1

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MySQL
( Free Open Source Software ) Database System.
, .
"" ,
2012 . MySQL
,
.
, editor@kaniyam.com
.
http://kaniyam.com/mysql-book-in-tamil
. .
, .
.

editor@kaniyam.com

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MySQL
2013
2013 .

:
:

. ,

, , www.kaniyam.com
. .
.

:
http://dev.kaniyam.com/projects/kaniyam/files

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"" [ http://kaniyam.com ] MySQL-

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11 2013

: nithyadurai87@gmail.com
: http://nithyashrinivasan.wordpress.com

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1 MySQL - ......................................................................................................................... 11
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

MySQL - ........................................................................................................... 11
MySQL- install ............................................................................................................. 13
Ubuntu Linux- MySQL- install ................................................................................14
Configuration................................................................................................................................ 15
Query cache.................................................................................................................................. 16
MySQL clients............................................................................................................................... 17
CENTOS/RHEL - ........................................................................................................ 18
Windows- MySQL- install ........................................................................................ 18

2 SQL Command line client- ...................................................................................30

2.1 Client Server- ..................................................................30
2.2 Client server- ..........................................................32
2.3 Batch mode- client- .................................................................................33
2.4 Client- Command line- ..............................................................................33
2.5 Option file- Connection Defaults- ...................................................................34
2.6 MySQL- ........................................................................................................ 35
2.7 Text editor commands- .......................................................................36
2.8 Command-line- Tab- ..........................................................................................37
2.9 Command-line history- ..............................................................................37
2.10 Tools........................................................................................................... 38
3 Databases ............................................................................................................... 40
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

database- server- .........................................................................40

Database- ..........................................................................................42
database- server- :..................................................................................42
USE Command- ...................................................................................................... 43
LIKE Operator - ....................................................................................................... 44

4 Tables ...................................................................................................................... 46
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

Table ..................................................................................................................... 46
database- table- .....................................................................................49
database- table- ...................................................51
database- table- Copy ....................................................................52

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4.5 Tables- database- ........................................53
4.6 database- table - .................................................................54
4.7 Tables - ................................................................................................ 55

5 Columns - ............................................................................................................................ 57
5.1 column- table- .................................................................................57
5.2 Column- ......................................................................................58
5.3 column- table- .....................................................................................59

6 Indexes - ............................................................................................................................. 61
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

Index- table- ............................................................................................61

Index- .......................................................................................... 62
Index- ......................................................................................................................... 62
Identifiers ......................................................................................................... 63

7 Library ' Databases' - ..............................................................................65

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7

Library Database- .............................................................................................65

tables- ................................................67
Book table- .........................................................................69
Data Types:................................................................................................................................... 71
Column Names: ........................................................................................................................... 72
Person table- .....................................................................73
loan table- ............................................................................74

8 Library Database- data- ...............................................................77

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8

book table- data- ................................................................................78

Auto increment column- data- ..........................................................................80
Person table- data- ..............................................................................83
file- queries data- table- ..............................................84
table- data- table- insert ..............................................87
file- data- table- .....................................................88
loan table- data- insert .............................................................................91
Function date- insert .......................................................................................98

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9 Library Database- data- ...................................................100
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

Limit Clause- ......................................................................................................... 100

Order by result- ............................................................................101
DISTINCT data- .................103
data- 'like' ..................................104
Aggregate functions data- ................................106
Date functions ................................................107
Decimal columns .....................................110
NULL- ...................................................................................................................... 111
Query result- file- ...............................................................................112

10 Library database- Tables- ...................................................116

10.1 ................................................................................................... 116
10.2 Where clause tables- ............................................................................117
10.3 Join keyword tables- .............................................................................119
10.4 Inner join tables- ....................................................................................120
10.5 Table aliases- ............................................................................................121
10.6 Outer Join tables- ...................................................................................122
10.7 Column alias- ...........................................................................................124
10.8 Subquery tables- ...................................................................................125
10.9 Non-correlated subquery ...........................................................................126
10.10 Select statement- Subquery- ..........................................................129
10.11 Correlated subquery ..................................................................................130
10.12 Union queries- .....................................................................................131

11 Library database- data- ...........................................134

11.1 Function column- ..................................................136

12 Library database- data- .............................................138

12.1 tables- rows- .....................................................................138
12.2 ............................................................................................................ 139

13 Users- ....................................................................................................................... 143

13.1 Server- user- .........................................................143
13.2 user- server- ..............................................................145
13.3 user- ......................................................................................146

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13.4 Wildcards- IP address- users- ............148
13.5 database/table- ..................................149
13.6 Password - ............................................................................................................. 150
13.7 Users- tables- privileges- .......................151
13.8 User privileges ..........................153
13.9 User- privileges- ....................................................................153
13.10 user- .................................................................................155
13.11 Network access- ...............................................................................156
13.12 User authentication- ......................................................................156
13.13 SSL - ..........................................................157

14 MySQL- Application Programming Interface - API.................................................................159

14.1 C API.........................................................................................................159
14.2 MySQL- .......................................................................................................... 160
14.3 Query- execute ................................................................................................... 161
14.4 Result set- ..............................................................................162
14.5 Error Messages- .....................................................................................163
14.6 ................................................................................................................164
14.7 Perl API....................................................................................................166
14.8 MySQL- ........................................................................................ 167
14.9 Query- execute ................................................................................................... 167
14.10 Result set- ...........................................................................168
14.11 Error Messages- ...................................................................................168
14.12 ............................................................................................................ 169
14.13 PHP API..................................................................................................170
14.14 MySQL- ...................................................................................................... 170
14.15 Query- execute ................................................................................................. 171
14.16 Result set- ...........................................................................171
14.17 Error Messages- ...................................................................................172
14.18 ............................................................................................................ 173

15 Backup Trouble Shooting .....................................................................175

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7

Backup ........................................................................................................................ 175

Full Backup ................................................................................................................. 175
Incremental backup .................................................................................................. 177
Backup- restore ........................................................................................................179
Full backup- restore ............................................................................................... 179
Incremental Backup- restore ...............................................................................179
Table- corrupt- data- .................................................180

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15.8 Server Crash- .................................................................................................182
15.9 ERRORS ................................................................................................184
Can't Connect to MySQL Server................................................................................................ 184
Access Denied.............................................................................................................................. 186
Too Many Connections................................................................................................................ 186
MySQL Server Has Gone Away.................................................................................................. 187
Got Error from Table Handler..................................................................................................... 188
15.10 ......................................................................................................................188

16 ................................................................................................................................... 190
........................................................................................................................................... 190
............................................................................................................................................ 190
................................................................................................................................. 191
............................................................................................................................ 192

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1 MySQL -
Database data- ,
. SQL(Structured
Query Language) database- data-
. RDBMS , database-
data-
Management software
.

MySQL RDBMS Software . SQL

PHP, PERL, C, C++, JAVA
. free software GPL
General Public License- .
Internet- download
.

1.1 MySQL -

MySQL- .
MySQL server MySQL client
. MySQL client
front end tool . Windows- console
prompt GNU/Linux-- shell prompt ,
SQL commands . commands- MySQL
server . MySQL
server-
. MySQL server-
result- .

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MySQL clients MySQL Server

.
MySQL client- .
Password Authentication
SQL Queries server- Tokens
Tokens- Server-
Compress Encrypt

Server-

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MySQL server client request-

response- . Management Layer Storage Engine
.
memory, disk network- .
Management Layer , MySQL client request-
, .
decrypt decode
Queries parse
Query Cache - catched queries -
Storage Engine-
disk- logs- memory- logs-
.
Storage Engine databases, tables, indexes - .
logs .
data- disk memory- .
Network MySQL server-
.
1.2 MySQL- install
MySQL- install ,
.

MySQL- install .
MySQL- machine- install .
.
BSD,LinuX, Mac OS X, Solaris windows
platform- MySQL- install
.

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MySQL server- permissions-

account . MySQL- install
root account
permissions- .

MySQL client . MySQL command-line

MySQL query browser .
MySQL
command-line- .

1.3 Ubuntu Linux- MySQL- install

12.10- MySQL .
debian ubuntu Linux Mint distribution- .
Terminal- .
sudoaptgetinstallmysqlservermysqlclient
MySQL- repository-
download install . MySQL- root
user- password . password
.
MySQL- .
sudomysql_secure_installation
.
1. Anonymous users-

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2. localhost- root-
3. test database-

By default, a MySQL installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone

to log into MySQL without having to have a user account created for
them. This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
go a bit smoother. You should remove them before moving into a
production environment.
Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y
... Success!
Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'. This
ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.
Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] y
... Success!
By default, MySQL comes with a database named 'test' that anyone can
access. This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
before moving into a production environment.
Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y
- Dropping test database...
... Success!
- Removing privileges on test database...
... Success!
Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
will take effect immediately.
Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y
... Success!
Cleaning up...
All done! If you've completed all of the above steps, your MySQL
installation should now be secure.
Thanks for using MySQL!

