Albert Einstein

School Of Materials And Mineral Resources Engineering

Basic of Engineering Campus
Course Structure Form
thermodynamic
Course Code : EBB 236
OBE
by Course Title : Material Thermodynamic
Dr. Srimala
srimala@eng.usm.my
room 2.07
Course Unit : 3

Type of Course : Core

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Contribution of Assessment : Course Outcomes (CO) :

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

 interpret the fundamental aspects of thermodynamics which are

 Final Examination 70%
 Coursework : 30%
Assessment Methods for Coursework:
 Test 1 (Dr.Projjal Basu) =10marks
 Test 2 (Dr. Srimala)= 10 marks
 Quiz/ Tutorial (Dr. Srimala)= 5marks
 Quiz (Dr.Projjal Basu)= 5marks
related to general principles of matter such as structure and properties
 predict behaviors of matters based on thermodynamic principles as it
undergoes various changes in condition
 design new process and improve the existing process using
thermodynamic principles
 create materials with desired properties.
 derive relationship among the properties of matter based from few
general and pervasive principles (the law of thermodynamics)

 solve problems of practical interest using thermodynamic equation

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 Teaching Plans / Syllabus Teaching Plans / Syllabus
Equilibrium (week 8) Thermodynamic of Phase Diagram (week 9 and 10)

• Thermodynamically stable phase

• Phase Equilibrium
• Unary Heterogeneous Systems
• Liquid-Vapor Phase Equilibrium
• Gibbs Phase Rule • P - T Diagram -Unary, Single Component Phase Diagram
• logP – 1/T Diagram -Unary, Single Component Phase Diagram
• P-T Phase Diagrams & Clausius Clapeyron Equation
• Conclusion-Unary P - T Diagrams
• The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
• Liquid-Vapour (Vaporization) Equlibrium • G-T Phase Diagrams
• G - T Diagram - Unary, Single Component Phase Diagram – V
• Triple Point
• Calculation solid-liquid-gas triple point • G-T Diagram - Unary, Single Component Phase Diagram - L,V
• G-T Diagram - Unary, Single Component Phase Diagram-,L,V
• G- T Diagram - Single Component Phase Diagram -,, L, V
• 3.5 Metastability
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Teaching Plans / Syllabus Teaching Plans / Syllabus

Crystal Defects (week 11)
Thermodynamic of Phase Diagram
• Perfect Crystal
• Chemical Potential and Gibbs Free Energy of Single Component Phases
• Processing, Microstructure and Properties
• Enthalpy & Entropy of Transformation
• Crystal defect
• Compute Phase Equilibria from Free Energy Relations
• Vacancies and Interstitials
• Binary System
• Impurity Atoms
• Binary liquid system
• Point Defects in Ionic Crystals
• Binary solutions with total solid solubility
• Defect Complexes
• Binary systems without solid solution
• Vacancies formation
• Free Energy-Composition (G-X) Diagram
• Divacancy
• Free energy diagrams of total solubility systems
• Defects in the ionic compounds
• Free energy diagram for binary solutions with a miscibility gap
• Kroger-Vink notation
• Free energy diagram of binary systems without solid solution
(eutectic system) • Frenkel Defect
• Phase boundary Calculations • Schottky defects

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 Teaching Plans / Syllabus Teaching Plans / Syllabus
Phase Transformation (week 12) Energy of Interfaces (week 13)

• Homogeneous Nucleation • Surface tension 

• Gibbs Free Energy • Surface free energy
• Energies involved in homogeneous nucleation • Surface stress
• Critical radius & Critical free energy • Equilibrium shape of surfaces
• Nucleation rate • Presence of secondary phase
• Heterogeneous Nucleation • Bulk
• Energies Involved in heterogeneous nucleation • Face
• Edge and Corner
• Applications

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Basic of
thermodynamic
References
Content
• Robert T. DeHoff, Thermodynamic in materials science, Mc Graw Hill,1993
• Mac Geon Lee, Chemical thermodynamic for Metals and Materials, Imperial 1.0 What is Thermodynamics
College Press, 1999. 2.0 Thermodynamic Systems – Definitions
• David V.Ragone, Thermodynamics of Materials, Volume I, John Wiley & 3.0 Thermodynamic State Properties
Sons, Inc.
4.0 Idealized Thermodynamic Processes
• David V.Ragone, Thermodynamics of Materials, Volume II, John Wiley &
5.0 Spontaneous Reaction Direction
Sons, Inc.
• John D. Verhoeven, Fundermentals of Physical Metallurgy, , John Wiley &
Sons, Inc,1975

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 1.0 What is Thermodynamics Why are we interested in studying
Thermodynamics: thermodynamics?

A set of of mathematical models and concepts

that allow us to describe the way changes in
the system state (temperature, pressure, and
composition) affect equilibrium.
Thermodynamics allows us to predict the direction
of natural change (reactions) and the final state
(equilibrium composition) of a system.

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Examples 2.0 Thermodynamic Systems - Definitions

If we know the composition of a soil solution or a groundwater in

contact with soil or aquifer solids, thermodynamics allows us to
predict: In discussing thermodynamics, we’ll refer
• If solids will dissolve frequently to systems
• If solids will precipitate
• If the system is at equilibrium
Mixture of stuff that may System (contained
When several minerals are present and in contact with the same react (t=0) in some fashion)
aqueous phase, we can predict the direction of mineral evolution.
E.g., we may predict that a granites mineral composed of quartz,
feldspar, and mica will eventually weather into smectite clay

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Isolated System: No matter
or energy cross system
boundaries. No work can be
done on the system.
Open System: Free exchange
across system boundaries.
Closed System: Energy can be
exchanged but matter cannot.
Adiabatic System: Special case
where no heat can be exchanged
but work can be done on the
system (e.g. PV work).
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3.0 Thermodynamic State Properties
• Extensive:
These variables or properties depend on the amount of
material present (e.g. mass or volume).
• Intensive:
These variables or properties DO NOT depend on the
amount of material (e.g. pressure, and temperature).
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What information can thermodynamics
give us about a system?
Provided by Thermodynamics?
Yes No
Whether change will occur X
Direction of change X
Rate of change X
Reaction mechanisms X
Microscopic processes X
Final composition of system X
Thermodynamics deals with macroscopic phenomena – measurable
at the laboratory scale. X
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4.0 Idealized Thermodynamic Processes
• Irreversible:
Initial system state is unstable or metastable and
spontaneous change in the system yields a system with
a lower-energy final state.
• Reversible:
Both initial and final states are stable equilibrium states
and the path between them is a continuous sequence of
equilibrium states. NOT ACTUALLY REALIZED IN
NATURE.
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5.0 Spontaneous Reaction Direction

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