A Generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. WORKING PRINCIPLE A.

C Generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction (motional emf). In generator an induced emf is produced by rotating a coil in a magnetic field. The flux linking the coil changes continuously hence a continuous fluctuating emf is obtained. CONSTRUCTION

A.C Generator consists of the following parts. Powerful field magnet with concave poles. Armature: It is a rectangular coil of large number of turns of wire wound on laminated softiron core of high permeability and low hysteresis loss. Slip rings: The ends of the coil are joined to two separate copper rings fixed on the axle (S1 & S2). Carbon brushes: Two carbon brushes remain pressed against each of the rings which form the terminals of the external circuit.

WORKING: In order to determine the magnitude and direction of induced e.m.f, let us consider the different positions of the coil which has N turns of wire. In one revolution following positions can be considered.

When initially coil is vertical, the length arms AC and BD are moving parallel to the lines of force maximum number of lines link the coil, but rate of change of flux is zero, hence emf is zero. As the coil moves from this position, sides AC and BD begin to cut the lines of force and induced emf is setup till it is maximum when the coil is horizontal. It has rotated 90o, 1st quarter is completed. Further rotation decreases the value of emf, until at the end of 2nd quarter, when coil is vertical, it has rotated 180o, the emf is again zero. As the coil rotates further from position 3 to position 4, an emf is again induced, but in reverse direction, because AC and BD are cutting the magnetic lines in opposite direction. The reverse emf reaches to ve peak value at the end of 3rd quarter. The coil is horizontal and angle of rotation is 270o. On further rotation, the emf again decreases and becomes zero when the coil returns back to its original position after rotating 360o. This shows that the coil of generator produces induced emf which reverse its direction 2*f times in one cycle. Where f = frequency of rotation of coil.

POLITEKNIK SULTAN AZLAN SHAH.

JJ 102 : ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY.

JOSEPH KAVINDEENATH A/L HARINDRANATH. 15DKM13F1078. MUHD SAMEER BIN KADER IBRAHIM 15DKM13F1026. ARUNAAN A/L CHINGA RAJA 15DKM13F1084.

An AC generator in its most basic form, has these components: * Rotor - an armature wound with wire coils * Slip Rings - part of the rotor / armature, connected to the wire coils * Brushes - part of the frame, ride in contact with the slip rings * Field (stator) - magnetic field for the rotor / armature. This can be either a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. The rotating armature spins the wire coils through the field. The changing (alternating) field seen by the wires induces a corresponding alternating current that is picked up by the brushes from the slip rings. When an electromagnet is used for the field, the alternator's output can be regulated by simply changing the field current. A feedback system monitors output voltage and controls the field coil to regulate the output to the correct voltage. There are variants on this setup where the rotor and stator reverse roles. For example, an automotive alternator supplies DC current to the rotor through slip rings. The rotor makes a rotating magnetic field which induces current in the fixed stator coils, which in turn makes the AC output. In a car system this this is then rectified into DC by a set of diodes, for an AC system the current is taken as-is. The "rotating bridge" (brushless) style of AC generator couples AC to the rotor through a rotary transformer to power the rotating field. This AC is then rectified into DC right on the rotor by a bridge diode set, which then energizes the rotor coils. The energized rotor makes a rotating field which is then picked up the the stator coils as AC. The rotating bridge setup eliminates the slip rings, a key wear item in gensets.