MySQL- .
1.4 Configuration
MySQL- configuration options- .
/etc/mysql directory- MySQL- config directory .

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/etc/mysql/my.cnf
file MySQL- configuration options- .
Log file, port number, ip binding, performance options .
options .
port=3306
MySQL server- 3306 port- .
user=mysql
mysql user , user- server .
server- .
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
MySQL- database folder- . Backup
, folder- backup .
bindaddress=127.0.0.1
ip address- MySQL server .
log_error=/var/log/mysql/error.log
Configuration connection- file- log
.
1.5 Query cache
MySQL server- select queries-, results- cache-
. , server- .
options .
query_cache_limit=1m
query_cache_size=16m

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m mb . RAM-
. .
query_cache_limit=2m
query_cache_size=32m
my.cnf file- , MySQL server- restart
.
MySQL server- restart
sudoservicemysqlrestart

MySQL server- stop

sudoservicemysqlstop

MySQL server- start

sudoservicemysqlstart

1.6 MySQL clients

Command line client GUI , MySQL-
clients .
MySQL Work Bench
sudoaptgetinstallMySQLworkbench
MySQL Navigator
sudoaptgetinstallMySQLnavigator
Emma
sudoaptgetinstallemma
MySQL Admin
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sudoaptgetinstallMySQLadmin
PHPMyAdmin
sudoaptitudeinstallphpmyadmin

1.7 CENTOS/ RHEL -

Fedoro, CentOS RHEL distribution- ,

.
yuminstallmysqlmysqlserver

root- password . .
/usr/bin/mysqladminurootpassword'COMPLEXPASSWORDHERE'
password- root-
.
/usr/bin/mysqlsecureinstallation
.
1.8 Windows- MySQL- install
MySQL- (MySQL Community Server 5.5.29)
http://mysql.com/downloads - . msi
file- .
MySQL 5.1.35 -.
---

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fire wall enable .

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Port 3306- . MySQL- .

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2 SQL Command line client-

MySQL- clients . GUI desktop
application, Internet web-based applications
shell text-only applications .
MySQL server- text-only command line client-
MySQL- .
tools , MySQL tool-
, tool-
.
MySQL tool- server-
tool.
.
2.1 Client Server-
MySQL-client , machine- MySQL server-
.

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syntax .
shell> mysql [-h host] [-u user_name] [-p] [db_name]
optional
arguments- .

-h : host-
. , machine-
local server- .

-u : Username- . ,
UNIX username- ,
MySQL- authenticate .

-p : password- .
user account- , password
, .

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Database_name : database-
. , Use
command- , database-
.

, options ,
mysql -?
shell prompt - run .
arguments- .
2.2 Client server-
mysql> prompt-
exit
type mysql-server- .

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2.3 Batch mode- client-

input file queries- MySQL- , result-
output file- batch mode .
, query- MySQL-
result- .

syntax .
echo'SELECT1+1'|mysqlusome_userp
Shell commands- , MySQL- pipes input
redirection- shell commands- .
shell command , input file-
commands- read MySQL- .
MySQL, username password- authenticate
, commands- execute
output file- .
mysqluuserp<input_file>output_file

2.4 Client- Command line-

Unix,Linux Mac OS X operating system- MySQL,
GNU Readline library . command line-
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tool . readline, 100-

commands- .
.

CTRL+a

CTRL+e

ALT+b .

ALT+f .

CTRL+w .

CTRL+u command-

CTRL+ l commands- ,

ALT+u uppercase- .

ALT+l lowercase-

ALT+_ .

2.5 Option file- Connection Defaults-

MySQL- ,
,
file- , file- MySQL .
options- command line-
.
MySQL- instances- options-
my.cnf file- ( MySQL- global configuration file) .
Unix operating system- user-
options- , home directory- .my.cnf file-
.

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file- , file- options-

. form- .
,
file , MySQL-
options .
file- options-, command line-
options- . .

2 . --host
host .

option- . h
host .

option- equal sign

.

Comments- # - .

, mysql -? run
.
2.6 MySQL-
MySQL command-line client- ,
command function- ,
helpcommand_or_function_name
enter . command function
. 'show tables'
command- syntax
helpshowtables
enter . output- .
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MySQL ,
helpcontents
type . command, MySQL server-
, .

2.7

Text editor commands-

MySQL command line- queries enter ,
queries- .
queries- , query- \e
enter- .

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$EDITOR environment variable, query- edit

, editor- . query-
, file- save , editor- .
query- MySQL- load . execute .
execute , semicolon (;) \G type
enter- . edit
query- execute .

2.8 Command- line- Tab-

query- , database, tables
column- .
tab .
, MySQL
.
table- server-
, \# type enter- .
.

2.9 Command- line history-

MySQL command-line- ,
session- commands
buffer .
commands- , .
commands- run up
arrow ctrl+P .
, down arrow
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ctrk+n- . query- run

enter- . , query-
run .
Command history- command-
, ctrl+r type command-
.

commands ,
ctrl+r type command

Alt+> buffer- command-

.
Alt+< buffer- command- .

2.10 Tools
MySQL Administrator MySQL query browser
tools . MySQL
AB- GUI Applications .
open source . Cross-Platform- (Linux,Mac OSX
&Windows) .
MySQL Query Browser, ad-hoc queries- ,
.

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MySQL Administrator-, MySQL

server- digital dashboard- ,
productivity- .

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3 Databases
Databases data- ,
container . MySQL Server
- databases .
database- .
tables - .

Databases - ,
. containers
. database -
.
3.1 database- server-
database- , server-
databases .
command .
SHOWDATABASES;
server- databases- .
install MySQL- command result -
.

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database- . command .
CREATEDATABASEexams;

command, exams database-

. database .
tables . database
. Tables .
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3.2 Database-
Databases . MySQL -
SQL command - .
MySQL - version -
.
1. MySQL server - .
2. Database - directory -
3. Server - .
process, MySQL - version - ,
server database - tables -
. database-
, tables-
. .
3.3 database- server- :
drop DB Command, database - table
- . command -
.
, tables - database
- .
DROPDATABASEexams;

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3.4 USE Command-

MySQL install , databases - .
run query database - run
use command .
USElibrary;

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database query -
. query- database-
.
SELECTtitleFROMlibrary.book;
.
SELECTtitleFROMbook;
.
3.5 LIKE Operator -
word- word
databases- Like operator -
.
SHOWDATABASESLIKE'my%';
command - install database -
run result - .

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Like Operator- .
Percent(%) Underscore(_)
.
Percentage(%) - , Like Command
Percentage - 0
.
underscore(_) - , Like Command
Underscore- replace ,
.

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4 Tables
database- tables .
table-
table definition - . rows columns
format- data- . table
.
4.1 Table
Address
.
Address , ,
.
index tab,

.
.

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table -
. (
) columns ,
( ) rows table -
.

index- , table -
column- index
. .

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MySQL Table- :
Table data- .
Table Body - row data- .
Table definition - row- data
Columns- .
Column - Name(eg: book_id) Type(eg:
Integer)- . Type-
. data
. Column, Integer
, 1
6502 3.14
.
row- Column-
. Column-
. Book_id
Column, SMALLINT Type- ,
data row- .
tables- Relation- Columns-
table- degree .

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tables- Relation- rows-

table- cardinality .
Table - , database -
. Table - ,
(E.g: column - default collation
, table - terabytes of data
) options .
Tables - ,
phrases - .
4.2 database- table-

1. table- , database- tables

.
command .
USEexams;
USE command, 'exams' database- .
queries database- execute
.
2. database- tables
command- execute .
SHOWTABLES;
database- tables- .

table- .
3. tables - 2
. tables - syntax
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elements- .
tables - process
.
table - code .
CREATETABLEmarksheet(
student_idINT,
nameVARCHAR(255)NOTNULL,
marksINT
);
code - .

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4. Table- , ,
command- run .
DESCmarksheet;
DESCRIBEmarksheet;
table- .
4.3 database- table-
'marksheet' table- 'marks' ,
rename table command- .
RENAMETABLEmarksheetTOmarks;

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marksheet table- marks

.

4.4 database- table- Copy

create table commnad, 'marksheet' table-
'marks' table- .
insert command, 'marksheet' table-
'marks' table- .

CREATETABLEnew_tableLIKEold_table;
INSERTnew_tableSELECT*FROMold_table;

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queries - ,
table - ( indexes table options
) copy .
4.5 Tables- database-
MySQL - version -, database-
, tables-
. database- rename process
.
1. database - table -
. MySQL
Administrator tool - database -

.
2. database - , database-
database-
.
3. database - table - SHOW TABLES
RENAME TABLE command - , database -
.
4. database - users -, permissions
- database - .
5. test .
6. database -
database - .
Books database - library database - book,borrower &
loan 3 tables - code .
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Temporarilydisablepermissions
CREATEDATABASElibrary;
RENAMETABLEbooks.bookTOlibrary.book;
RENAMETABLEbooks.borrowerTOlibrary.borrower;
RENAMETABLEbooks.loanTOlibrary.loan;
Migratepermissions
Reenablepermissions

4.6 database- table -

'Drop table' command database- table- .
DROPTABLEmarks;

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'marks' table, 'exams' database- .

