Cal1 IU SLIDES (2ndsem09-10) Chapter 2 SV

Chapter 2 DIFFERENTIATION Contents
[1.] Tangent Lines and Their Slopes [2.] Derivatives [3.] Dierentiation Rules [4.] Rates of Change in Natural and Social Sciences [5.] Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions [6.] Chain Rule and Implicit Dierentiation [7.] Derivatives of Inverse Functions [8.] Linear Approximation and Applications
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.1
TANGENT LINES AND THEIR SLOPES
Dierential calculus is concerned with how one quantity changes in relation to another quantity. Its central concept of dierential calculus is the derivative.
Questions:
How can we dene the tangent line to a graph and how can we compute its slope?
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.1
Let C be the graph of y = f (x ) and let P be the point (a, f (a)) on C . Consider a nearby point Q (x , f (x )), where x = a, and the line through P and Q , which is called a secant line to the curve. This line rotates around P as Q moves along the curve. f f (x ) f (a) = x x a
Slope of secant line through P and Q = where f = f (x ) f (a) and x = x a. The expression f (x ) f (a) x a is called the dierence quotient.
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai CALCULUS I
2.1
Let Q approach P along the curve C by letting x approach a. Then the tangent line is the limiting position of the secant line PQ as Q approaches P.
Denition 1.1 The tangent line to the curve y = f (x ) at the point P = (a, f (a)) is the line through P with slope m = lim f (x ) f (a) x a x a
provided that this limit exists.
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.1
Let h = x a. Then x = a + h and the slope of the secant line PQ is f (a + h) f (a) mPQ = . h As x a, h 0 and so the slope of the tangent line is m = lim f (a + h) f (a) h
h0
Example 1.1 Consider the graph of f (x ) = 3 x = x 1/3 . Let us try to calculate the limit of the dierence quotient for f at x = 0: f (0 + h) f (0) h 1/3 1 = lim = lim 2/3 = h0 h0 h h0 h h lim Hence although the limit does not exist, the slope of the secant line joining the origin to another point Q on the curve approaches innity as Q approaches the origin from either side.
2.1
Denition 1.2 If f (x ) is continuous at the point P = (a, f (a)) and if either lim f (a + h) f (a) = h or lim f (a + h) f (a) = , h
h0
h0
then the vertical line x = a is tangent to the graph y = f (x ) at P .
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.1
Denition 1.3 The slope of a curve C at a point P is the slope of the tangent line to C at P if such a tangent line exists. In particular, the slope of the graph of y = f (x ) at the point (a, f (a)) is f (a + h) f (a) . h0 h lim
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.1

Denition 1.4 If a curve C has a tangent line L at point P , then the straight line N through P perpendicular to L is called the normal to C at P .
If L is horizontal, then N is vertical; if L is vertical, then N is horizontal. If L is neither horizontal nor vertical, then the slope of N is the negative reciprocal of the slope of L: slope of the normal = 1 slope of the tangent
Example 1.2 Find equations of the straight lines that are tangent and normal to the curve y = x at the point (4, 2).
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.2 DERIVATIVES
2.2.1 DERIVATIVES. RATES OF CHANGE
Denition 2.1 The derivative of a function f at a number a, denoted by f (a), is the limit of the dierence quotients f (a + h) f (a) f (a) = lim h0 h if this limit exists. When the limit exists, we say that f is dierentiable at a. The process of computing the derivative is called dierentiation. If we write x = a + h, then h = x a and h approaches 0 if and only if x approaches a. Therefore, an equivalent denition of the derivative is f (x ) f (a) f (a) = lim x a x a
2.2 DERIVATIVES
Finding f (a) from the denition of derivative

The algebraic steps to calculate f (a):
Step 1. Find f (a) and f (a + h). Step 2. Find and simplify f (a + h) f (a) . Step 3. Divide by h to get
f (a+h)f (a) . h
Step 4. Take the limit as h 0.
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.2 DERIVATIVES
Geometrical Meaning of the Derivative

