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STATISTICS


By:- Nishant Gupta
For any help contact:
9953168795, 9268789880



Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880


1. The data obtained in a statistical investigation is called raw data and when it is arranged in ascending or
descending order of magnitude, it is called an array.
2. A variable which can assume any value between two given values is called a continuous variable,
otherwise it is called a discrete variable.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (OR AVERAGES)
An average of a distribution is that value of the variable which is representative of the entire distribution.
Following are the five measures of central tendency.
1. Arithmetic Mean or just Mean x
2. Geometric Mean
3. Harmonic Mean
4. Median
5. Mode.
AIRTHMETIC MEAN
(i) If a variable x takes values x1, x2, , xn, then the A.M. is denoted by x and is given by

=
=
+ + +
=
n
1 i
i
n 2 1
x
n
1
n
x ........ x x
x
(ii) For a ungrouped frequency distribution
x = x1 x2 . xn f = f1 f2 fn
n 2 1
n n 2 2 1 1
f ........ f f
x f ........ x f x f
x
+ + +
+ + +
= . f whereN x f
N
1
n
1 i
i
n
1 i
1 i i
= =
= =

(iii) For a grouped frequency, formula listed in (ii) is applicable where xi denotes the mid point of ith class.
(iv) Weighted Arithmetic Mean. If x takes values x1, x2, .......x:n with their respective weights w1, w2, ..wn,
then weighted A.M. is given by

=
+ + +
+ + +
=
=
=
n
1 i
i
n
1 i
i i
n 2 1
n n 2 2 1 1
w
x w
w ........ w w
x w ........ x w x w
x
SHORT-CUT METHOD IN COMPUTING
Arithmetic Mean We take a number 'a' (generally in the middle of the greatest and the least values of
the variable) called the assume mean.
(i) For simple distribution
STATISTICS



Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

+ =
=
n
1 i
i
d a A where di = xi - a, n is the number of terms.
(ii) For ungrouped frequency distribution

+ =
=
=
n
1 i
i
n
1 i
i i
f
d f
a A where di = xi a.
(iii) Step deviation or Shift of origin and change of scale for grouped frequency distribution :
u h a u f
N
1
h a x
n
1 i
i i
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
where . f N ;
h
a x
u
n
1 i
i
i
i
=

=
=

(iv) Mean of the composite of the k groups. If k 2 1 x ...., ,......... x , x are means of k groups having n1, n2,.............,
nk members, then mean of the k groups, combined is give
k 2 1
k
k
2
2
1
1
n .... .......... n n
x n ..... .......... x n x n
x
+ + +
+ + +
= .
Some Algebraic Properties of A.M.
(i) Algebraic sum of deviations of all values of variable from their A.M. is always zero.
Thus, for simple distribution. ( ) , 0 x x
n
1 i
i
=
=

And for a frequency distribution. ( ) , 0 x x f
n
1 i
i i
=
=

(ii) The mean of the sum of two (or more) variables is equal to sum of their means.
(iii) If u, v are two variables and w = au + bv for some constants a, b then v b u a w + = .
(iv) Sum of squares of deviations of variable is minimum when taken about A.M.

GEOMETRIC MEAN
(i) If x takes positive values x1, x2,...,xn then G.M. of x is G = (x, x2 ... xn)
1/N
. Using logarithm, we see that
G = antilog
(

=
n
1 i
i
x log
x
1

(ii) For a frequency distribution :
x = x1, x2, ..., xn f = f1, f2, ., fn
G.M. is given by ( )
N 1
f
n
f
2
f
1
n 2 1
x .......... x . x G =
In terms of log, G = antilog
(

=
n
1 i
i i
x log f log
x
1

For a grouped frequency distribution, xi is the mid-point of the ith class interval.
(iii) If G1 and G2 are the geometric means of the two series of sizes n1 and n2 respectively, then the G.M. G of
the combined series is given by
log G
2 1
2 2 1 1
n n
G log n G log n
+
+
=
(iv) It is useful in the construction of index numbers, averaging ratios, percentages etc.


Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

HARMONIC MEAN
If x assumes non-zero values x1, x2,...., xn, then H.M. is denoted by H and is given by

=
=
n
1 i
i
i
x
f
n
1
1
H
For a frequency distribution : (xi, fi), i = 1, 2, ....., n,

=
=
n
1 i
i
i
x
f
N
1
1
H
It is useful in problems related with rates, ratios, times, etc. Note. A > G > H.
MEDIAN AND OTHER PARTITION VALUES
Median is that value of the variable which divides the total observations into two equal halves.
(i) If x takes values x1, x2, ..., xn (n odd), then the median is |
.
|

\
| +
2
1 n
th value after the values have been
arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude.
If n is even, then the A.M. of |
.
|

\
|
2
n
th and |
.
|

\
|
+1
2
n
th values is the median.
(ii) For a frequency distribution (xi, fi), i = 1,2,.., n, median is calculated as follows :
First, find the cumulative frequencies. Then, see the cumulative frequency just greater than
2
N
. The
corresponding value of x is the median.
(iii) For a grouped frequency distribution. Median is calculated by the formula
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
f
h
C
2
N
l M
e

Where l = lower limit of median class
f = frequency of median class
h = width of median class
c = c.f. of the class preceding the median class.
The class corresponding to cumulative frequency just greater than
2
N
is the median class.
Graphical Method: Here we draw 'less than' and 'more than' ogive. The abscissa of point of intersection
of these ogives is the median.
Like median, the other partition values quar-tiles, deciles, percentiles, etc. can be determined- The ith
quartile Qi is given by etc 3 , 2 , 1 i ,
f
h C
4
iN
l Q =
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
MODE
The mode or modal value of a distribution is that value of the variable which has the maximum
frequency.
For a grouped frequency distribution, mode is given by
h
f f f 2
f f
l Mode
2 1 m
1 m

+ =
Where l = lower limit of modal class (i.e., the class in which frequency is maximum)


Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

h = width of modal class
f1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class.
f2 = frequency of the class following the modal class
fm = maximum frequency.
Note: (i) The length of intervals should be equal (ii) If 2fm f1 f2 = 0 then use :
h
f f f f
f f
l Mode
2 m 1 m
1 m

+

+ =

MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Averages are not sufficient to give a complete picture of the distribution as they do not tell us how the
values vary about some central value. There can be more than one distributions having the same average
but have wide disparities in the formation of the distribution. Dispersion measures the scatteredness of
various observation about some central value. Following are the measures of dispersion :
(i) Range
(ii) Quartile Deviation
(iii) Mean Deviation and
(iv) Standard Deviation
(i) Range of a distribution is the difference of the largest and the smallest values.
Coefficient of range =
S L
S L
+

(ii) Quartile Deviation = Q3 Q1 Coefficient of quartile deviation =
1 3
1 3
Q Q
Q Q
+

(iii) Mean Deviation. For a frequency distribution (xi, fi),i = 1,2, ...,n
Mean Deviation (M.D.) from 'a' . a x f
N
1
i
n
1 i
i
=
=
where 'a' can be mean, mode or median
Coefficient of dispersion =
a
a' ' from deviation Mean

(iv) Standard Deviation (S.D.) For a frequency distribution (xi, fi),i = 1,2,..,n,
S.D. is denoted by o and is given by
( ) = o
=
n
1 i
2
1 i
x x f
N
1
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
n
1 i
2
i i
2
i i
x f
N
1
x f
N
1

(for calculation)
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
n
1 i
2
i i
2
i i
u f
N
1
u f
N
1
h Where
h
a x
u
i
i

=
u x
ho = o
Thus S.D. is independent of shift of origin but depends upon change of scale,
Coefficient of Dispersion (C.D.) =
x
o
Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) = 100
x

o

If s denotes the root mean square deviation from some number a, i.e.,
( ) =
=
n
1 i
2
i i
a x f
N
1
s and o is the S.D. s
2
= o
2
+ d
2
where d = a x
clearly, s is least when d = 0 i.e., a x =


Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

Thus, root mean square deviation is least when deviation are taken from x .
Square of S.D. is called variance. S.D. ( o ) of the combined mp of two groups having means, 2 1 x , x ;
standard deviation
2 1
, o o and number of elements n1, n2 is given by
( ) ( ) | |
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
2
1 1
2 1
2
d n d n
n n
1
+ o + + o
+
= o Where . x x d , x x d 2
2
1
1
= =
And
2 1
2
2
1
1
n n
x n x n
x
+
+
= Also, note that s o
2
(Range)
2
.
SYMETRIC AND SKEW-SYMMETRIC
In a symmetrical distribution, Mean, Median, Mode coincide. Here, frequencies are symmetrically
distributed both sides of some central value.

