essential grammar elements and functions (4 DR ORRALA GUERRERO)

ARTICLES DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

THE: definite………… .. as a determiner. THIS THAT
A / AN: indefinite THESE THOSE

ADJECTIVES NOUNS VERBS ADVERBS PREPOSITIONS CONJUNCTIONS

FAST-SLOW CAR GO FAST-SLOWLY TO AND

BIG-SMALL HOUSE BE TO FOR FOR
GOOD-BAD FATHER WORK HARD-MUCH OF OR
TASTY APPLE COOK TERRIBLY WITH NOR
LOVE IN IN
FRINDLYNESS ON ON
BELOW AT
UNDER UNDER
ONLY ONLY ONLY
HERE
THERE
The fast car goes extremely fast to destination and to boxes after that.
art adj noun verb adv adv prep noun conj prep noun adv noun

SENTENCE
VERB Mr.Bauer plays golf.
SUBJECT ………….. OBJECT SUBJ VERB OBJ
TRANSITIVE VERB = OBJ Mr. Bauer tells ….(obj. is needed)
INTRANSITIVE VERB = OBJ. Mr. Bauer exists. (obj. is not possible)

My car is blue. PRONOUNS

That is his car. He plays it.
Our car is red, hers is green. SUBJ VERB OBJ
That car is mine, his is brown.
Mary´s car is pink, John´s is grey.
Her car´s pink, his´s grey. PRONOUNS
This key starts the POSSESSIVE
engine. person SUBJECT *
POS. ADJ/DET . POSSESSIVE ** OBJECT REFLEXIVE
It starts it. singular1st I MY MINE ME myself
singular2nd YOU YOUR YOURS YOU yourself
singular3rd HE-SHE-IT HIS-HER-ITS HIS-HERS-ITS HIM-HER-IT HIM-HER-IT..SELF

That machine´s key plural1st WE OUR OURS US ourselves

is here. plural2nd YOU YOUR YOURS YOU yourselves
Its key is here. plural3rd THEY THEIR THEIRS THEM themselves
That key is this machine´s
That key is its. * possessive adjectives/determiners, genitive pronouns
It is its. ** possessive pronouns
Its key activates that machine´s device too.
It activates it too.
case: 2 objects in the same sentence (direct object & indirect object)
John bought his wife flowers = John bought flowers to his wife.
John bought her flowers = John bought flowers to her
He bought her flowers = He bought them to her.
He bought her them, He bought them her. (unappropiate)

QUESTIONS ? relationship
 always aux-subj
..purpose of them: YES / NO SPECIFIC INFORMATION (thing, person, verb, place..)
(using interrogative pronouns)
AUXILIARS (AUX) SUBJECT
(always at the beginning of Qs)
(not in questions when the subj is asked missing information: WHO STUDIED?
TO BE REST OF THE VERBS
(as if aux in present simple) (in present simple) DO / DOES
the very same conjugated AM, IS, ARE

Are you ok? Do you speak English?

Yes, I am Yes, I do.
No, I´m not No, I don`t
Is your sister fine? Does Mark speak English?
Yes, she is. Yes, he does.
No, she isn't No, he doesn´t.

interrogative pronouns adv,conj,noun

WHAT WHICH WHERE WHEN HOW WHO WHY
when questions are asked they expect…

object object adverb of adverb of adverb of person reason

verb place time manner because/for

What are you? What do you eat in the morning?

I`m a student I eat cereal

Where is your sister? Where do you eat cereal in the morning?

She is in the kitchen. I do at my mother´s.

(it replaces the verb/action in this cases)

I PLAY SOCCER negative: I DON´T PLAY SOCCER

SHE PLAYS SOCCER SHE DOESN´T PLAY SOCCER

DO NOT= DON´T
DOES NOT= DOESN´T

I AM RIGHT negative: I´M NOT RIGHT

SHE IS RIGHT SHE´S NOT RIGHT (ISN´T RIGHT)
YOU ARE RIGHT YOU´RE RIGHT

EXAMPLE: USE OF A TENSE

TENSES:
PRESENT BE / REST OF VERBS
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)

(all verbs except "be")

AUX: DO/DOES(he,she,it) -(in "bold", "negrita")-
DO YOU PLAY TENNIS? DOES SHE PLAY TENNIS?
YES, I DO/ NO, I DON´T YES, SHE DOES/ NO, SHE DOESN´T

WHAT DO YOU PLAY? WHAT DOES SHE PLAY?

I PLAY TENNIS SHE PLAYS TENNIS. (-S: he/she/it)

WHO PLAY/PLAYS TENNIS?

WE DO. / SHE DOES.

(verb "be") (BE + VERB..ING)

AM=I / ARE=YOU,WE,THEY / IS=HE,SHE,IT ....=
ARE YOU A DENTIST? IS SHE A DENTIST? ARE YOU COOKING? IS SHE..
YES, I AM /NO, I`M NOT. YES, SHE IS / NO, SHE ISN´T. YES, I AM / NO, I´M NOT. YES, SHE IS/..

WHAT ARE YOU? WHAT IS SHE? WHAT ARE YOU DOING? WHAT IS SHE.
I AM (I´M) A DENTIST. SHE IS (SHE´S) A DENTIST. I´M COOKING. SHE IS…

WHO ARE/IS DENTISTS/A DENTIST? WHO ARE/IS COOKING?

WE ARE./ SHE IS. WE ARE. SHE IS.