
30
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
...../...../20....
SF
O RM
ATION
O
C T H E AR T E
x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 1 2 3 4 5 6
B Finish here
Polygons
Cheat Sheet
Polygons
Here is what you need to remember from this topic on polygons Polygons Polygons are just any closed shape with straight lines which dont cross. Like a square or triangle. All polygons need at least three sides to form a closed path.
Polygon? Polygon? Polygon? Polygon? Interior angle Side Exterior angle
a gon Dia
l
Vertex
Shapes which are/are not polygons Types of polygons: Convex

All interior angles are 1 180c
Parts of a polygon
Equilateral
All sides are the same length
Regular
All interior angles are equal All sides are the same length They are cyclic polygons
Cyclic
All vertices/corner points lie on the edge (circumference) of the same circle.
Concave
Has an interior angle 2 180c
Equiangular
All interior angles are equal
Sides
3 6 9 12
Polygon name
Trigon (triangle) Hexagon Nonagon Dodecagon
Sides
4 7 10 15
Polygon name
Tetragon Heptagon Decagon Pentadecagon
Sides
5 8 11 20
Polygon name
Pentagon Octagon Hendecagon Icosagon
Transformations Reflections (Flip)
Translations (Slide)
Rotations (Turn)
co
90c rotation (or 1 turn) 4 180c rotation (or 1 turn) 2
erunt clo
ckwise
object
object
image
object
image
image
Reflection Symmetry Where an axis of reflection splits an object into two identical pieces.
Axis of reflection = axis of symmetry
Symmetric: Shape has reflection symmetry
Asymmetric: Shape does not have reflection symmetry
The distances from the edge of the shape to the axis of symmetry are the same on both sides of the line.
A B X Y
C Z
AB = BC and XY = YZ
Polygons
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
31
Cheat Sheet
Polygons
Rotational Symmetry If an object looks the same during a rotation before completing a full circle, it has rotational symmetry. The number of times the object repeats before completing the full circle tells us the order of rotational symmetry.
O O O
90c (quarter turn)
180c (half turn)
270c (three quarter turn)
Rotational Symmetry of order 4 as it looks the same four times within one full rotation. Point Symmetry These objects have point symmetry because for every point on them, there is another point opposite the centre of symmetry (O) the same distance away. Point symmetry for one object
X B O A A Y X O Y
Point symmetry for two object

B
For both diagrams: AO = BO and OX = OY
Special Triangles and Quadrilaterals (summary of key sides and angle differences only) Triangles Scalene
No equal sides or angles
Isosceles
1 pair of equal sides & angles
Equilateral
All sides and angles equal
Right angled triangle

1 internal angle = 90c
Acute
All internal angles 1 90c
Obtuse
One internal angle between 90c and 180c
Quadrilaterals Scalene
No equal sides or angles.
Trapezium
At least 1 pair of parallel sides.
Isosceles Trapezium
At least 1 pair of parallel sides. Non-parallel sides equal in length.
Parallelogram
Opposite sides equal in length and parallel to each other.
Rectangle
Opposite sides equal in length and parallel to each other. All internal angles = 90c .
Square
All sides equal in length and opposite sides parallel to each other. All internal angles = 90c .
Rhombus
All sides equal in length and opposite sides parallel to each other. Diagonally opposite internal angles equal.
Kite
Two pairs of adjacent equal sides. Angles opposite short diagonal equal.
For a more detailed summary, see pages 19, 21 and 22 of the booklet.
32
H 12
SERIES TOPIC
Polygons
M A T
O N S
*
T R A
PR OPE
NUM B E R AN I S
PL
A NE
* TRA N
S * POL
POINT S
TI
ON
, ROTATI
....
D AN
...../...../2
YM
* CO MB TRY O ME
OL * P YG
ON
...../...../20....
YG
...../.... ./20... .
TR
I A N GL
C T H E AR T E
0....
S F O
...../ ...../ 20.. ..
RT
IES S
./20.... . . . . / . . . . .
PE
C I AL
SF
O RM
ATION
ON S *
PO
L Y G O NS
TI
ME: REFLEC
...../...../20

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Poly gons

Work through the book for a great way to do this

How does it work?

Equiangular polygon All interior angles are equal

Here is another difference between convex and concave polygons.

How does it work?

Polygon naming and classification chart

How does it work?

Identify which of these shapes are polygons or not.

Polygon Not a polygon

Polygon Not a polygon

Polygon Not a polygon

Polygon Not a polygon

Polygon Not a polygon

Polygon Not a polygon

Polygon Not a polygon

Polygon Not a polygon

Convex Concave Equilateral Equiangular Cyclic Regular

e Convex Concave Equilateral Equiangular Cyclic Regular

f Convex Concave Equilateral Equiangular Cyclic Regular

Convex Concave Equilateral Equiangular Cyclic Regular

Draw and label:

How does it work?

A convex, equilateral hexagon.

A convex, cyclic tetragon which is not equilateral.

An equiangular, pentagon which is not equilateral.

Explain why it is not possible to draw a cyclic, equilateral, concave octagon.

Draw and label:

How does it work?

B object (before) image (after)

Keep equal spacing from axis. Horizontal reflection to the right.

B Vertical reflection up followed by a horizontal reflection left.

3cm translation horizontally to the right

Two translations: 2cm horizontally right, and then 3cm vertically up

A transformation of turning an object about a fixed point counter-clockwise.

90c rotation (or 1 turn) 4 6

180c rotation (or 1 turn) 2

270c rotation (or 3 turn) 4

How does it work?

X Reflection Translation Rotation

Reflection Translation Rotation

O Reflection Translation Rotation

Five squares horizontally to the left.

Four squares vertically up.

Eight squares to the right, then six squares down.

Axis of dilation 6 7 5 Y Y X image object Z Z W W

Reflection 10 Translation Q J Rotation

Reflection 6 Translation 8 7 2 A 3 Rotation

Reflection 2 A Translation 3 5 7 6 Rotation

How does it work?

One half turn (180c rotation).

Three quarter turn ( 270c rotation).

One quarter turn ( 90c rotation).

How does it work?

How does it work?

How does it work?

Symmetric Shape has reflection symmetry

Asymmetric Shape does not have reflection symmetry

How does it work?

YZ = 5cm Distance from X to Y =

XZ = 14cm Distance from X to Y =

How does it work?

Two fold symmetry.