A distribution which is not symmetrical, is called skew- symmetrical. In a moderately skew-symmetric
distribution,
Mean - Mode = 3 (Mean - Median)
In a positively skew-symmetric distribution, the value of mean is maximum and that of mode is least, and
the median lies between the two.
In a negatively skew-symmetric distribution, the value of mode is maximum and that of mean is least,
and the median lies between the two.
Absolute measures of skewness are
(i) , M x
e
(ii) , M x
0
(iii) Q3 + Q1- 2Q2.










Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880


1. A.M. of squares of first n natural numbers is
(a)
6
1 n +
(b)
6
1 n
2

(c)
6
) 1 n 2 )( 1 n ( + +
(d)None of these.
2. The A.M. of
n
C0,
n
C1,
n
C2, .. ,
n
Cn is
(a)
1 n
2
n
+
(b)
n
2
n

(c)
1 n
2
1 n
+

(d) None of these

3. The mean wage of 1000 workers in a factory
running in two shifts of 700 and 300 workers
is Rs, 500. The mean wage of 700 workers
working in day shift is Rs. 450. The mean
wage of workers working in the night shift is
(a)Rs.570 (b) Rs.616.67
(c) Rs.543.67 (d) None of these.
4. The average weight of 25 boys was calculated
to be 78.4 kg. If was later discovered that one
weight was misread as 69 kg instead of 96 kg.
The correct aver- age is
(a) 79 kg (b) 79.48 kg
(c) 81.32 kg (d) N/T
5. Which of the following is not a measure of
central tendency?
(a) Mean (b) Median
(c) Mode (d) Range.
6. The weighted mean of first n natural numbers
whose weights are equal to the squares of the
corresponding numbers is
(a)
2
1 n +
(b)
( )
( ) 1 n 2 2
1 n n 3
+
+

(c)
( )( )
6
1 n 2 1 n + +
(d)
( )
2
1 n n +


7. The relationship between mean, median and
mode for a moderately skewed distribution is
(a) Mode = Median - 2 Mean
(b) Mode = 2 Median Mean
(c) Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean
(d) Mode = 2 Median - 3 Mean.
8. Median of 16, 10, 14, 11, 9, 8, 12, 6, 5 is
(a) 10 (b) 12
(c) 11 (d) 14.
9. In an arranged series of an even number n of
the median is
(a) th
2
n
term
(b) th 1
2
n
|
.
|

\
|
+ term
(c) the mean of th
2
n
|
.
|

\
|
and th 1
2
n
|
.
|

\
|
+ term
(d) None of these
10. Which of the following is not a measure of
dispersion?
(a) Variance (b) Mode
(c) Mean deviation (d)Standard deviation
11. If each observation of a raw data whose
variance is
2
o , is increased by then the
variance of the new set is
(a) + o
2
(b)
2 2
+ o
(c)
2 2
o (d) None of these.
12. If each observation of a raw data, whose
variance is
2
o , is multiplied by , then the
variance of the new set is
ASSIGNMENT
STATISTICS



Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

(a)
2
o (b)
2 2
o
(c)
2
o + (d)
2 2
o +
13. If x is the mean of a distribution, then
( )= x x f
1 1

(a) 0 (b) M.D.
(c) S.D. (d) None of these.
14. The variance of the first n natural number is
(a)
12
1 n
2