The tangent line to the curve y = f (x ) at the point P (a, f (a)) has slope f (a + h) f (a) m = lim = f (a) h0 h So The tangent line to y = f (x ) at (a, f (a)) is the line through (a, f (a)) whose slope is equal to f (a), the derivative of f at a. Therefore, an equation of the tangent line to the curve y = f (x ) at the point (a, f (a)) is y = f (a) + f (a)(x a)
2.2 DERIVATIVES
Suppose y is a quantity that depends on another quantity x . Thus, y is a function of x : y = f (x ). If x changes from x1 to x2 , then the change in x (also called the increment of x ) is x = x2 x1 . The corresponding change in y is y = f (x2 ) f (x1 ). The dierence quotient y f (x2 ) f (x1 ) = x x2 x1 is the average rate of change of y with respect to x over the interval [x1 , x2 ].
2.2 DERIVATIVES
The limit of average rates of change as x 0 is called the (instantaneous) rate of change of y with respect to x at x = x1 : lim y f (x2 ) f (x1 ) = lim x2 x1 x x2 x1
x 0
Thus, The derivative f (a) is the instantaneous rate of change of y = f (x ) with respect to x when x = a.
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.2 DERIVATIVES
2.2.2 DERIVATIVE AS A FUNCTION
Denition 2.2 The derivative of a function f is the function f whose value at x is f (x ) = lim if this limit exists. The domain of f is the set {x | f (x ) exists} and may be smaller than the domain of f .
h0
f (x + h) f (x ) h
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.2 DERIVATIVES
We extend the denition to allow for a right derivative at x = a and a left derivative at x = b : f+ (a) = lim f (a + h) f (a) , h0+ h f (b ) = lim f (b + h) f (b ) . h0 h
We say that f is dierentiable on [a, b ] if f (x ) exists for all x in (a, b ) and f+ (a) and f (b ) both exist. In general, f is dierentiable on an interval I if it is dierentiable at every number in the interval. If f has a derivative at every point of its domain, we call f dierentiable.
2.2 DERIVATIVES
Right and left derivatives may be dened at any point of a functions domain. Remark: f is dierentiable at x if and only if the one-sided derivatives f+ (x ) and f (x ) exist and are equal. f (x ) f+ (x ), f (x ) and f+ (x ) = f (x )
Example 2.1
Find the derivative of f (x ) = |x |.
Example 2.2 domain of f .
Find the derivative of f (x ) =

x . State the
2.2 DERIVATIVES
Solution
x +h x f (x ) = lim h0 h ( x + h x )( x + h + x ) = lim h0 h( x + h + x ) (x + h) x h = lim = lim h0 h( x + h + x ) h0 h( x + h + x ) 1 1 1 = . = lim = h0 x+ x 2 x x +h+ x

h0+
At x = 0, lim 0+h h 0 = lim

h0+
h 1 = lim = . h0+ h h
Thus f is not dierentiable at x = 0 and the domain of f is (0, ). This is smaller than the domain of f , which is [0, ).
2.2 DERIVATIVES
Other Notations The most common notations for the derivative of a function y = f (x ), besides f (x ), are y = df d dy = = Dx (f ) = (f ) dx dx dx
If we want to indicate the value of a derivative at a specic number a, we use the notations Dx y
x =a
dy dx
x =a
df dx
x =a
d f (x ) dx
x =a
which are synonyms for f (a).
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.2 DERIVATIVES
2.2.3 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
Theorem 2.1 If f is dierentiable at a, then f is continuous at a. The converse of this theorem is false. That is, there are functions that are continuous but not dierentiable.
It follows from Theorem 2.1 that A function can never have a derivative at a point of discontinuity.
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.2 DERIVATIVES
2.2.3 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
When does a Function Fail to be Dierentiable?

