Periodic table of the standard model

An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything Garrett Lisi

http://arxiv.org/abs/0711.0770 FQXi
A connection with everything
k 1 ! "# ! 2 k (e )" ! 1 2 3
!
!
= dx
! 2 k "# 2 Cl
!
(3; 1) e! = dx
! k " 2 Cl!
(3; 1) e^L
! " ! " 6 7
'+ #eL 6 e_ 7
W = dx kW % i $ 2 su (2) 6 L7
! ! k 2
% ! 6 ^7
'0 eL 6e 7
kB i
4 R5
B = dx 2 u (1) Y
! ! k ! e_R
g = dx kg Ai& 2 su (3) [ur ; ug ; ub ]
! ! k 2 A !

1 1
A
!"
= 2!! + 4e!
'+W
!
+B
!
+ g + (#" e + e" + u" + d" )
!
+ (#" " + " + c" + s" ) + (#" ( + (" + t" + b" )
"

1
# $
F
="
= d!!"
A+ A; A
2 !" !"
Review of some representation theory
Cartan subalgebra: C = C a Ta # Lie(G)
Built from a maximal commuting set of R generators,
# $
Ta ; Tb = Ta Tb ! Tb Ta = 0 8 1 $ a; b $ R
Root vectors, V* , are eigenvectors of C in the Lie bracket,
X
[C; V* ] = )* V* = iC a )a* V*
a

Roots, )a* , are the eigenvalue coefficients. The pattern of roots in R

dimensions corresponds to the Lie algebra,
[V* ; V! ] = V+ , )* + )! = )+
Weight vectors and weights are eigenvectors and eigenvalue
coefficients of C acting on some representation space,
C V* = ) * V*
Weight vectors are particles, weights are their quantum numbers.
Gluon and quark weights
2 3
g 3 + p1 3 g 8 g 1 !ig 2 g 4 !ig 5
6 7
i i 6 7
g = g A TA = g A &A = 6 g 1 +ig 2 !g 3 + p1 3 g 8 g 6 !ig 77
2 24 5
g 4 +ig 5 g 6 +ig 7 ! p2 g 8
3

Cartan subalgebra: C = g 3 T3 + g 8 T8 (the diagonal)

Roots and root vectors:
2 3
# $
%& '& p3 ' ( 6
0 0 0
7
1
C; Vg gb! = i ! g3 + g 8 Vg gb! Vg gb! = 40 0 15
2 2
0 0 0
!
for the g gb gluon. Weights and weight vectors:
ï !
& ' & '
1 3 1
C Vqr = i g + p g8 Vqr Vqr = [1; 0; 0]
2 2 3
for a red quark, q r, and for their duals acted on by !C T, the anti-quarks.
Strong G2

G2 V* g3 g8
&% grg! (T 2 ! i T 1 ) 1 0
%& grg! (!T 2 ! i T 1 ) !1
p
0
%& grb! (T 5 ! i T 4 ) 1
2 2
3
p
%& grb! (!T 5 ! i T 4 ) ! ! 1
2
p
2
3

%& gg!b (!T 7 ! i T 6 ) 1

2 !
p
2
3

%& ggb! (T 7 ! i T 6 ) ! 1
2 2
3

N
M qr 1 p1
[1; 0; 0] 2 2 3

M
N qg 1 p1
[0; 1; 0] ! 2 2 3

M
N qb [0; 0; 1] 0 ! p1
3

O
H q!r [1; 0; 0] ! 12 ! p1
2 3

O
H q!g [0; 1; 0] 1
2 ! p1
2 3

O
H q!b [0; 0; 1] 0 p1
3
Exceptional Lie brackets
The 14 Lie algebra elements of the smallest exceptional Lie group, G2:
g2 = s u(3) + 3 + !
3
g + q + q! 2 g2
! " " !"