4.7 Tables -
command, default database- tables
- .
2 command- database-
, database - tables -
.
3 command, Like operator- condition -
tables- .
SHOWTABLES;
SHOWTABLESINdatabase_name;
SHOWTABLESLIKE'word%';

commands- outputs .

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5 Columns -
Table - Columns - .
column - table -
. column -
, tables - back-up .
5.1 column- table-
table - Column-
. syntax .
ALTERTABLEtable_name
ADDCOLUMN[column_definition];
Create table statement.- Column definition -
, column definition . ,
Alter table table_name .
rank Column, 'marksheet'
table- .
ALTERTABLEmarksheet
ADDCOLUMNrankVARCHAR(10)NOTNULL;

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5.2 Column-
table- column- , column-
process .
, Alter table add column Alter table
change column . syntax .
ALTERTABLEtable_name
CHANGECOLUMNcolumn_name[column_definition];
column definition type attributes - column
name - . column name - column
definition- statement-, column name
.
query-, 'marksheet' table - 'rank'
column- 'grade' .
, width- .

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ALTERTABLEmarksheet
CHANGECOLUMNrankgradeCHAR(6)NOTNULL;

5.3 column- table-

. syntax .
ALTERTABLEtable_nameDROPCOLUMNcolumn_name;
column - , column row-
data-
.
query-, 'marksheet' table- 'grade' column
.
ALTERTABLEmarksheetDROPCOLUMNgrade;
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6 Indexes -
Indexes table- column -
MySQL Server .
tables - data -
indexes .
6.1 Index- table-
Create index command - table-
columns- index- . syntax .
CREATEINDEXindex_name
ONtable_name(column_name,...);
syntax-, table- index - , index-
column-
.
query- index
.
CREATEINDEXaONmarksheet(student_id);

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6.2 Index-
Index - .
index definition .
index - , index -
index - .
6.3 Index-
Index - syntax . table -
index - . syntax
.

DROPINDEXindex_nameONtable_name;

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query- index .
DROPINDEXaONmarksheet;

6.4 Identifiers
MySQL Identifiers database column names
. case sensitive .
identifier- lower case letters - .
MySQL platform - , my.cnf file-
lower_case_table_names configuration variable 1 .
.
shell prompt- , 'my.cnf'- 'gedit'- open .

, 'my.cnf ' file- gedit- open . ,

lower_case_table_names=1 type .

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case sensitive identifiers - lowercase- .

Identifier names -
.
http://dev.MySQL.com/doc/refman/5.0/en//identifier-case-sensitivity.html

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7 Library ' Databases' -

database table-
.
database- . database-
library-

. database ,
.

Library-
.

, e-mail
.

7.1 Library Database-

Database data sets- . data sets tables-
. databases tables object-
MySQL- .
library database-
. database-
database .
root user login command-
MySQL- databases .
SHOWDATABASES;

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command- install MySQL- run

databases- .

MySQL - administrative data MySQL server-

Test - ideas features-

sandbox- .

output- library databases

, database- .
CREATEDATABASElibrary;

command, execute MySQL client-

message- .
QueryOK,1rowaffected(0.01sec)

SHOWDATABASES;
run , library database-
database
.

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library database,
tables container .
7.2 tables-
table-
.
tables . .

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68

Library- - ,
.

-
.

-
.

table-
:- book title, book author,book condition, person name, person
email-id . table-
,
,
2 table- .
memory space- redundant
data- table- .
table-
, table- duplicate data- .
,
duplicate .
table-
,
table- query
.
Reference- book person tables ,
table- refer transaction
loan table- .
3 table- .

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69

7.3 Book table-

command- book table- . query-
command line- enter , line- enter .
.
sql queries- MySQL-
(
string literals- .
library lib rary MySQL-
).
CREATETABLEbook(
book_idSMALLINTUNSIGNEDAUTO_INCREMENTNOTNULL,
titleVARCHAR(255)NOTNULL,
authorVARCHAR(255)NOTNULL,
condENUM('poor','good','middle')NOTNULL,
PRIMARYKEY(book_id)
);

code- .
Candidate Keys:
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70

book table- title, author

condition 3 .
3 columns- . table-
candidate keys .

Primary Key:
table- column- title- candidate key
. primary key duplicate
column- title .
duplicate
candidate key- table- primary key- .
, synthetic primary key unique
column- primary key-
. candidate keys table- columns
. primary key- candidate
key- .
book table- 3 candidate keys .
book title, book author & book condition.
columns- duplicate . Duplicate
column- column-
duplicates . 3
column- duplicate
.
book_id synthetic primary key-

. column duplicate
. column table-
row- identify primary key .

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71

Auto increment - primary key :

Auto-increment column -, table-
rows insert ,
column- . book table- book_id
primary key column- auto increment .
table- AUTO-INCREMENT column
primary key- .
7.4 Data Types:

Table- column- , column-

data- datatype column-
data .
book table- columns-

book_id column- .
column type- column-
.
library- database 50,000
. column-
UNSIGNED SMALLINT datatype- . 0-
65,535 datatype .
book title book author columns-
. CHAR
VARCHAR datatypes . Char
fixed-length varchar
(variable length) data type . 0-
255 characters .
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72

condition column- .
column- good poor
.
row-
ENUM data
type .
column- ENUM data type
, column-
list- .
column- memory
space .

7.5 Column Names:

table- column-
.

lowercase letters-
table- primary key- column-
table- foreign key- . table-
column-
, primary key foreign key
.
Column- ,
column- column-
title . sql keywords- date
index column title- .
column- title-
,
Underscore(_) . .

book
table- columns-
,

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73

Book_id
Title
Author
Cond

7.6 Person table-

person table- e-mail
. person table-
person name email address candidate keys .
table- table- person_id
primary key- . table-
row- refer primary key .
person_id column- data type- ,
table- data
. library-
.
column- UNSIGNED TINYINT data type .
0- 255 data type .
name e-mail columns-
, 0- 255
VARCHAR(255) datatype- .
person table- query
.
CREATETABLEperson(
person_idTINYINTUNSIGNEDNOTNULLAUTO_INCREMENT,
nameVARCHAR(255)
COMMENT"Theperson'sname",
emailVARCHAR(255)
COMMENT"Theperson'semailaddress",
PRIMARYKEY(person_id)
)COMMENT"Basicinformationaboutbookborrowers";
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74

query query-
COMMENT keyword
. keyword, column table data-
optional keyword .

7.7 loan table-

table- candidate keys table- primary

keys- refer foreign key- . loan
table- 3 candidate keys .

book_id book table- primary key

person_id person table- primary key
date_lent column,
.

loan_id primary key- table-

. syntax .

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75

CREATETABLEloan(
loan_idINTUNSIGNEDNOTNULLAUTO_INCREMENT,
person_idTINYINTUNSIGNEDNOTNULL,
book_idSMALLINTUNSIGNEDNOTNULL,
date_lentDATENOTNULL,
PRIMARYKEY(loan_id)
)COMMENT"Storeinfoonbookloans";

query- DATE datatype data type

. DATE data type-
column- 1000-01-01- 9999-12-31
data type .
book, person loan 3 tables- 'library'
database- .

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tables- data- .

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77

8 Library Database- data-

table- data- ,
insert statement
. syntax .
INSERT[INTO][db_name.]table_name
(list,of,columns,...)
VALUES(list,of,values,...)

Insert [into] - command- . Into optional

keyword .

table_name - data- table-

table- .

(list,of,columns.) - column- data

columns- parenthesis-
. columns row
default .

values - command MySQL

.

(list, of, values,.) - column-

, parenthesis
- .

insert statement table- row- insert .

row- .

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78

8.1 book table- data-

book table- row
.

INSERTbook(title,author,cond)
VALUES('Silanerangalilsilamanithargal','Jayakanthan',
'good');

table- select statement

.
Insert keyword- book tablename
. INTO optional keyword
. book tablename-
, column- column
list . row- insert
list- columns- default insert .
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79

list- book_id primary key column-

. row, insert
column- auto-increment
column- list- .
list- optional- . list
, table-
columns- .
column-
.
.
VALUES keyword- table-
parenthesis-
. parenthesis-
comma- .
quotes- .
.
, rows- table- ,
parenthesis- comma-
. parenthesis- semicolon(;) -
insert row-
.
book table- 3 rows
.
INSERTbook(author,title,cond)
VALUES
('StephenR.Covey','The7HabitsOfHighlyEffective
People','middle'),
('AmishTripathi','TheImmortalsofMeluha','poor'),
('MitchAlbom','TuesdayswithMorrie','good');

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80

query
query- rows- insert .
8.2 Auto increment column- data-
row - insert , auto-increment
column- , column
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81

. , column
. book
table- book_id column auto-increment
.
row- delete auto-increment column-
.
,
rows- , data-
.
row - insert , auto-increment column-
NULL
.
.
CREATETEMPORARYTABLEdemo(
idINTNOTNULLAUTO_INCREMENT,
PRIMARYKEY(id)
);
INSERTdemo()VALUES();
SELECTidFROMdemo;#idcontains1
INSERTdemo(id)VALUES(NULL);
SELECTidFROMdemo;#idcontains1and2

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82

INSERTdemo(id)VALUES(4);
SELECTidFROMdemo;#idcontains1,2and4
INSERTdemo(id)VALUES(NULL);
SELECTidFROMdemo;#idcontains1,2,4
and5
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83

8.3 Person table- data-

person table-
insert .