At any discontinuity a function fails to be dierentiable. If the graph of a function f has a corner in it, then the graph of f has no tangent at this point and f is not dierentiable there. If f is continuous at a but the curve has a vertical tangent line x = a then f is not dierentiable at this point because limx a |f (x )| = .
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.3
DIFFERENTIATION RULES
Constant Rule The derivative of a constant function is 0: d (c ) = 0 dx
Constant Multiple Rule If u is a dierentiable function of x, and c is a constant, then d du (cu ) = c dx dx The derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of the function.
2.3
Sum and Dierence Rule If u and v are dierentiable functions at x, then (u + v ) (x ) = u (x ) + v (x ) (u v ) (x ) = u (x ) v (x ) The derivative of a sum is the sum of the derivatives. The derivative of a dierence is the dierence of the derivatives.
Example 3.1 Does the curve y = x 4 2x 2 + 2 have any horizontal tangents? If so, where?
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.3
Product Rule If u and v are dierentiable functions at x, then (uv ) (x ) = u (x )v (x ) + v (x )u (x ) The derivative of a product of two functions is the rst function times the derivative of the second, plus the second function times the derivative of the rst.
Example 3.2
Find the derivative of (x 2 + 1)(x 3 5).
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.3
Power Rule If n is a positive integer, then d n (x ) = nx n1 dx d x exponent = exponent x exponent1 dx Example 3.3 d 3 x = 3x 2 , dx d 2 r = 2r , dr d 48 t = 48t 47 . dt
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.3
Quotient Rule If u and v are dierentiable functions at x, and if v (x ) = 0, then v (x )u (x ) u (x )v (x ) u (x ) = v [v (x )]2 The derivative of a quotient is the denominator times the derivative of the numerator, minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator, all divided by the square of the denominator. In particular, v (x ) 1 (x ) = v [v (x )]2 Example 3.4 Find the derivative of y =
x 2 1 . x 2 +1
2.3
Power Rule If n is a negative integer and x = 0, then d n (x ) = nx n1 . dx More generally, For any real number , d (x ) = x 1 dx
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.3
Second and Higher Order Derivatives

If f is a dierentiable function, then its derivative f may also have a derivative of its own. If so, (f ) is called the second derivative of f and denoted by f . We refer to f as the zeroth derivative and f as the rst derivative. We also write the second derivative of y = f (x ) as y = d dy dy = dx dx dx = d 2y dx 2
If f
is dierentiable, its derivative f =y = dy d 3y = dx dx 3
is the third derivative of f .

2.3
In general, the nth derivative of f is the derivative of the (n 1)st derivative and denoted by y (n) = f (n) (x ) = d ny d (n1) y = dx n dx
Example 3.5 Find the nth derivative of the function y = x 3 4x 2 + 10.
Example 3.6 Calculate the rst four derivatives of y = x 1 . Then nd the pattern and determine a general formula for y (n) .
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

2.4.1 VELOCITY
Suppose we have a body moving along a coordinate line and we know that its position at time t is s = f (t ). In the interval from any time t to the slightly later time t + t , the body moves from position s = f (t ) to position s + s = f (t + t ). The bodys net change in position, or displacement, for this short time interval is s = f (t + t ) f (t ). Denition 4.1 If a body moves along a line from position s = f (t ) to position s + s = f (t + t ), the the bodys average velocity for the time interval from t to t + t is vav = displacement s f (t + t ) f (t ) = = travel time t t

2.4.1 VELOCITY
Denition 4.2 Instantaneous velocity (velocity) is the derivative of position with respect to time. If the position function of the body moving along a line is s = f (t ), the bodys instantaneous velocity at time t is v= ds f (t + t ) f (t ) = lim t 0 dt t
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

2.4.1 VELOCITY
Motion under the Inuence of Gravity

Galileo discovered that the height s (t ) and velocity v (t ) of an object tossed vertically in the air are given as function of time by the formulas 1 s (t ) = s0 + v0 t gt 2 , 2 The v (t ) = ds = v0 gt dt
constants s0 and v0 are the initial values: s0 = s (0) is the position at time t = 0. v0 = v (0) is the velocity at time t = 0. g is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth, with value g = 9.80 m/s2 = 32 ft/s2
The maximum height is attained when v (t ) = 0.


2.4.1 VELOCITY
Example 4.1 A dynamite blast blows a heavy rock straight up with a launch velocity of 160 ft/sec. It reaches a height of s = 160t 16t 2 ft after t sec. (a) How high does the rock go? (b) How fast is the rock traveling when it is 256 ft above the ground on the way up? on the way down?
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

2.4.1 VELOCITY
Speed
Denition 4.3 Speed is the magnitude of the velocity. speed = |velocity|
Example 4.2 Suppose a person standing at the top of a building 112 feet high throws a ball vertically upward with an initial velocity of 90 ft/sec. (a) Find the balls height and velocity at time t . (b) When does the ball hit the ground and what is its impact speed? (c) When is the velocity 0? What is the signicance of this time? (b) How far does the ball travel during its ight?