Structure of G2 implies Lie bracket equivalent to fundamental action,

2 !
3
i
g 3 + pi g8 g rg! g rb 2 3
6 2 2 3
7 qr
# $ 6 ! 74 g5
[g; q ] = g A TA ; q B TB =gq =6 g r!g ! i2 g 3 + p
i
g8 g gb 7 q
4 2 3 5 b
g r!b !
g gb ! pi g8 q
3

corresponding to the strong interactions, such as

# rg! g
$
g ;q = qr
G2 in SO(7) .

p
8
G2+ x y z g3 g8 p B2
3

%& grg! !1 1 0 1 0 0
%& grg! 1 !1 0 !1
p
0 0
%& grb! !1 0 1 1
2 2
p
3
0
%& grb! 1 0 !1 ! 21 !
p
2
3
0
%& gg!b 0 1 !1 1
2 !
p
2
3
0
%& ggb! 0 !1 1 ! 21 2
3
0
N
M q Ir ! 21 1
2
1
2
1
2 2
1
p
3
! 31
N
M q Ig 1
2
! 1
2
1
2
! 1
2 2
1
p
3
! 31
N
M q bI 1
2
1
2
! 1
2 0 ! p1
3
! 31
H
O q!rI 1
2
! 21 ! 21 ! 21 ! 1
p
2 3
1
3

H
O q!gI ! 21 1
2
! 21 1
2
! 1
p
2 3
1
3

H
O q!bI ! 21 ! 21 1
2 0 p1
3
1
3

N
M q II
H
O '1 " " ( 32
M
N
O q III
H (1 (1 " " ' 34
N
M l ' 21 ' 21 ' 21 0
H
O 0 (1
G2 in SO(7) ..

p
8
G2+ x y z g3 g8 p B2
3

%& grg! !1 1 0 1 0 0
%& grg! 1 !1 0 !1
p
0 0
%& grb! !1 0 1 1
2 2
p
3
0
%& grb! 1 0 !1 ! 21 !
p
2
3
0
%& gg!b 0 1 !1 1
2 !
p
2
3
0
%& ggb! 0 !1 1 ! 21 2
3
0
N
M q Ir ! 21 1
2
1
2
1
2 2
1
p
3
! 31
N
M q Ig 1
2
! 1
2
1
2
! 1
2 2
1
p
3
! 31
N
M q bI 1
2
1
2
! 1
2 0 ! p1
3
! 31
H
O q!rI 1
2
! 21 ! 21 ! 21 ! 1
p
2 3
1
3

H
O q!gI ! 21 1
2
! 21 1
2
! 1
p
2 3
1
3

H
O q!bI ! 21 ! 21 1
2 0 p1
3
1
3

N
M q II
H
O '1 " " ( 32
M
N
O q III
H (1 (1 " " ' 34
N
M l ' 21 ' 21 ' 21 0
H
O 0 (1
G2 in SO(7) ...

p
8
G2+ x y z g3 g8 p B2
3

%& grg! !1 1 0 1 0 0
%& grg! 1 !1 0 !1
p
0 0
%& grb! !1 0 1 1
2 2
p
3
0
%& grb! 1 0 !1 ! 21 !
p
2
3
0
%& gg!b 0 1 !1 1
2 !
p
2
3
0
%& ggb! 0 !1 1 ! 21 2
3
0
N
M q Ir ! 21 1
2
1
2
1
2 2
1
p
3
! 31
N
M q Ig 1
2
! 1
2
1
2
! 1
2 2
1
p
3
! 31
N
M q bI 1
2
1
2
! 1
2 0 ! p1
3
! 31
H
O q!rI 1
2
! 21 ! 21 ! 21 ! 1
p
2 3
1
3

H
O q!gI ! 21 1
2
! 21 1
2
! 1
p
2 3
1
3

H
O q!bI ! 21 ! 21 1
2 0 p1
3
1
3

N
M q II
H
O '1 " " ( 32
M
N
O q III
H (1 (1 " " ' 34
N
M l ' 21 ' 21 ' 21 0
H
O 0 (1
G2 in SO(7) ....