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84

INSERTperson(name,email)
VALUES('Nithya','nithyadurai87@gmail.com'),
('Shrinivasan','tshrinivasan@gmail.com'),
('Kanmani','Kanmanishrini@gmail.com');

table- select statement

.

8.4 file- queries data- table-

SQL commands MySQL command-line -
run . commands- text
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85

file- , MySQL ( client)

run .
'Batch mode' . syntax .
shell>MySQLuusernamepdb_name<file_name.sql
syntax .
1. shell> prompt - MySQL server- username-
connect .
2. authenticate password prompt- .
3. db_name default database
4. commands file_name.sql file- server-
.
5. , commands execute results
.
6. exit .
, MySQL command-line ,
query- .
mysql>\.file_name.sql
person table-, 'batch mode'
data . queries- file-
enter , 'queries.sql' save .
.

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86

MySQL command line-, enter .

mysql> \. queries.sql

file- data-, table- insert .

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87

8.5 table- data- table- insert

Insert command- select command-
table- copy rows- table- insert
.
INSERT----SELECT command- syntax . Insert
command- (VALUES clause ) Select command-
. .

INSERTtable_one(list,of,columns)SELECT...;
, 'person' table- data-, 'info'
table- query- .
INSERTinfo(id,name,email)SELECT*fromperson;

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88

Insert command- column-, select

statement- column, return
.
8.6 file- data- table-
Data- applications- MySQL- import ,
data- text format (Eg: tab-separated
values) MySQL- import .
data- set of SQL queries-
import . ,
,
.
LOAD DATA INFILE command, text files-
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89

data- MySQL-
. syntax .
LOADDATAINFILE'some_file.txt'
INTOTABLE'some_table'(list,of,columns,...);
text file- data- field- tab-,
row- line- .
LOAD DATA INFILE command, file-
import
. file- row- command- read
table- column mapping-
row .
/home/nithya/data.txt
file person table-
.

upload command .
LOADDATAINFILE'/home/nithya/data.txt'
INTOTABLEperson(name,email);
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90

command, run , book table-, file-

data .

LOAD DATA INFILE command- .

MySQL server machine- datafile .

Data load file-

path- .
, MySQL server path- ,
data directory-

Windows systems- blackslashes- forward

slash- path- . unix-style path
('/home/nithya/data.txt') ,
windows- 'C:/Desktop/data.txt' .
blackslashes- character escape sequences-
interpret .

, load data infile -

.

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91

command- output warning error-

(eg:
QueryOK,3rowsaffected,1warning(0.01sec))
SHOW WARNINGS SHOW ERRORS command-

8.7 loan table- data- insert

data- insert book person
table- . "" "
"
primary key- .
primary key- loan table-
.
primary key- , query-
.
SELECTperson_idFROMpersonWHEREname='Nithya';

output primary key '1' .

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92

" " primary key-

, query- .
SELECTbook_idFROMbookWHEREtitle='silanerangalilsila
manithargal';

output " " primary

key '1' .

" "
loan table- .

INSERTloan(book_id,person_id,date_lent)
VALUES(1,1,'20121119');

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93

table- user
variable- assign , user variable- query-
.
user variable- format, @name . name
A-Z , 0-9
$,- user variable-
.
variable- := operator-
assign . :
SELECT@place1:='Kanchipuram';
'Kanchipuram' '@place1' user
variable . query- , run
variable .
SELECT@place1;

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94

loan table- user variable- ,

. user variable data- table-
, .
SELECT@person_id:=person_idFROMperson
WHEREname='Shrinivasan';
SELECT@book_id:=book_idFROMbook
WHEREtitle='TuesdayswithMorrie';
SELECT@date:='20120804';
INSERTloan(book_id,person_id,date_lent)
VALUES(@book_id,@person_id,@date);

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95

select statement- user variable

. select statement-
table- insert .

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96

SELECT@book_id:=book_id,
@person_id:=person_id,
@date:='20121212'
FROMbook,person
WHEREbook.title='silanerangalilsilamanithargal'
ANDperson.name='Kanmani';
INSERTloan(book_id,person_id,date_lent)
VALUES(@book_id,@person_id,@date);

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97

queries- user variables

query- optimize . .
INSERTloan(book_id,person_id,date_lent)
SELECTbook_id,person_id,'20121231'
FROMbook,person
WHEREbook.title='silanerangalilsilamanithargal'
ANDperson.name='Shrinivasan';

. query-
queries-
.

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98

8.8 Function date- insert

Now() function, query- , MySQL server
machine- , machine- date time-
insert . syntax .
INSERTsome_table(some_column)VALUES(NOW());
SQL- Now ()- function
date time- column- insert
.
function return text-
punctuation- .
,
SELECTNOW();
run . format- date time-
return .

,
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99

SELECTNOW()+0;
run , format- date- return .

'loan' table-, insert

, now() function- ,
INSERTloan(person_id,book_id,date_lent)VALUES
('3','2',NOW());

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101

9 Library Database-
data-
table- queries-
.
query table- data- return .
SELECT*FROMbook;

9.1 Limit Clause-

LIMIT Clause- rows-
query- . .
SELECTauthorFROMbookLIMIT2;
# 2 rows- return .
SELECTauthorFROMbookLIMIT2,2;
# 2 rows- , 2 rows- return .
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102

SELECTauthorFROMbookLIMIT3,2;
# 3 rows- , 2 rows- return .

LIMIT Clause rows-

.
9.2 Order by result-
MySQL- rows
.
order by clause-
. order by clause- column-
table- .
.
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103

SELECT*FROMbookORDERBYtitle;
# 'book' table- records-, title-
.

code- .
query, server- .
SELECT*FROMbookORDERBYtitle;
query, return row- title- list-
. .
Sila nerangalil sila manithargal (Row 1)
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (Row 2)
The Immortals of Meluha (Row 3)
Tuesdays with Morrie (Row 4)
Kallo kaaviyamo (Row 5)
Thanneer thesam (Row 6)
Yen Yetherku Yeppadi (Row 7)

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title row- server-

.
list- alphabetical
. case-sensitive .
Kallo kaaviyamo (Row 5)
Sila nerangalil sila manithargal (Row 1)
Thanneer thesam (Row 6)
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (Row 2)
The Immortals of Meluha (Row 3)
Tuesdays with Morrie (Row 4)
Yen Yetherku Yeppadi (Row 7)
list- , rows-
.
9.3 DISTINCT data-

Distinct keyword data-

.
'book' table- 'cond' column-, 'distinct'
keyword data-
. 'distinct'
data- .
.
SELECTcondFROMbook;
SELECTDISTINCTcondFROMbook;

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105

query, 'cond' column- data- rows -

, data- return .
query- select- distinct clause -
, data- return
duplicate data- .
9.4 data- ' like'
Like operator- pattern-
. book- table- , T-
, query-
.
SELECTtitleFROMbookWHEREtitleLIKE'T%';

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106

e
, query- .
SELECTtitleFROMbookWHEREtitleLIKE'%e';

Like operator
wildcard characters .

%(Percent) - 0
characters- .

_(Underscore) - character-
character- .

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107

book- table- S
, 8 author-
query- .
SELECTauthorFROMbook
WHEREauthorLIKE'S________%';

'Sujatha' author- .
7 .

9.5 Aggregate functions data-

MySQL- column-
group functions .
min() function column- ,
.
max() function column-
.
avg() function column-

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108

average
.
.

SELECTMIN(marks),AVG(marks),MAX(marks)FROMperson;

9.6 Date functions

Date time- MySQL-
functions . MySQL-
.

YYYYMMDDHH:MM:SS(Eg:'2005093018:43:01')

YYYYMMDDHHMMSS(Eg:20050930184301)

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109

CURDATE() function ,
CURTIME() function ,
now() function .
.

DATE_ADD() DATE_SUB() functions

date/time-
.
, greater than(>),less than(<) equal
to(=) .
SELECT*FROMloan
WHEREdate_lent<=
DATE_SUB(CURDATE(),INTERVAL1WEEK);
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110

SELECT*FROMloan
WHEREdate_lent>=
DATE_SUB(CURDATE(),INTERVAL1WEEK);

query- loan
table-,
data- .
query- loan table-,
data
data- .
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111

Date time functions- ,

program-
time zones, daylight savings time, wandering system clocks

.