2.4.1 VELOCITY
Acceleration
In studies of motion, we usually assume that the bodys position function s = f (t ) has a second derivative as well as a rst. The rst derivative gives the bodys velocity as a function of time; the second derivative gives the bodys acceleration. Denition 4.4 Acceleration is the derivative of velocity: a= So acceleration is the second derivative of the position.
dv d 2s = 2. dt dt

2.4.1 VELOCITY
If a(t ) > 0, the velocity is increasing. This does not necessary mean that the speed is increasing. The object is speeding up only when the velocity and acceleration have the same sign. If velocity is positive positive negative negative and acceleration is positive negative positive negative then object is moving forward moving forward moving backward moving backward and speed is increasing decreasing decreasing increasing
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

2.4.2 OTHER RATES OF CHANGE
Denition 4.5 The average rate of change of a function f (x ) over the interval from x to x + h is Average rate of change = f (x + h) f (x ) h
The (instantaneous) rate of change of f at x is the derivative: Rate of change of f at x = f (x ) = lim provided that the limit exists. f (x + h) f (x ) h0 h
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

Example 4.3 Let A = r 2 be the area of a circle of radius r . (a) Calculate the rate of change of area with respect to radius. (b) Compute dA/dr for r = 2 and r = 5, and explain why dA/dr is larger at r = 5.
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

The Eect of a One-Unit Change For small values of the increment h, the dierence quotient is close to the derivative itself: f (a) = lim f (a + h) f (a) f (a + h) f (a) . h0 h h
In some applications, the approximation is already useful with h = 1: f (a) f (a + 1) f (a) In other words, f (a) is approximately equal to the change in f caused by one-unit change in x when x = a .

Example 4.4 Researchers have determined that the body mass of yearling bighorn sheep on Ram Mountain in Alberta, Canada, can be estimated by M (t ) = 27.5 + 0.3t 0.001t 2 , where M (t ) is the mass of the sheep (in kg) and t is the number of days since May 25. (a) Find the average rate of change of the weight of a bighorn yearling between 70 and 75 days after May 25. (b) Find the (instantaneous) rate of change of weight for a yearling sheep whose age is 70 days past May 25.
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

We now consider some other rates of change in Physics. A current exists whenever electric charges move. If Q is the net charge that passes through a surface during a time period t , then the average current during this time interval is dened as: Average Current = Q Q Q0 = t t t0
If we take the limit of this average current over smaller and smaller time intervals, we get what is called the current I at a given time t0 : Q Q0 dQ I = lim = t t0 t t0 dt Thus, the current is the rate at which charge ows through a surface.

If a given substance is kept at a constant temperature, then its volume V depends on its pressure P . The rate of change of volume with respect to pressure is the derivative dV /dP . As P increases, V decreases, so dV /dP < 0. The compressibility is dened by Isothermal Compressibility = = 1 dV V dP
Velocity, compressibility, and current are not the only rates of change important in physics. Others include: Density Power (the rate at which work is done) Rate of heat ow Temperature gradient (the rate of change of temperature with respect to position) Rate of decay of a radioactive substance in nuclear physics

Derivatives in Economics
Marginal Cost Suppose c (x ) is the total cost of producing x units of a particular commodity. It costs more to produce x + h units, and the cost dierence, divided by h, is the average increase in cost per unit: c (x + h) c (x ) = average increase in cost per unit h The limit of the ratio as h 0 is the marginal value when x units of commodity are produced: c (x ) = lim c (x + h) c (x ) = marginal cost h0 h
CALCULUS I
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

If the company, currently producing x units, increases its production by one unit, then the additional cost c of producing that one unit is c = c (x + 1) c (x ) c (x ) 1 = c (x ). Thus, Marginal cost estimates the cost of producing one unit beyond the present production level.
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