p
8
G2+ x y z g3 g8 p B2
3

%& grg! !1 1 0 1 0 0
%& grg! 1 !1 0 !1
p
0 0
%& grb! !1 0 1 1
2 2
p
3
0
%& grb! 1 0 !1 ! 21 !
p
2
3
0
%& gg!b 0 1 !1 1
2 !
p
2
3
0
%& ggb! 0 !1 1 ! 21 2
3
0
N
M q Ir ! 21 1
2
1
2
1
2 2
1
p
3
! 31
N
M q Ig 1
2
! 1
2
1
2
! 1
2 2
1
p
3
! 31
N
M q bI 1
2
1
2
! 1
2 0 ! p1
3
! 31
H
O q!rI 1
2
! 21 ! 21 ! 21 ! 1
p
2 3
1
3

H
O q!gI ! 21 1
2
! 21 1
2
! 1
p
2 3
1
3

H
O q!bI ! 21 ! 21 1
2 0 p1
3
1
3

N
M q II
H
O '1 " " ( 32
M
N
O q III
H (1 (1 " " ' 34
N
M l ' 21 ' 21 ' 21 0
H
O 0 (1
G2 in SO(7) ....x

p
8
G2+ x y z g3 g8 p B2
3

%& grg! !1 1 0 1 0 0
%& grg! 1 !1 0 !1
p
0 0
%& grb! !1 0 1 1
2 2
p
3
0
%& grb! 1 0 !1 ! 21 !
p
2
3
0
%& gg!b 0 1 !1 1
2 !
p
2
3
0
%& ggb! 0 !1 1 ! 21 2
3
0
N
M q Ir ! 21 1
2
1
2
1
2 2
1
p
3
! 31
N
M q Ig 1
2
! 1
2
1
2
! 1
2 2
1
p
3
! 31
N
M q bI 1
2
1
2
! 1
2 0 ! p1
3
! 31
H
O q!rI 1
2
! 21 ! 21 ! 21 ! 1
p
2 3
1
3

H
O q!gI ! 21 1
2
! 21 1
2
! 1
p
2 3
1
3

H
O q!bI ! 21 ! 21 1
2 0 p1
3
1
3

N
M q II
H
O '1 " " ( 32
M
N
O q III
H (1 (1 " " ' 34
N
M l ' 21 ' 21 ' 21 0
H
O 0 (1
Pati-Salam model plus gravity

) * ) *
SO(3; 1) + 4 ) 4 + SU (2)L + SU (2)R + U (1) + SU (3)
Gravitational SO(3,1)
! "
!L
! = 21 ! "# !"# =
!R SO(3; 1) 1
2 ! 3L 21 ! 3R
" ^ # %& ! L^ 1 0
i! 3L=R ! L=R %& ! L_ !1 0
! L=R =
! _L=R !i! 3L=R %& ! ^R 0 1
%& ! _R 0 !1
! "
eR !
" eS^ 1 1

e = e" ! " =
2 2

!
" eS_ ! 21 ! 21
eL
!
" e^T ! 21 1
2
" ^#
eT^=_ !
" e_T ! 21
1
'eS 2

eL=R = N
M f L^ 1
2 0
'eS_ eT_=^ N
M f L_ ! 21 0

" # N
M f R^ 0 1
! " ^
2

fL f L=R N
M f R_ 0 ! 21
f= f L=R =
fR f _L=R
Electroweak SU(2) and U(1)

! " " +
# SO(4) W3 3
p
2
B1 3 B2 21 Y
p Q
i
B 3 B
W3 W+
i
2 1
W = 2
B 1 = 1
%& W + 1 0 0 0 1
W ! ! i2 W 3 B1! ! i2 B13 %& W ! !1 0 0 0 !1
! " ! " %& B1+ 0 1 0 1 1
# W 'B $
; %& B1! 0 !1 0 !1 !1
B1 'W !
" '+ 1 1
0 1
1
2 2 2
" # #
$ '! ! 21 ! 21 0 ! 21 !1
!'0=1 '+
!
" '0 ! 21 21 0 1
0
'W=B = 2
'! '1=0 #
$ '1 1
2
! 21 0 ! 21 0
2 3 2 3 N
M #eL 1
2 0 1
2
! 21 0
#eL uL N
M eL ! 21 0 1 ! 21 !1
! " 6 7 6 7 2

W 6 eL 7 6 d L 7 N
M #eR 0 1 1
0 0
6 7 6 7 2 2

B1 4 #eR 5 4 uR 5 N
M eR 0 ! 21 1
2
!1 !1
N
M
N
MN
M u L 21 0 ! 61 1 2
eR dR 6 3
N
M
N
MN
M dL ! 2 0
1
! 61 1
6
! 31
) p3 3 p2 * p p
N
M
3 1
p B ! p B2 = ( p ) 2 Y ! g 1 = p
3 N
MN
M u R 0 21 ! 61 2
3
2
3
5 1 5 5 5 N
M
N
MN
M dR 0 ! 2
1
! 61 ! 31 ! 31
Graviweak SO(7,1)

D4 1
2 ! 3L 21 ! 3R W 3 B13
H1 = ( 21 ! + 41 e' + W + B1 ) %& ^=_
!L (1 0 0 0
) * %& ^=_
!R 0 (1 0 0
2 s o(3; 1) + 4 ) 4 + su(2) + s u(2) %& W( 0 0 (1 0
%& B1( 0 0 0 (1
= Cl2 (7; 1) = s o(7; 1) = d4 !
" e
^=_
'+ ' 21 ( 21 1
2
1
2
T
^=_
!
" e '+ ( 21 ( 21 1
2
1
2
S
^=_
#
$ eT ' ! ' 21 ( 21 ! 21 ! 21
^=_
#
$ eS ' ! ( 21 ( 21 ! 21 ! 21
8S+ ! H 1 ( # e + e) ^=_
!
" e '0 ' 21 ( 21 ! 21 1
2
T
^=_
= !
" e '0 ( 21 ( 21 ! 21 1
2
S
^=_
21 32 3 #
$ eT ' 1 ' 21 ( 21 1
2
! 21
i 3 + 1 1
2 ! L + 2 W W !4 e R '1 4 e R '+ #eL #
^=_
$ eS ' 1 ( 21 ( 21 1 ! 21
2
6 W ! 21 !L ! i2 W 3 41 eR '! 1
4 e R '0
76 e 7 N
M ^=_
6 1 76 L 7 #eL ( 21 0 1
2 0
4 ! 4 eL '0 41 eL '+ 21 !R + i2 B 3 B1+ 5 4 #eR 5 N
M eL
^=_
( 21 0 ! 21 0
1
1 1 1 i
4 e L '! 4 e L '1 B1! !
2 R ! 3
2 B1
eR N
M ^=_
#eR 0 ( 21 0 1
2

N
M eR
^=_
0 ( 21 0 ! 21
Graviweak F4

A triality rotation, T , of D4:

21 03
3 2 3 2 1 !3 3 2 1 !3 3
2 ! L 0 1 0 0 2 L 2 R 8V 1
2 ! 3L 21 ! 3R W 3 B13
6 1 0 3 7 6 0 0 0 1 7 6 1 !3 7 6 B 3 7 tri 1
! 3R B13 W 3 21 ! 3L
6 2! R 7=4
4 5 564
2 R7
5 = 6 1 7
4 W3 5 ^=_
2

W 03 0 0 1 0 W3 N
M #"L 0 0 1
2
( 21
3 1 0 0 0 1 3 ^=_
B0 1 B13 2 !L N
M "L 0 0 ! 21 ( 21
^=_
N
M #"R ( 21 1
0 0
TTT ! ^R =TT !L^ =T B1+ = ! ^R ^=_
2

N
M "R ( 21 ! 21 0 0
Roots invariant under this T :
fW + ; W ! ; eS^ '+ ; eS^ '0 ; eS_ '! ; eS_ '1 g 8S! 1
! 3L 21 ! 3R W 3 B13
2

Rotations to triality-equivalent vector and tri B13 1

2 ! 3L W 3 21 ! 3R
negative chiral spinor representation spaces: M#
N
^=_
(L
0 ( 21 1
2 0
^=_
M(
N 0 ( 21 ! 21 0
T 8S+ = 8V T 8V = 8S! T 8S! = 8S+ L
^=_
M#
N 1
2 0 0 ( 21
(R
Three generations, related by triality: M(
N
^=_
! 21 0 0 ( 21
R
T e^L = " ^L T " ^L = (L^ T (L^ = e^L
F4 root system
F4 and G2 together
+
graviweak interactions
F4 : ( 1
2 !L3 ; 21 !R3 ; W 3 ; B13 )
three generations
+
strong interactions
G2 : (B2 ; g 3 ; g 8 )
anti-particles
E8 : ( 21 !L3 ; 21 !R3 ; W 3 ; B13 ; w; B2 ; g 3 ; g 8 ) f everything

Breakdown of E8 to the standard model and gravity:

e8 = f 4 + g 2 + 26 )7
= so(7; 1) + s u(3) + (8S+ +8V +8S! ) )(1 +1+3+3!) + 3)(3 +3!) + 2
)1 1
*
A = 2 ! + 4 e' + W + B1 + g + 3)# + x" + B2 + w
Two new quantum numbers and some non-standard particles:
!
fw (B13 +B2 ) B1( x1=2=3 "r=g=b x1=2=3 "r!=g=b
!
g
E8 root system .

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ..

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ...

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.x

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.x.

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.x..

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.x...

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.x....

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.x....x

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.x....x.

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.x....x..

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.x....x..x

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.x....x..x.

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.x....x..x..

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.x....x..x...

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 root system ....x.x....x..x...x

E.S.T.o.E.: Each E8 vertex corresponds to an elementary particle field.

E8 periodic table

"E8 is perhaps the most beautiful structure in all of mathematics, but it's
very complex." — Hermann Nicolai
E8 connection
A
!"
=H
!1
+H
!2
+ #" I + #" II + #" III 2 e8
!"

H
! 1 = 1
2 !
!
+ 1
4 e!' + W
!
+B
!1
2 so(7;
!
1)
!!
2 so(3;
!
1)
e!' = (e!1 + e!2 + e!3 + e!4 ) ) ('+=0 + '!=1 ) 2 4! ) (2 + !2)
W
!
+B
!1
2 su(2)
!
+ su
!
(2)
H
!2
=w
!
+B
!2
+x
!
"+g 2 so(8)
!
!
w
!
+B!2
2 u(1)
!
+u!
(1)
! !
r!=g=b
x"
!
= (x!1
+x
!2
+x
!3
) ) (" r=g=b +" ) 2 3! ) (3 + !3)
g 2 su(3)
!
!
#" I = #" e + e" + u" + d" 2 8S+ ) 8S+
#" II = #" " + " + c" + s" 2 8V ) 8V
"
#" III = #" ( + (" + t" + b" 2 8S! ) 8S!
E8 curvature
) *
F
="
= d!!"
A+A A = F= 1 + F= 2 + D
!"!"
# + #" II + #" III
! "I
2 e8
="

) * ) * ) *
F= 1 = 1
2 R
=
! 1
e e '2
8 !! + 1
4 T= ' ! e!D'
!
+ F= B1 + F= W 2 so(7;
!
1)
1
R=
= d
!!
! + 2 !!
!!
2 so(3;
!
1)
) * ) *
T= ' !e!D' = d e + 1
2 [!; e ] ' ! e d' +[ B 1 +W ; ' ] 2 4 ) ( 2 + !2)
! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