.

Network Time Protocol(NTP) - ,

.

,
.

,
Greenwich Mean Time(GMT) Coordinated Universal
Time(UTC)- .
logic- program- .
.

9.7 Decimal columns

MySQL- decimal
columns- . decimal columns
floating point numbers- strings- .
,
, data
.
decimal column- data
MySQL- version- . MySQL- manual-
. versions-
30

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112

9.8 NULL-
NULL . empty zero-
. queries- .
SELECTNULL=FALSE;
SELECTNULL='';
SELECTNULL=0;
SELECTNULL=NULL;

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113

queries- null . null

data .
null- boolean false- , empty string-
, 0 integer
null- , null .
.
null column-
.

column- null comparison

operators- .
query rows- return .
SELECT*FROMbookWHEREtitle!=NULL;

null , Special Null

Safe Operators ISNULL <=> -
.

9.9 Query result- file-

INTO OUTFILE INTO DUMPFILE clause-
.
1. INTO OUTFILE
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114

INTO OUTFILE clause- select statement- , query

file- .
clause- simple select statement
, select query-
, INTO OUTFILE- file- tab
separated format- . file- , field-
tab-, row-
.
SELECT*FROMbook
INTOOUTFILE'/tmp/book'
FIELDSTERMINATEDBY','
ENCLOSEDBY'"'
LINESTERMINATEDBY'\n';

query, CSV file- .

format- query-
. Character sequences \n \t
line- tab- MySQL server-
interpret .

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115

2. INTO DUMPFILE
INTO DUMPFILE clause- select
statement-
file- .
INTO DUMPFILE clause row- return select
statement- . select statement-
columns
file- .
.
SELECT*FROMbook
WHEREbook_id=5
INTODUMPFILE"/tmp/book1";

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116

file- .

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117

10 Library database-
Tables-
queries- table-
. ,
sql- Joins, Subqueries Union
queries- ,
tables-
.
10.1
Relational databases- , data-
tables-
. table- row-
column- table- primary key
. table- primary key
column, table- primary key- ,
table- foreign key .
book table- book_id primary key ,
column table- row-
. , person table- person_id
column table- row-
.
loan table- "
" book
person table- .
loan table- book_id
person_id columns, table- foreign key .

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118

,
loan table- , book_id
column- book table-
.
, loan
table- person_id person table-
. loan table-
. transaction
date_lent column .
loan,person book tables-
.
10.2 Where clause tables-
tables- data-
, tables- primary key foreign key
.
, tables- data-
tables- select statement- from clause-
. where clause- tables-
primary key-foreign key .
syntax .

SELECTcolumns
FROMtable1,table2
WHEREtable1.foreign_key=table2.primary_key;
where clause- . ,
, table- row- ,

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119

table- row-
result .
query-, loan, person book
tables- ,
.

SELECTloan.date_lent,person.name,book.title
FROMloan,book,person
WHEREloan.book_id=book.book_id
ANDloan.person_id=person.person_id;
query- select statement- column-
prefix, column table-
qualifier . columns
tables- , column- table-
MySQL- error- .
column- table
name- qualifier- .
query- output .

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120

, filters- AND keyword

conditions- result-
.

SELECTloan.date_lent,person.name,book.title
FROMloan,book,person
WHEREloan.book_id=book.book_id
ANDloan.person_id=person.person_id
ANDperson.name='Nithya';

10.3 Join keyword tables-

Join keyword tables select statement- from
clause- tables Join
keyword- . ON
clause- tables- primary key-foreign key
.

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121

syntax .
SELECTcolumns
FROMtable1
JOINtable2
ONtable1.foreign_key=table2.primary_key;
Join tables- queries,
. Joining conditions ON clause-
, where clause- conditions-
.
Join keyword tables- Inner join Outer Join
.
10.4 Inner join tables-
Where clause- ,
Join keyword .
.
SELECTloan.date_lent,person.name,book.title
FROMloan
JOINbook
ONloan.book_id=book.book_id
JOINperson
ONloan.person_id=person.person_id;

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122

query- tables Inner join .

10.5 Table aliases-
examples- columns
table name- . table
name ,
column name-
. ,
query- . alias name
.
alias name , clause- table-
AS keyword-
.
.
SELECTa.date_lent,b.title,c.name
FROMloanASa
JOINbookASb
ONa.book_id=b.book_id

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123

JOINpersonASc
ONa.person_id=c.person_id;

a,b,c 3 alias name loan,book person 3

tables- .
query- table name- alias-
, query alias- .
alias- table-
.
10.6 Outer Join tables-
Outer Join- left outer join right outer join .
Left outer join- Join keyword- table-
row- return . table,
Joining condition- , table-
.
table- NULL .
syntax .

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124

SELECTcolumns
FROMtable1
LEFTOUTERJOINtable2
ONtable1.foreign_key=table2.primary_key;
loan person table- ,
, Outer Join query-
.
SELECTp.name,MAX(l.date_lent)
FROMpersonp
LEFTOUTERJOINloanl
ONp.person_id=l.person_id
GROUPBYp.name;
Query- output .

person table-
.
table- .
table, NULL-
.
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125

Right outer join- table-

, table-
. table-
NULL .
10.7 Column alias-
Table- alias name- , Column- alias name-
. , query-
select statement- column- aggregate
functions , return , column
name- . return
column name column- alias
name- . .

SELECTp.name,MAX(l.date_lent)asmaximum_date
FROMpersonp
LEFTOUTERJOINloanl
ONp.person_id=l.person_id
GROUPBYp.name;

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126

query table-
column- data- , result set-
, column table-
.
columns- alias name-
.
10.8 Subquery tables-
queries subquery
. select statement- query-
conditions- paranthesis-
query subquery . subquery- execute
. subquery-
main query- execute . syntax
.
SELECTcolumns
FROMtable1
WHEREcol1IN(SELECTcol2FROMtable2WHERE...);
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127

syntax- subquery where clause- In

operator- . subquery column-
return . return
main query- .
Subqueries- non-correlated subquery correlated subquery
.
10.9 Non- correlated subquery
Non-Correlated subqueries- outer query-
table- subquery- table-
condition- .
'book' table- cond column
good bad
. cond column- good

non-correlated subqueries
. .
SELECTDISTINCTb.name
FROMloana
JOINpersonb
ONa.person_id=b.person_id
WHEREa.book_idIN(SELECTbook_idFROMbookWHEREcond
='good');
query- paranthesis- subquery
.
main query ,

. output .

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128

subqueries- ,
queries- execute .
.
SELECTbook_idFROMbookWHEREcond='good';
SELECTDISTINCTb.nameFROMloanaJOINpersonb
ONa.person_id=b.person_idWHEREa.book_idIN(1,4,5,8,9);
query,
.
result- condition- query,

.

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129

queries- ,
subquery- query- . subquery-
.

10.10 Select statement- Subquery-

Subquery- select statement- columns-
. subquery- column-
. MySQL, error- .
query,
table- data- summary
.
SELECT(SELECTCOUNT(*)FROMperson)ASNo_of_persons,
(SELECTCOUNT(*)FROMbook)ASNo_of_books;

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130

select statement- columns-

subqueries . return
row- .
10.11 Correlated subquery
Correlated subqueries- outer query- table-
subquery- table- condition-
.
book table- main query- return
,
query-
.
SELECTb.title,
(SELECTmax(date_lent)FROMloanaWHEREa.book_id=
b.book_id)ASlast_lend_date
FROMbookb;

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sub query- loan table-, main query- book

table-, book_id column-
. correlated subquery .
subquery- row- execute
mainquery- . correlated subquery
query- run .
10.12 Union queries-
UNION Operator queries
resultset- .
syntax .
SELECTcolumnsFROMtable1
UNION
SELECTcolumnsFROMtable2;
queries execute
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UNION Operator ,
result set .

SELECT*FROMbook
UNION
SELECT*FROMloan;

Union Operator query-

columns .
Union Operator,
.
, UNION UNION ALL keyword-
.
UNION UNION ALL-
.
SELECTcondFROMbookwherecond='good'
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UNION
SELECTnameFROMperson;

SELECTcondFROMbookwherecond='good'
UNIONALL
SELECTnameFROMperson;

good
.

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11 Library database-
data-
,
.
.
'update' command, table- data-
. syntax .
UPDATEtable_nameSETcolumn_name=valueWHEREcondition;
syntax .

UPDATE - query, run

.

SET - column-
. column-
, .
SET name0='value', name1='some_other_value',
...

WHERE - clause row-

condition- .

Column-
. query, book table-
'cond' column- good .
UPDATEbookSETcond='good';

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row- query-
.
UPDATEbook
SETcond='poor'
WHEREauthor='Jayakanthan';

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row- author- Jayakanthan ,

row- 'cond' column, 'poor' .
11.1 Function column-
query-, loan table-
DATE_ADD function . DATE_ADD
function-, ,
.
UPDATEloan
SETdate_lent=DATE_ADD(date_lent,INTERVAL1YEAR)
WHEREdate_lent='20121231';

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update queries, table-

.

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12 Library database-
data-
table- row- 'delete' command
. syntax .
DELETEFROMtable_nameWHEREsome_conditions;

DELETE - query- . query

.

FROM - table- .

WHERE - conditions , rows

.

query- 'book' table- , 'cond'

column- poor row .
DELETEFROMbookWHEREcond='poor';

12.1 tables- rows-

query- book loan tables- rows-
condition- .

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DELETEbook,loan
FROMbook,loan
WHEREbook.book_id=loan.book_id
ANDbook.cond='poor';

syntax .

Delete - query- . query

.

list,of,tables - tables-
rows .

FROM - condition- .

list,of,tables - tables where

clause- condition- .

WHERE - conditions , rows

.

12.2
MySQL- 'undo'
. ,

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DROPDATABASElibrary;
query- run , 'library' database-
tables- .
queries , run , undo
. logs, backups data recovery tool
.
'library' database- data-
.

Users-, permissions- .
database-
, database- root account-
. , select queries run
permissions user- create , user
login . , adhoc
queries- run
.

Server Administrator , MySQL-

backup
.

adhoc backups- .
adhoc backups server admin backup
,
backup .

option, delete update queries- LIMIT

WHERE clauses .
queries (conditions
) table-

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. options-
.
SETSQL_SAFE_UPDATES=1;

MyISAM non-transactional storage engine-

, queries- table- run
table- run
.
command, book table- copy test
table- .
CREATETEMPORARYTABLEtestLIKEbook;
INSERTtestSELECT*FROMbook;
commands- test table- run
book table- run .

databases- .

InnoDB BerkeleyDB storage engine-

queries- run .
transaction- queries
COMMIT .

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ROLLBACK
.
transaction-,
rollback- commit- .

BEGIN;
UPDATEbookSETauthor="Sujatha";
SELECT*FROMbook;
ROLLBACK;
BEGIN;
UPDATEbookSETAUTHOR="Sujatha"
WHEREauthor="Vairamuthu";
SELECT*FROMbook;
COMMIT;

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13 Users-
MySQL users database .

.
MySQLs privilege system
database -
. username database
remote address .
, password-
database - .
13.1 Server- user-
user- , admin rights
. , MySQL- install 'root'
user, 'admin rights' user- . syntax
.
CREATEUSERuser@hostIDENTIFIEDBY'password';
, Nithya' user, 192.168.1.10
remote IP address- . remote IP
address- abcd password- login .
ip address- password
login .
CREATEUSER'Nithya'@'192.168.1.10'
IDENTIFIEDBY'abcd';

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, ip address ,
local host name domain name
.
MySQL
database- localhost . .
CREATEUSER'Nithya'@'localhost'
IDENTIFIEDBY'super';

'Nithya'
user , password-
.
create user command, MySQL version 5.0.2
version- . version-
command . version- database
, MySQL tables- user,host database-
. version- ,
user table- insert command-
. .

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INSERTINTOuser(Host,User,Password)
VALUES('123.456.78.90','Nithya',
PASSWORD('abcd'));
FLUSHPRIVILEGES;

query- abcd password ,

PASSWORD() function .
password, encrypt
user table- .
FLUSH PREVILEGES command .
user table- data , privileges-
reload . create user command-
.
13.2 user- server-
DROP USER command-, user- user
table- .
DROPUSERNithya@localhost;

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user ,
active user session-
. session-
.
drop user command, MySQL version => 5.0.2-
. version- delete
command . .
DELETEFROMuser
WHEREUser='Nithya'
ANDHost='192.168.1.10';
FLUSHPRIVILEGES;

13.3 user-
. username
,
username surname- .
surname ,
username- .
" " ,
" " , RENAME USER command

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- , .
RENAMEUSERold_user@hostTOnew_user@host;
rename user command, MySQL version >= 5.0.2-
. version-
update command . .

UPDATEuser
SETUser='Nithya_Shrinivasan'
WHEREUser='Nithya_Duraisamy'
ANDHost='localhost';
UPDATEdb
SETUser='Nithya_Shrinivasan'
WHEREUser='Nithya_Duraisamy'
ANDHost='localhost';
FLUSHPRIVILEGES;

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update command, user table-,

rows- database table- .
13.4 Wildcards- IP address- users-

Percent (%) Underscore(_) wildcard characters-

pattern- ip address-
, IP
.
CREATEUSER'Karthik'@'192.168.0.%'
IDENTIFIEDBY'abcd';
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192.168.0.x IP range- IP
.
,
login username password-
query- .
CREATEUSER'Karthik'@'%'IDENTIFIEDBY'phrasebook';

13.5 database/ table-

SELECTDbFROMdb
WHEREUser='user'ANDHost='host';
SELECTTable_nameFROMtables_priv
WHEREUser='user'
ANDHost='host'ANDDb='db';
database- db
table- user host- query- .

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SELECTDb,Table_nameFROMtables_priv
WHEREUser='Nithya'ANDHost='localhost'
user, tables-
tables_priv table- user, host db
condition- query- .
13.6 Password -
MySQL - user- login ,
password- query- .
SETPASSWORD=PASSWORD('murali');

'murali' password .
admin- login ,
password- query- .
SETPASSWORDFORkumar@localhost=
PASSWORD('xxxx');

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'xxxx' 'kumar'- password .

update query - .
UPDATEuser
SETPassword=PASSWORD('xxxx')
WHEREUser='kumar'ANDHost='localhost';
set password command- FLUSH
PRIVILEGES - .
13.7 Users- tables- privileges-

Grant command- database tables-

users- .
syntax .
GRANTprivilegesONdb.table
TOuser@host
IDENTIFIEDBY'password';
, MySQL version 4.1- GRANT
command- user- .
user- comma
.
karthik- user- library database-
'book' table- select insert
. data-
.

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GRANTSELECT,INSERTONlibrary.book
TO'karthik'@'localhost'IDENTIFIEDBY'bca';

user- , ALL
PRIVILEGES ALL keyword- .
'kumar' user- library database- 'book'
table- .
GRANTALLPRIVILEGESONlibrary.book
TO'karthik'@'localhost';

user- ,
IDENTIFIED BY clause - .

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13.8 User privileges

User privileges -
privileges .
,
with grant option -
. privileges-
. syntax .
GRANTprivilegesONdb.table
TOuser@host
IDENTIFIEDBY'password'
WITHGRANTOPTION;
, privileges-
, permissions users
privileges - .
13.9 User- privileges-
Show grants command- user-
privileges- .
SHOWGRANTSFORkarthik;

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command- ,
Grant statements- .
SHOWGRANTSFOR'karthik'@'localhost';

statement- password,
password- encrypt .
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FOR clause grant statement user-

current_user() - , privileges- .
13.10 user-
Revoke- privileges- .
privileges
comma- , ALL keyword-
privileges- .
query, 'karthik' user- select
privilege- library database- book table-
.
REVOKEselectONlibrary.book
FROMkarthik@localhost;

query, user- grant

option- privileges- .
REVOKEALLPRIVILEGES,GRANTOPTION
ONsampdb.mytable
FROM'shrini'@'localhost';

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13.11 Network access-

TCP/IP remote access- my.cnf-
skip-networking- skip-networking switch
mysqld- start . MySQL, localhost-
socket .

#mysqld_safeskipnetworking&
Network access- disable , user- remote
hosts MySQL- .
MySQL- remote access- , MySQL-
firewall, appropriate port-
. , 3306 port .

13.12 User authentication-

password- .
password- reset , MySQL- password
restart
Admin rights .
MySQL server- , master my.cnf file-
skip-grant-tables restart . - skip-grant-tables switch- mysqld- restart .
#mysqld_safeskipgranttables&
restart , password
MySQL- .

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MySQLuroot
password MySQL- ,
password- .
updateusersetpassword=PASSWORD("NEWROOTPASSWORD")where
User='root';
user authentication- enable FLUSH PRIVILEGES
command- MySQL server- -skip-grant-tables
restart .
13.13 SSL -
MySQL database server- client- encrypt
network SSL- .
, server- compile enable
. enable
command- .
SHOWVARIABLESLIKE'have_openssl';
command, Yes No variable-
.
compile time- enable ,
server- --with-vio --with-openssl
configure switches- recompile .
encrypt SSL ,
certificate files- .
certificate authority certificate, server certificate client
certificate .
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my.cnf file- [mysqld] , .

certificate files
.
sslca=/path/to/CAcert
sslcert=/path/to/servercert
sslkey=/path/to/clientcert
file- [client] server settings- client
settings- . server- ,
certificate files- client- .
, certificate- MySQL- command-line
argument- .

MySQLsslca=/path/to/CAcert\
sslcert=/path/to/servercert\
sslkey=/path/to/clientcert

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14 MySQL- Application Programming

Interface - API
MySQL server-
API . programming
API-
. API , Open
database connectivity ODBC MySQL server-
.
14.1 C API
C API-, API-
. API-
function call- , C library function-
.
C API- program-
libmysqlclient.so- . library- source-
MySQL- compile install .
components- binary distributions-, MySQLdevel*
platform- install .
libraries header files package- .
MySQL API- C program, MySQL.h file-
. file system-
include directory- . .
#include<mysql/mysql.h>
libmysqlclient.so- compiler- .
gcc mytest.c program,

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compile libmysqlclient-
.

shell>gccomytestmytest.clmysqlclient
compile , error messages ,
mysql_config utility- compiler
options . cflags, --include
libs switches- mysql_config- run ,
. .
shell>mysql_configcflagsincludelibs
I/usr/include/mysqlmcpu=i486fnostrengthreduce
I/usr/include/mysql
L/usr/lib/MySQLlMySQLclientlcryptlnsllmlzlc
lnss_fileslnss_dnslresolv
lclnss_fileslnss_dnslresolv
14.2 MySQL-
MySQL database- mysql_init()
mysql_real_connect() function calls .
function, MySQL type- object- initialize .
function, object- argument-
. , API calls- , object
database connection-
Resource argument- .
Port argument database- TCP/IP Port-
. localhost 0- .

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MYSQLmysql;
mysql_init(&mysql);
mysql_real_connect(&mysql,"host","user",
"password","dbname",
port,unix_socket,client_flag);
, socket- named pipe-
unix socket argument- NULL- .
mysql client library- features- enable ,
client_flag argument- NULL- .
mysql_real_connect() -
return mysql object . object-
argument- object- .
variable- assign . ,
, function, NULL
return .

14.3 Query- execute

mysql_query() function query- execute .
function- argument- query NULL terminated
string- . semicolon
. query, mysql object-
database connection- execute .
query-, binary data- ,
mysql_real_query() function- query- length-
.
binary data- \0 character- ,
mysql_query() function, string-
\0- .

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binary data- query- mysql_real_query() function-

.
mysql_query(&mysql,"query");
mysql_real_query(&mysql,"query",length);
Query- execute , query
function NULL- .
, function ,
.
ErrorCodesfrommysql_query()
CR_COMMANDS_OUT_OF_SYNCCommandswereexecutedinanimproper
order.
CR_SERVER_GONE_ERRORTheMySQLserverhasgoneaway.
CR_SERVER_LOSTTheconnectiontotheserverwaslostduring
thequery.
CR_UNKNOWN_ERRORAnunknownerroroccurred.

14.4 Result set-

query return ,
query- result- MYSQL_RES object- assign .
mysql_use_result() function execute query-
result- object- assign . result-
object- assign , reference-
query- execute .
query- execute , function, NULL
. ,
error code- .

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MYSQL_RESresult;
MYSQL_ROWrow;
result=mysql_use_result(&mysql);
row=mysql_fetch_row(result);
mysql_fetch_row() function, execute query-
row- mysql_row structure-
. row[0]- , row[n-1]
row- . n data set- column-
.
mysql_num_fields() column- ,
mysql_num_rows() rows- .
14.5 Error Messages-
mysql_errno() mysql_error() functions ,

message- .
function arguments MySQL object .
function- return error
, execute query-
error . execute
query mysql_errno()
function, 0- mysql_error() function, NULL
return .
mysql_errno(&mysql);
mysql_error(&mysql);
functions- database-
query- execute
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14.6
MySQL ,
,
mysql_close() function . mysql_init() allocate
resource- de-allocate .
mysql_close(&mysql);

#include <stdio.h>
#include <mysql/mysql.h>
main() {
MYSQL mysql;
MYSQL_RES *result;
MYSQL_ROW row;
int numrows, numcols, c;
mysql_init(&mysql);
/* Establish a database connection */
if (!mysql_real_connect(&mysql, "localhost",

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165

"username", "password",
"dbname", 0, NULL, 0))
{
fprintf(stderr,
"Failed to connect to database: Error %d:
%s\n", mysql_errno(&mysql),
mysql_error(&mysql));
}
/* Execute a query */
char query[] = "SELECT book_id, cond, title
FROM book";
if (mysql_query(&mysql, query))
{
fprintf(stderr,
"Error executing query: Error %d: %s\n",
mysql_errno(&mysql), mysql_error(&mysql));
}
/* Assign the result handle */
result = mysql_use_result(&mysql);
if (!result)
{
fprintf(stderr,
"Error executing query: Error %d: %s\n",

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mysql_errno(&mysql), mysql_error(&mysql));
}
/* Find the number of columns in the result */
numcols = mysql_num_fields(result);
/* Loop through the result set to display it */
while (row = mysql_fetch_row(result)) {
for(c=0; c<numcols; c++) {
printf("%s\t", row[c]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

14.7 Perl API

DBI (Database Interface) DBD (Database Driver) perl
MySQL- . Perl 5.6.0
versions .
DBI install Cpan download
install . .
shell>cpan
cpan>installDBI
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windows platform- Activeperl distribution- , ppm.bat

script- perl modules- install .
C:\perl\bin>ppm.bat
ppm>installDBI
MySQL database driver- , DBD::MySQL module-
install .
cpan>installDBD::mysql
MySQL DBD- perl script-,
.
useMysql;
14.8 MySQL-
MySQL object- connect method database-
. dbh database handle- .
localhost- undef
argument- . DBI method, C API-
mysql_init() mysql_real_connect() functions-
.
$dbh=Mysql>connect(host,dbname,
user,password);

14.9 Query- execute

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query- execute , dbh- sql statement- argument-

, query() method- . sth statement
handle- .
$sth=$dbh>query(query);

14.10 Result set-

@row=$sth>fetchrow;
sth- fetchrow() method- array data-
. fetchrow method ,
dataset- row- .
row- .
records , NULL- .
sth- numrows method, rows-
, numfields method, columns-
.
14.11 Error Messages-
errno errstr methods error error
. methods , dbh-
, execute query-
.
$errno=$dbh>errno;
$errstr=$dbh>errstr;
connection-
, methods- MySQL object- .

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$errno=Mysql>errno;
$errstr=MySQL>errstr;

14.12
DBI method- .
program- exit , resources
. Exit , resource-
undef command- handle- .

#!/usr/bin/perl
useMysql;
/*Establishadatabaseconnection*/
$dbh=Mysql>connect(undef,"dbname","username","password")
ordie("Failedtoconnecttodatabase:Error"
.Mysql>errstr);
/*Executeaquery*/
$sql_statement="SELECTbook_id,cond,titleFROMbook";
$sth=$dbh>query($sql_statement)
ordie("Errorexecutingquery:Error".
$dbh>errno);
/*Loopthroughtheresultsettodisplayit*/

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while(@row=$sth>fetchrow){
for($i=0;$i<$sth>numfields;$i++){
print$row[$i]."\t";
}
print"\n";
}
14.13 PHP API
PHP Applications- MySQL database-
.
PHP enable web server- MySQL- support-
<?php phpinfo();?> script-
.
script- web browser- MySQL support MySQLi support
. MySQLi MySQL Improved PHP
API- version . MySQL 4.1.3
version- . procedural
object-oriented . MySQLi-
. MySQL API , MySQLi- procedural
. Compile time- MySQLi support-
withmysql=/path/to/mysql_config switch-
enable .
14.14 MySQL-
$conn=mysqli_connect("host","user",
"password","dbname");
$conn=newmysqli("host",
"user","password","dbname");
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syntax- mysqli_connect() functions

arguments- dbh database connection handle-
.
syntax- , MySQLi object-
constructor method- .
procedural object-oriented
. database operations
mysqli_connect()- arguments- ,
functions- MySQLi object- instance
methods .
14.15 Query- execute
Procedural mysqli_query() function , query-
argument- result handle- .
result handle , returned data-
functions- argument- .

$result=mysqli_query(query,$conn);
$result=$conn>query(query);
Object-oriented query() function, query-
argument- result handle- . result
object- , object-
methods- queries- process .
14.16 Result set-
procedural mysqli_fetch_array() function
, result- data record- .
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object-oriented result handle object-

fetch_array() function- .
data NULL-
return .
$row=mysqli_fetch_array($result);
$result>fetch_array();
Array- return numeric associative
indexes- .
Numeric index- 0- select
columns- . Associative
indexes- , column- query-
aliases- .
query- return rows- procedural
mysqli_num_rows() function-, object-oriented
result object- num_rows() attribute-
. mysqli_num_fields num_fields
query- return column- .
14.17 Error Messages-
Procedural , mysqli_error() function, Connection handle-
argument- , connection- execute
query- error .
mysqli_error($conn);
$conn>error();
Object-oriented connection object- error() method
. error

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mysqli_errno() errno() .
14.18
PHP script MySQL resources
.
mysqli_close($conn);
$conn>close();
, resources-
procedural mysqli_close() function-
object-oriented conn object- close()
method- . Database , result resource-
procedural mysqli_free_result()
function object-oriented result object-
free_result() method .