Marginal Revenue and Marginal Prot Suppose r (x ) is the revenue generated when x units of a particular commodity are produced, and p (x ) is the corresponding prot. When x = a units are being produced, then The marginal revenue is r (a). It approximates r (a + 1) r (a), the additional revenue generated by producing one more unit. The marginal prot is p (a). It approximates p (a + 1) p (a), the additional prot generated by producing one more unit. Note Revenue = (number of units sold)(price per unit)
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

Example 4.5
Marginal Cost.
Suppose it costs
c (x ) = x 3 6x 2 + 15x dollars to produce x stoves and your shop is currently producing 10 stoves a day. About how much extra will it cost to produce one more stove a day? Solution The cost of producing one more stove a day when 10 are produced is about c (10). Since c (x ) = (x 3 6x 2 + 15x ) = 3x 2 12x + 15, c (10) = 3(100) 12(10) + 15 = 195. Thus the additional cost will be about $195 if you produce 11 stoves a day.

Example 4.6
Marginal Revenue.
If
r (x ) = x 3 3x 2 + 12x gives the dollar revenue from selling x thousand candy bars, the marginal revenue when x thousand are sold is r (x ) = (x 3 3x 2 + 12x ) = 3x 2 6x + 12. The marginal revenue function estimates the increase in revenue that will result from selling one additional unit. If you currently sell 10 thousand candy bars a week, you can expect your revenue to increase by about r (10) = 3(100) 6(10) + 12 = $252 if you increase sales to 11 thousand bars a week.

Example 4.7 Marginal Revenue and Prot. A manufacturer estimates that when x units of a particular commodity are 2 produced, the total cost will be c (x ) = 1 8 x + 3x + 98 dollars, and furthermore, that all x units will be sold when the price is p (x ) = 1 3 (75 x ) dollars per units. (a) Find the marginal cost and the marginal revenue. (b) Use marginal cost to estimate the cost of producing the ninth unit. (c) What is the actual cost of producing the ninth unit? (d) Use marginal revenue to estimate the revenue derived from the sale of the ninth unit. (e) What is the actual revenue from the sale of the ninth unit?
2.5 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Derivative of the Sine d (sin x ) = cos x dx Derivative of the Cosine d (cos x ) = sin x dx Example 5.1 A body hanging from a spring is stretched 5 units beyond its rest position and released at time t = 0 to bob up and down. Its position at any latter time t is s = 5 cos t . What are its velocity and acceleration at time t ?
2.5 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Because sin x and cos x are dierentiable functions of x , the related functions tan x = sin x cos x cos x cot x = sin x 1 cos x 1 csc x = sin x sec x =
are dierential functions. Their derivatives are d 1 (tan x ) = = sec2 x dx cos2 x d 1 (cot x ) = 2 dx sin x Example 5.2 Dierentiate (a) y = x 2 sin x
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
d sin x (sec x ) = = sec x tan x dx cos2 x d (csc x ) = csc x cot x dx 3
(b) y =
CALCULUS I
x cot x .
2.6 CHAIN RULE AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

2.6.1 THE CHAIN RULE
Theorem 6.1 If g is dierentiable at x and f is dierentiable at g (x ), the composite function y = f g is dierentiable at x and (f g ) (x ) is given by the product: (f g ) (x ) = f (g (x )) g (x )
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

In Leibniz notation, If y = f (u ) is a dierentiable function of u and u = g (x ) is a dierentiable function of x, then dy dy du = dx du dx or d du f (u ) = f (u ) dx dx
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

Example 6.1 Find (f g ) (x ) at x = 2 if f and g are dierentiable functions with g (2) = 3, g (2) = 4, and f (3) = 15.
Example 6.2
Find F (x ) if F (x ) = sin(x 2 + 1)
Example 6.3
Find dy /dx at x = 0 if y = cos
3x .
Example 6.4
Find dy /dx for y=

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
1x 1 + x2
CALCULUS I

2.6.2 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
The functions that we have met so far can be described by expressing one variable explicitly in terms of another variable. A function of this form is said to be in explicit form. Sometimes practical problems will lead to equations in which the function y is not written explicitly in terms of the independent variables x ; for example, equations such as: x 2 + y 2 = 25, x +y = 6xy . t2 cos(ty ) = y
3 3
(1) (2) (3)
Since it has not been solved for y , such an equation is said to dene y implicitly as a function of x and the function y is said to be in implicit form.