(b)
12
1 n
2

(c)
6
1 n
2
+
(d)
12
1 n
2
+

15. The sum of squares of deviations of a set of
values is minimum when taken about
(a) A.M. (b) Median
(c) Mode (d) H.M.
16. Median can be graphically determined from
(a) Ogive (b) Histogram
(c) Frequency curve (d) None of these.
17. A person purchased one kg of potatoes from
each of 4 places at the rate of 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg
and 4 kg per rupee respectively. If he has
purchased x kg of potatoes per rupee, then x
(a) 1.92 (b) 2
(c)2.10 (d)None of these.
18. A market with 3900 operating firms has the
follow- ing distribution:
Income group of workers No. of firms
150 300
300 500
500 800
800 1200
1200 1800
300
500
900
1000
1200
If the histogram is constructed with the above
data, the highest bar in the histogram would
correspond to the class
(a) 500 - 800 (b) 1200 - 1800
(c) 800 - 1200 (d) 150 300.
19. The mean of a set of observation is x. If each
observation is divided by a, a = 0 and then is
increased by 10, then mean of the new set is
(a)
a
x
(b)
a
10 x +

(c)
a
a 10 x +
(d) b x a +
20. The mean age of a combined group of men
and women is 30 years. If the means of the
age of men and women are respectively 32
and 27, then the percentage of women in the
group is
(a) 30 (b) 40
(c) 50 (d) 60.
21. Which one of the following measures is the
most suitable one of central location for
computing intelligence of students ?
(a) Mode (b) A.M.
(c) G.M. (d) Median.
22. Variance of the data 2, 4, 6, 8,10 is
(a) 6 (b) 7
(c)8 (d) None of these.
23. The mean deviation from the median is
(a) greater than that measured from any
other value
(b) less than that measured from any other
value
(c) equal to that measured from any other
value
(d) maximum if all observation are positive.
24. If a variable x takes values a:; such that
b x a
i
s s for i = 1,2, ...,n, then
(a) ( ) b x var a s s (b) ( )
2 2
b x var a s s
(c) ( ) x var
4
a
2
s (d) ( ) ( ) x var a b
2
>
25. If variance of x1, x2, .. , xn is
2
o , then
variance of ax1, ax2, .. ,axn ( ) 0 a = , is
(a)
2
o (b) a
2
o
(c) a
2
2
o (d)
2
2
a
o

26. If in an examination different weights are
assigned to different subjects. Physics (2),
Chemistry (1), English (1). Mathematics (2). If
a student scored 60 in Physics, 70 in


Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

Chemistry, 70 in English and 80 in
Mathematics, then his weighted A.M. is
(a) 60 (b) 70
(c) 80 (d) None of these.

27. Workers work in three shifts I, II, III in a
factory. Their wages are in the ratio 4:5:6
depending upon the shift. Number of workers
in the shifts are in the ratio 3 : 2 : l. If total
number of workers working is 1500 and
wages per worker in shift I is Rs.400. Then
mean wage of a worker is
(a) Rs.467 (b) Rs.500
(c) Rs.600 (d) Rs.400.
28. A group of 10 items has A.M. 6 and A.M. of
four items in 7.5, then A.M. of remaining items
is
(a) 6.5 (b) 5.5
(c) 4.5 (d) None of these.
29. If 25% of the items are less than 15 and 25%
are more than 45, then coefficient of quartile
deviation is
(a) l (b) 1/2
(c) 1/4 (d) 1/8
30. The A.M. of 9 items is 15. If one more item is
added to this series, the A.M. becomes 16. The
value of 10th item is
(a) 23 (b) 25
(c) 27 (d) 30.
31. A car owner buys petrol at Rs.7.50, Rs.8.00
and Rs.8.50 per litre for the 3 successive
years. If he spends Rs.4000 each year, then
the average cost per litre of petrol is
(a) Rs.8 (b) Rs.8.25
(c) Rs.7.98 (d) None of these.
32. The mean of following frequency table is 50.