<?php
/*Establishadatabaseconnection*/
$conn=newmysqli("localhost","user","password","dbname");
if(!$conn){
echo"Failedtoconnecttodatabase:Error".
$conn>error()."<br>\n";
exit;
}
/*Executeaquery*/

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174

$sql_statement="SELECTbook_id,cond,titleFROMbook";
$result=$conn>query($sql_statement);
if(!$result){
echo"Errorexecutingquery:Error:".
$conn>error()."<br>\n";
exit;
}
/*Loopthroughtheresultsettodisplayit*/
echo"<table>\n";
while($row=$result>fetch_array()){
echo"<tr>\n";
for($i=0;$i<$result>num_rows;$i++){
echo"<td>".$row[$i]."</td>\n";
}
echo"</tr>\n";
}
echo"</table>";
?>

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15 Backup Trouble Shooting

MySQL Server-
.
.
15.1 Backup
database-
.
, data- , backup
file- data-
.
database- backup
.
database- update backup
database- offline-
.
backup . Full
backup Incremental backup .
.
15.2 Full Backup
database- sql file-
backup mysqldump command .
database- table- create statement-,
table- row- insert statement
sql file- .

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mysqldump command output-

. output- file- redirect
backup file- .
mysqldumpuser=userhost=hostport=port\
password=passworddbname>filename.sql
mysqldump command-
, database- backup
database- .
database- table-
, table- backup .
, database- tables
, tables backup .
library database- book
person tables tables
library.sql file- backup . command
'shell' prompt- run .
mysqldumpuser=root\
password=muralilibrarybookperson>library.sql;

command- host port options-

. command, local machine- default
port- .
databases- backup
databases switch- , backup
databases- . .
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mysqldumpuser=rootpassword=murali\
databaseslibraryexams>dump.sql

, MySQL server- databases-

backup all-databases switch .
15.3 Incremental backup
database- backup
. full backup , database-
tables table- rows
mysqldump command- .
busy- server- performance
.
Incremental backup .
Incremental backup- MySQL server restart
FLUSH LOGS command
binary logging feature binary log
.

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binary logging feature- enable log_bin option- my.cnf

file- , MySQL server- restart mysqld- -log-bin
switch- .
binary log- user- home directory-
/var/lib/mysql , hostname-bin.XXX
. hostname server-
, XXX .
MySQL server restart
FLUSH LOGS command-
binary log .
binary log- update data- SQL query-
. update, Insert delete
statement- binary log- .
update statement row- update
statement log- .
database- full
backup- database backup
.
binary log- full backup
transactions- . binary log- backup file-
synchronize , mysqldump command- --flush-logs
option- . dump FLUSH LOGS command-
. database-
binary log- .
binary logs- server- performance
performance .
MySQL documentation- binary logging, enable server-
performance

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15.4 Backup- restore

database-
, backup file-
restore .
15.5 Full backup- restore

mysqluser=userhost=hostport=port\
password=passworddbname<filename.sql

backup file- MySQL

command- input file- database-
restore
backup database-
backup file- restore , database-
tables overwrite .
mysqldump- output-, backup table-
Drop Table statement- .
database- backup file- Create Database
statement- . file-
restore MySQL command- database-
database- restore
.
database- backup file- mysqldump command-
--all-databases --databases option-
. file- database- Create
Database command
15.6 Incremental Backup- restore
database- Incremental backup- restore ,
full backup- restore .
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database- binary log files-

restore .
mysqlbinlog utility . utility binary
log format- backup file- sql commands- text
format- . mysqlbinlog- output MySQL
command- input- .
mysqlbinloghostnamebin.XXX|mysqloptionsdbname
command- output- command- input-
pipe- file re-direction .
command, database- binary log file-
regular expression- command- restore
.
mysqlbinloghostnamebin.[09]*|\
mysqloptionsdbname
regular expression, format-
file-, command MySQL-
input- . file name-
0- , command file-
read . binary log
files- manual- restore ,
file- .
15.7 Table- corrupt- data-
MySQL data files- corrupt repair
. table
CHECK TABLE command-
. syntax .

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CHECKTABLEtable;
REPAIRTABLEtable;
command, book table- error
.
CHECKTABLEbook;
command- output , table
. table-
.

output- msg_text column- check

table- error error- .
error REPAIR TABLE
command MySQL error- .
MySQL- myisamchk utility, MyISAM tables- SQL
commands- .
myisamchk command option- run ,
table- error .
Command line switches-
.

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myisamchk utility- MyISAM table files

data directory- .MYI file extension-
. data directory- /var/lib/mysql,
sampdb database- tables command
.
myisamchk/var/lib/mysql/sampdb/*.MYI
command- --fast switch-
tables- . tables
.
--medium-check option
table- errors-
. --medium-check option-
--extend-check
command . option
, table-
.
switches- , table file
corrupt , --recover switch
.
mysqld- .
data- MySQL server- repair file-
.
--recover switch data file- error-
, --safe-recover switch
. error-

15.8 Server Crash-

MySQL
server- crash . server
crash- bug report - .
.

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crash MySQL server

client . ,
mysqladminversion
command- run . UP-
. OUTPUT .

Uptime:4days8hours20min3sec
output- server- UP
. server client-
client program- .
output- UP time
mysqld crash- ,
tables corrupt-
. mysqld - command- data
directory- run .

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myisamchksilentforce*/*.MYI
system- table- .
mysqld- --log switch- restart , my.cnf
file- [mysqld] log- . execute
sql command- file- log .
commands- crash-
.
http://bugs.mysql.com/ bug database- query
, bug report- file .
crash- server- .
system- RAM- hard drives-
MySQL- crash- . server
crash- system-
hardware- .
15.9 ERRORS
errors-
.
Can' t Connect to MySQL Server
error, server machine- mysqld process
.
ERROR2002:Can'tconnecttolocalMySQLserver
throughsocket'/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock'(2)
ERROR2003(HY000):Can'tconnecttoMySQLserver
on'123.45.67.89'(113)

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local MySQL server- ,

system- process list- . Linux- ps -ax
command-, Windows- Task Manager command-, system-
process- . mysqld process
, MySQL server- start .
, socket file
. socket file, /tmp/mysql.sock
. systems /tmp

. /tmp user
. mysql.sock
file- .
socket file- MySQL user- directory-
.
my.cnf file- .
[mysqld]
socket=/path/to/mysql.sock
[client]
socket=/path/to/mysql.sock
Port- mysqld network
Unix/Linux- command
.
shell>netstatltnp|grep3306

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windows- .
>netstata|find"LISTENING"
remote MySQL server- ,
mysqld- firewall
settings- . Port 3306 port
port- TCP/IP traffic- .
error message "MySQL server-
" " "
. MySQL server-
password- "
" error .
Access Denied
username password
database- username
error .
ERROR1045(28000):Accessdeniedforuser
'user'@'host'(usingpassword:YES)
MySQL database- privilege table- ,
connection arguments-

--password -p switch-
password- .
-p- argument database name
.
Too Many Connections

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MySQL-
max_connections variable- .
100 . 100-
error
.
ERROR1040:Toomanyconnections
variable- my.cnf file-
errors- .
[mysqld]
max_connections=200
. MySQL,

. system
max_connections-
.
variable-
. superuser-
.
super user-
.
mysqladmin processlist command-
.
MySQL Server Has Gone Away
mysqld- client-
error .
ERROR2006:MySQLserverhasgoneaway
8
. wait_timeout system variable-
. variable- seconds-
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. error,
mysql program
.
error , mysqld process
. mysql- , mysqld
.
Got Error from Table Handler
error database- table storage file- .
Error1030:Goterror141fromtablehandler
myisamchk utility-
. message- error ,
. error perror command
error message- .
shell>perror141
141=Duplicateuniquekeyorconstraintonwrite
orupdate
error myaqld-
myisamchk -- recover .MYI file- run .
error message, system
. .
$perror28
Errorcode28:Nospaceleftondevice

15.10

.
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http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/temp0105.html
online manual-
.
MySQL mailing list- topics-
. lists-
.
mailing list- http://lists.mysql.com/
.
MySQL
AB- . MySQL AB ,
support- . support packages-
MySQL knowledge base- .
MySQL Knowledge base
technical articles- searchable
library
24 , 7 support
.
MySQL expert , remote-
.
www.mysql.com/support/ .

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editor@ kaniyam. com

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, .

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,
.
.
, , , , ,

.
.
editor@kaniyam.com
.
,
.
editor@kaniyam.com .

.

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2013 .

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
.
,

, , , ,
, .
: . editor@kaniyam.com +91 98417 95468
: . , 13 11 , ,
600035 . : +91 94455 54009 amachu@kaniyam.com
.

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