There is a simple technique based on the Chain Rule that you can use to nd dy /dx without rst solving for y explicitly. This technique is called implicit dierentiation.
Example 6.5 Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve having equation x 2 + y 2 3xy + 4 = 0 at the point (2, 4).
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Suppose an equation denes y implicitly as a dierentiable function of x . To nd dy dx : 1. Dierentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x . 2. Solve the dierentiated equation algebraically for
dy dx .
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

Example 6.6
Find dy /dt where cos(ty ) =
t2 y .
Example 6.7 Suppose that the output at an certain factory is Q = 2x 3 + x 2 y + y 3 units, where x is the number of hours of skilled labor used and y is the number of hours of unskilled labor. The current labor force consists of 30 hours of skilled labor and 20 hours of unskilled labor. Use calculus to estimate the change in unskilled labor y that should be made to oset a 1-hour increase in skilled labor x so that output will be maintained at its current level.
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.7
2.7.1
DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS

GENERAL FORMULA
Theorem 7.1 Assume that f (x ) is dierentiable and one-to-one with inverse g (x ) = f 1 (x ). If a belongs to the domain of g (x ) and f g (a) = 0, then g (a) exists and g (a) = In Leibniz notation, 1 df 1 = df dx dx 1 f g (a)
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
2.7
2.7.2

DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
For 1 < x < 1, d 1 sin1 x = dx 1 x2 1 d cos1 x = dx 1 x2
Example 7.1
2 Calculate f ( 1 2 ), where f (x ) = arcsin(x ).
d 1 tan1 (x ) = dx 1 + x2
d 1 cot1 (x ) = dx 1 + x2
Example 7.2
Dierentiate f (x ) = x arctan x .
2.7
2.7.3

DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
dy x (e ) = e x dx dy 1 (ln |x |) = dx x Example 7.3 (a) f (x ) = e sin x
dy x (a ) = ax dx dy 1 (loga |x |) = dx x ln a
(a > 0)
(a > 0, a = 1)
Find the derivative of (b ) g (x ) = 10

3 x
(c ) h(x ) = log2
x 2 + 1.
If we combine the above formulae with the Chain Rule, we get dy u du (e ) = e u dx dx 1 du dy (ln |u |) = dx u dx
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
dy u du (a ) = au dx dx dy 1 du (loga |u |) = dx u ln a dx
CALCULUS I
2.7
2.7.4

LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
The calculation of derivatives of complicated functions involving products, quotients, or powers can often be simplied by taking logarithms. The method used in the following examples is called logarithmic dierentiation. Example 7.4 Find the derivative of f (x ) = (sin x )x , 0 < x < .
In general, to dierentiate a function of the form y = u (x )v (x ) we take natural logarithms of both sides and dierentiate implicitly. Example 7.5 Find the derivative of y= (x + 1)2 (2x 2 3) . x2 + 1
CALCULUS I
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
2.8 LINEAR APPROXIMATION AND APPLICATIONS

2.8.1 LINEAR APPROXIMATION
Denition 8.1
The approximation f (x ) f (a) + f (a)(x a) (4)
is called the linear approximation or tangent line approximation of f at x = a, and the function L(x ) = f (a) + f (a)(x a) is called the linearization of f at x = a. Example 8.1 Find the linearization of the function f (x ) = at a = 1 and use it to approximate the number 1.001.

Let x = x a be the change in x and y = f (x ) f (a) the corresponding change in y . Then (4) can be written as y f (a)x . The right side f (a)x is called the dierential of f at a and denoted by df or dy : dy = df = f (a)x In particular, if f (x ) = x , then df = dx = x at every point a. Substituting dx = x into Equation (5) we get dy = df = f (a)dx (6) (5)
We call dx the dierential of x , and df the corresponding dierential of y . If we divide both sides of the Equation (6) by dx , we obtain the familiar equation df Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai CALCULUS I

Let P (x , f (x )) and Q (x + x , f (x + x )) be points on the graph of f and let dx = x . The corresponding change in y is y = f (x + x ) f (x ). Therefore, dy represents the amount that the tangent line rises or fall, whereas y represents the amount that the curve y = f (x ) rises or falls when x changes an amount dx . Since y = f (x + x ) f (x ) dy , we have f (x + x ) f (x ) + dy .