Class Frequency
0 20
20 40
40 60
60 80
80 100
17
f1
32
f2
19
Total 120

The missing frequencies are
(a) 28, 24 (b) 24, 36
(c) 36, 28 (d) None of these.
33. Geometric mean of 1, 2, 2
2
, 2
3
, .....,, 2
n
is
(a)
n
2
2 (b)
2
n
2
(c)
2
1 n
2

(d)
2
1 n
2
+

34. The mean square deviation of n observations
x1 , x2, ... xn about - 2 and 2 are 18 and 10
respectively. Then, S.D. of the given set is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4.
35. If G is the G.M. of the product of K sets of
observations, with G.M.'s G1, G2, ..., GK
respectively, then G is equal to
(a) log G1 + log G2 + ... + log GK
(b) log G1 log G2 ... log GK
(c)G1 G2 ...GK
(d) None of these.
36. Mean of n times is x . If these x items are
successively increased by 2, 2
2
, 2
3
, ..., 2
n
, then
the new mean is
(a)
n
2
x
1 n+
+ (b)
n
2
n
2
x
1 n
+
+

(c)
n
2
x
n
+ (d) None of these.
37. If 1 X and 2 X are means to two distributions
such that 1 X < 2 X and X is the mean of the
combined distribution, then
(a) 1 X X < (b) 2 X X >
(c)
2
X X
X
2 1 +
= (d) 2 1 X X X < <
38. The A.M. of n observation is x . If the sum n
5 observations is a, then the mean of
remaining 5 observations is
(a)
5
a x n +
(b)
5
a x n

(c) a x n + (d) None of these.


Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880

39. Karl-Pearson's coefficient of skewness of a
distribution is 0.4. If S.D. is 6 and mean 40,
then median of the distribution is
(a) 39.5 (b) 39
(c) 39.2 (d) None of these.
40. The mean of the values 0, 1, 2, ..., n with the
corresponding weights
n
C0,
n
C1,...,
n
Cn,
respectively is
(a)
1 n
2
n
+
(b)
( ) 1 n n
2
1 n
+
+

(c)
2
1 n +
(d)
2
n

41. A car completes the first half of its journey
with a velocity v1 and the rest half with
velocity v2. Then the average velocity of the
car for the whole journey.
(a)
2
v v
2 1
+
(b)
2 1
v v
(c)
2 1
2 1
v v
v v 2
+
(d) None of these.
42. The quartile deviation of daily wages (in Rs.)
of 7 persons is given below :
12, 7.15,10, 17,17, 25 is
(a) 14.6 (b) 5
(c) 9 (d) 4.5.
43. Mean deviation of numbers 3, 4, 5,6, 7 is
(a) 0 (b) 1.2
(c) 5 (d) 25.
44. In a class of 100 students there are 70 boys
whose average marks in a subject are 75, If
the average marks of the complete class is 72,
then what is the average marks of the girls ?
(a) 73 (b) 65
(c) 68 (d) 74.
45. In an experiment with 15 observations on x,
the following results were available Sx2 =
2830, Ix =a 170. One observation 20 found to
be wrong and was replaced by the correct
value 30- Then, the corrected variance is
(a) 188, 66 (b)177,33
(c) 8.33 (d) 78.00.

46. Consider the following statements :
(i) Mode can be computed from histogram
(ii) Median is not independent of change of
scale
(iii) Variance is independent of change of
origin and scale.
Which of these is/are correct
(a) only (i) (b)only (ii)
(c) only (i) and (ii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii).
47. In a series of2n observations, half of them
equal a and the remaining equal - a. If the S.D.
is 2 then |a| equals
(a)
n
1
(b) 2
(c) 2 (d)
n
2

48. If in a frequency distribution, the mean and
median are 21 and 22 respectively, then its
mode is approximately
(a) 25.5 (b)24.0
(c) 22.0 (d) 20.5.
49. A random variable X has Poisson distribution
with mean 2. Then P(x > 1,5) equals
(a)
2
e
3
1 (b)
2
e
3

(c)
2
e
2
(d) 0
50. Suppose a population A has 100 observations
101, 102, ......., 200, and another population B
has 100 observations 151,152, ...., 250. If VA
and VB represent the variances of the two
populations respectively, then ,
B
A
V
V
is
(a) 4/9 (b) 2/3
(c) 1 (d) 9/4







Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880



ANSWER (STATISTICS)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
c b b b d b c a c b
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
d b a a a a a b c b
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
d c b d c b a d b B
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
c a b c c b d b b d
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
c b b