F= B1 + F= W = (dB
! !1
+B B ) + (dW
!1 !1 ! !
+W W)
! !
2 su(2)
!
+su
!
(2)
) * ) *
F= 2 = F= w + F= B2 + x "x" + (Dx)"
! ! !!
!x
!!
D" + F= g 2 so(8)
!
F= w + F= B2 = d!w
!
+ d!B!2
2 u(1)
!
+u !
(1)
) * ) *
(Dx)" !x D" = dx +[ w +B2 ;x] " !x d" +[g ;"] 2 3 ) ( 3 + !3)
!! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
F= g = d!g + g g 2 su(3)
!
! !!

) 1 1
* ) *
D#
! "
= d! + 2!
! + 4!
e' #" + W # +B
! "L
# ! #" w
!1 " R !
+B
!2
+x
!
" ! #" q g
!
Action for everything
: :
Modified BF action, using B
=
=B
=
+B
*
:

Z
, : -
S= BF
= ="
+" (H ; H ; B )
+ !1 !2 =
Z
, :
%G
-
= BD#
* ! "
+B F+
= =
B B !
4 =G =G
+ B=0 ,B
=
0

Z
, : 1 2
) 3 2* 1 0 0
-
= BD#
* ! "
+ e+ ' R ! ' + F= ,F
=
16%G 2 4

Cosmological constant from the Higgs VEV: $ = 43 '2

Implies frame VEV is de Sitter: R

=
= $
6e e
!!
R = 4$

Vacuum expectation value of the curvature vanishes: F

="
=0
Gravitational part of the action
Z
, %G
- 1
) 1 2
*
SG = B F +
=G =G
B B !
4 =G =G
F= G = 2
R
=
! e
8 !!
e ' 2 so
=
(3; 1)

1 ) 1 2
*
+B
=G
!B
=G
= R ! 8 e!e!' ! ! = !1 !2 !3 !4
%G =
Z Z
1
, - 1
,) 1 2
*) 1 2
* -
SG = %G
F= G F= G ! = 4%G
R
=
! e
8 !!
e ' R
=
! e
8 !!
e ' !

, - ,) 1
* -
RR!
==
= d! !d!
!! !
+ !!!
3 !!!
! ï Chern-Simons
1
, -
e e e e ! = !e+
4! ! ! ! !
ï volume element
, -
e!e!R
=
! = !e+R ï curvature scalar

Z & '
1 3 2
SG = 16%G
e+ '2 R ! 2
' cosmological constant: $ = 43 '2
Fermionic part of the action
: :
*
Choosing the anti-Grassmann 3-form to be B
*
= e+# e gives the
massive Dirac action in curved spacetime:
Z Z
, : - , : -
Sf = BF
* ="
= BD#
* ! "
Z
, :
*) *-
= e+# e d#
! "
+H # ! #" H
!1 " !2
Z
, :
*) 1 1
*-
= e+# e (d! + 2!
! + 4!
e' + W
!
+B )# ! #" (w
!1 " !
+B
!2
+x
!
" + g)
!
Z
, : )
= d4+x jej #! (e" ) @i #" + 41 !i "# !"# #" + Wi #" + B1i #"
" i

* : -
+ #" wi + #" B2i + #" xi " + #" gi + # ' #"
:
The # ' #" is the standard Higgs mass term.
:
The #! " #x
" "
" term... I don't understand yet — promising for CKM.
E8 Theory summary
Everything in an E8 principal bundle connection,
A
!"
2 e8
!"