2.8.2 DIFFERENTIALS
Example 8.2 The radius of a circle increases from an initial value of r0 = 10 by an amount dr = 0.1. Estimate the corresponding increase in the circles area A = r 2 by calculating dA. Compare dA with the true change A.
The percentage error is dened by percentage error = error 100% actual value
The percentage error is often more important than the error itself.
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

2.8.3 THE SIZE OF THE ERROR
In any approximation, the error is dened by error = true value approximate value If the linearization of y = f (x ) about x = a, L(x ) = f (a) + f (a)(x a), is used to approximate f (x ) near a, then the error E (x ) in this approximation is E (x ) = |f (x ) L(x )| = |f (x ) f (a) f (a)(x a)| = |y dy |. Theorem 8.1 (Error Bound) If |f (x )| K for all x in the interval between a and a + h, then 1 E (x ) Kh2 . 2
Pages 148-150 155-156 167-170 197-199 204-205 215-218
Exercises 6, 8 3, 5, 8, 21, 35 3, 21, 31 14, 17, 42, 63 9, 17, 27, 40, 1, 3, 6,
Assignments 11, 13, 16, 22, 24, 25 6, 22, 28, 31, 36 11, 30, 32, 41, 43 18, 20, 34, 41, 45, 47, 54, 55, 60, 61 4, 12, 15, 20, 21, 28, 30, 32, 34, 38 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 19, 22,23
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I
Pages 223-225 233-236
Exercises 4, 12, 20, 24, 31, 33, 37 10, 16, 33, 42, 45, 54
243-245
8, 10, 13, 17, 20, 26, 29, 46 4, 6, 12, 28 3, 6, 8
250-251 256-257
Assignments 11, 17, 25, 26, 29, 32, 34 19, 20, 22, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39, 40, 46, 47, 48, 49, 55 58, 60, 71, 74 6, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 23, 24, 32, 38, 45, 47, 48, 53 11, 16, 19, 20, 23, 29, 33, 35, 38, 39 16, 18, 19
Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai
CALCULUS I

Cal1 IU SLIDES (2ndsem09-10) Chapter 2 SV

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Chapter 2 DIFFERENTIATION Contents

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

TANGENT LINES AND THEIR SLOPES

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

TANGENT LINES AND THEIR SLOPES

TANGENT LINES AND THEIR SLOPES

provided that this limit exists.

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

TANGENT LINES AND THEIR SLOPES

TANGENT LINES AND THEIR SLOPES

then the vertical line x = a is tangent to the graph y = f (x ) at P .

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

TANGENT LINES AND THEIR SLOPES

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

TANGENT LINES AND THEIR SLOPES

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

Finding f (a) from the denition of derivative

Step 4. Take the limit as h 0.

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

Geometrical Meaning of the Derivative

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

Find the derivative of f (x ) = |x |.

Example 2.2 domain of f .

Find the derivative of f (x ) =

x +h x f (x ) = lim h0 h ( x + h x )( x + h + x ) = lim h0 h( x + h + x ) (x + h) x h = lim = lim h0 h( x + h + x ) h0 h( x + h + x ) 1 1 1 = . = lim = h0 x+ x 2 x x +h+ x

At x = 0, lim 0+h h 0 = lim

which are synonyms for f (a).

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

When does a Function Fail to be Dierentiable?

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

Constant Rule The derivative of a constant function is 0: d (c ) = 0 dx

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

Find the derivative of (x 2 + 1)(x 3 5).

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

Second and Higher Order Derivatives

is dierentiable, its derivative f =y = dy d 3y = dx dx 3

is the third derivative of f .

Example 3.5 Find the nth derivative of the function y = x 3 4x 2 + 10.

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

2.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

2.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

2.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Motion under the Inuence of Gravity

The maximum height is attained when v (t ) = 0.

2.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

2.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

2.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

2.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

2.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

2.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

2.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

2.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Hai

2.4 RATES OF CHANGE IN THE NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES