Mdulo 5 4: Deslizamientos, flujos de escombro (huaycos), aluviones

Repeatedly and severely affected by landslides, hundreds of people killed in the past Most recent disasters in 2006 & 2009

2006
Villa Restrepo, Depto del Tolima, Colombia

2009

 Zona de iniciacin

before

Tajhaz Project/Schneider

after

Tajhaz Project/Schneider

Guttannen, Alpes Suizos, 2005

Kt. Bern/Hhlen

Kt. Bern/Hhlen

Abancay

Predes

Cordillera Blanca, Per Aluvin Palcacocha 1941

1939

Glaciar Belvedere, Monte Rosa, Italia, Laguna Efmera

What is a landslide?

U.S. Geological Survey

AGUA
Ro
Transporte de material fino/grueso en el ro

MATERIAL FINO

Deslizamiento

Cada de roca

ROCA

modificado segn Haeberli y Naef, 1988

Stricker, 2011

 Zona de transporte

Arrival of a debris flow front (video)

From the Illgraben observation station, Susten (VS) Depth: 2m Velocity: 5 m/s Density: 2000 kg/m3 Total volume: 30000 m3

Slope stability considerations: Factor of safety

Flujos de escombro (debris flow) Modelo Coulomb

shear stress/ tensin cortante

shear resistance

c = cohesion = normal stress = internal friction = dynamic viscosity v = velocity, y = depth

segn Coussot and Meunier, 1996, y Schatzmann, 2005

Un flujo de escombro
Stolz, 2006

Stop abrupto del flujo

Stolz, 2006

Formacin de Leve

Recent example of a very large event from Seoul, Korea

Unchannelized debris flow

Recent example of a very large event from Seoul, Korea

Unchannelized debris flow

Monitoreo de flujos de escombro

3 rain gauges Geophones Force plate

Depth sensors Laser, ultrasonic, radar

B. McArdell

100 90

Cumulative distribution

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Flow depth [m], front velocity [m/s], front discharge [m3/s], event volume [m3]
B. McArdell

100

100

Cumulative percent Cumulative distribution

Cumulative percent Cumulative distribution

75

75

50

50

25

25

0 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Mass density of flow [kg/m3]

0 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 Volume fraction of water

B. McArdell

Stricker, 2011

Huila/Pez Abril 2007

Crecientes vs. Lahares/debris flows

Pierson, 1995

Rthlisberger 1970

Rthlisberger 1970

Rthlisberger 1970

Smithson et al., 2002

Erosion is related to: Surface slope Flow velocity Maximum discharge Shear stress Granular temperature

Erosion is mainly concentrated at the front of the debris flow

Glacier lake failures and outburst floods (aluviones)

Nevado Hualcn

Laguna 513

Pampa de Shonquil

Ro Chucchn

W. Haeberli

Potentially inundated areas by GLOF

Reynolds et al. (1998)

 October 1988: 1 syphon: 190 l/s Christmas 1988: 1 million m3 drained but lake level remains the same January 1989: another syphon, total drainage capacity 500 l/s March 1989: lake level lowered by 2 m June 1989: two more meters down June 1990: a total of 5 m lake lowering 1991: important ice avalanche causes impact wave, overtopping dam but no one killed May 1993: Start of tunnel construction

Fundamental questions to consider: How likely is a glacier lake outburst flood? How large will the flood be? How far will the flow reach?

Estimate of probability of dam failure

Indicator Dam type Attribute Ice Moraine Bedrock Low Medium High Small, 0.1 - 0.2 Medium, 0.2 - 0.5 Large, > 0.5 Frequent / large volume Sporadic / medium volume Unlikely / small volume Frequent Sporadic Unlikely Qualitative probability High Medium to high Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low High Medium Low

Freeboard to dam height ratio

Dam width to height ratio

Impact waves by ice/rock falls reaching the lake Extreme meteorological events (high temperature/ precipitation)

from Huggel et al., 2004

Estimate of maximum discharge for different outburst mechanisms

from Walder and Costa, 1996

Estimate of maximum discharge for moraine-dammed lakes

from Huggel et al., 2002

Type of lake and dam failures Type of lake and dam failures

from Huggel et al., 2002 from Huggel et al., 2002

www.gletschersee.ch

Hydrograph of lake outburst in May 2008

Bauliche Massnahmen Abflussstollen

Estimate of maximum runout (reach) Estimate of maximum runout (reach)

from Huggel et al., 2002 from Huggel et al., 2002

Huggel, Paul

Process interactions and chains

S. Zgraggen

Unterer Grindelwald Glacier, Switzerland

Stdelin, 2008

Structural prevention measures

Structural mitigation measures

Structural mitigation measures

La construccin de tneles a travs de la roca para bajar el nivel de la Laguna 513

Reynolds, Dolecki, Portocarrero Reynolds et al. (1998)

Palcacocha

Patzelt 2004

Kinzl 1932

Typical moraine from the Little Ice Age (~1850), Up to 36 steep, with ~100m sediment thickness, freeboard of only 1-2m before 2001 GLOF

Crealp

Structural construction at the lake

Philippe Teysseire

Tschalp, dam mitigation structures Bauliche Massnahmen Schutz/Ablenkungsdamm Tschalp

Tsch, sediment retention reservoir