Periodic table of interactions (Feynman vertices) from curvature,

1
# $
F
="
= d!!"
A+ A; A
2 !" !"

described by the E8 root polytope. Three generations through triality,

Te=" T"=( T( =e
Pati-Salam SU (2)L ) SU (2)R ) SU (4)GUT and MM gravity together,
Z
, :
%
-
S= BF
= ="
+ B B !
4 =G =G
+ B=0 ,B
=
0

No free parameters — masses from Higgs VEV's,

r
3 3
g1 = g2 = 1 g3 = 1 $ = '2 '0 ; '1 ; " : : :
5 4
Everything is pure geometry, and it's very beautiful.
E8 Theory discussion
Quantization
Coupling constants run.
Large $ compatible with UV fixed point.
Just a connection — amenable to LQG, spin foams, etc.
Understand triality-generation relationship better
Possible collapse or mixing to graviweak SL(2; C).
The role of w !
+x!
" and symmetry breaking.
Getting the CKMPMNS matrix would be nice.
Why is the action what it is?
:
Pulling e! out and putting it into F ,F and B
= = *
seems weird.
Why e!' simple?
Four dimensional base manifold emergent?

What this theory will mean, if it all works:

Combines standard model with gravity — with LQG, it's a T.o.E.
Our universe is very pretty.

http://deferentialgeometry.org Garrett Lisi

BRST extended connection
Start with E8 principal bundle connection and its curvature,
A
!
=H
!
+#
!
F= = (dH
!!
+H H +#
! !
#) + (d#
! ! !!
+H #+#
! !
H)
! !

Action such that #

!
part is pure gauge,
Z
, %G
-
S= BF
= =
+ B B !
4 =G =G
+ B=0 ,B
=
0

BRST: Replace #
!
part with ghosts, #" , in extended connection,
) * ) *
A
!"
=H
!
+ #" F
="
= dH
!!
+H H + d#
! ! ! "
+ [H ; #] = F= H + D
! "
#
! "

Effective action for gauge fields, ghosts, and anti-ghosts:

Z
, :
%G
-
S= BF
= ="
+ B B !
4 =G =G
+ B=0 ,B
=
0

Z
, : 1 2
) 3 2* 1 0 0
-
= BD#
* ! "
+ e+ ' R ! ' + F= ,F
=
16%G 2 4
Geometry of Yang-Mills theory
Start with a Lie group manifold (torsor), G, coordinatized by y p .
Two sets of invariant vector fields (symmetries, Killing vector fields):
* *
, LA (y) d!g = TA g (y) ,AR (y) d!g = g (y) TA
* * *
Lie derivative: [,AR ; ,BR ]= CAB ,CR
C

Lie bracket: [ TA ; TB ] = CAB C TC

Killing form (Minkowski metric): gAB = CAC D CBD C
Maurer-Cartan form (frame): I! = dy p (,pR )A TA
!

Entire space of a principal bundle: E + M ) G

Ehresmann principal bundle connection over patches of E:
* * *
i B
E! (x; y ) = dx
!
Ai (x) , LB (y) + dy p
@p
!

Gauge field connection over M :

*
, i B
A(x)
!
= $0 E! I! = dx
!
A i
(x) TB
The Coleman-Mandula theorem

Let G be a connected symmetry group of the S matrix, and

let the following five conditions hold: (1) G contains a
subgroup locally isomorphic to the Poincaré group. (2)...
Then, we show that G is necessarily locally isomorphic to the
direct product of an internal symmetry group and the
Poincaré group.

E8 Theory does not allow a subgroup locally isomorphic to the Poincaré

group. The S matrix only exists as an approximation, in which the
theorem is satisfied.

K. Cahill, "On the unification of the gravitational and electronuclear

forces," Phys. Rev. D 26, 1916 (1982).
T. Love, "Geometry of Unification," Int. J. Th. Phys., 801 (1984).
...
F. Nesti and R. Percacci, "GraviWeak Unification" arxiv{0706.3307}
S. Alexander, "Isogravity: Toward an Electroweak and Gravitational
Unification," arxiv{0706.4481}.