Name of Policy:

Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Testing (EDX): Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) and Electromyography (EMG) Studies
Policy #: 228 Category: Medicine Latest Review Date: January 2010 Policy Grade: A

Background:
As a general rule, benefits are payable under Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama health plans only in cases of medical necessity and only if services or supplies are not investigational, provided the customer group contracts have such coverage. The following Association Technology Evaluation Criteria must be met for a service/supply to be considered for coverage: 1. The technology must have final approval from the appropriate government regulatory bodies; 2. The scientific evidence must permit conclusions concerning the effect of the technology on health outcomes; 3. The technology must improve the net health outcome; 4. The technology must be as beneficial as any established alternatives; 5. The improvement must be attainable outside the investigational setting.

Description of Procedure or Service:

The electrodiagnostic (EDX) assessment includes two major components: nerve conduction studies (NCS) and needle electromyography (EMG). NCS are performed to assess the integrity and diagnose diseases of the peripheral nervous system. These studies specifically measure the conduction velocity, latency, amplitude, and shape of the neurologic response following electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve through the skin and underlying tissue. The nerve is stimulated with electrodes placed on the skin in various locations. A mild electrical stimulus is applied to the nerve, and the response is recorded. Needle electrodes may be used to evaluate a nerve that is deep in the tissue, such as the sciatic nerve in the thigh, or the femoral nerve in an extremely obese individual. Abnormal findings include conduction slowing, conduction block, no response, and/or low amplitude response. The results of NCS can assess the degree of demyelination and axon loss in the segments of the nerve studied. Demyelination results in

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prolongation of conduction time, while axonal loss generally leads to loss of nerve or muscle potential amplitude. Nerve conduction studies are routinely performed with needle electromyogram, which enables the presence and extent of peripheral nerve pathology to be determined. EMG studies measure the electrical activity of muscles. The EMG results reflect on the integrity of the functioning connection between a nerve and its innervated muscle. Both tests can help make a clinical diagnosis of a peripheral nervous system disorder. Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) measurements are a type of NCS, and are primarily of three types: motor, sensory, and mixed. Another type of NCS is referred to as late response: F-wave and H-reflex testing. These are usually performed on nerves more proximal to the spine. The late response studies are complementary to NCV studies and are performed during the same patient evaluation. The NCS is performed by a physician or by a trained allied health professional under direct supervision of a physician trained in electrodiagnostic medicine. The American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine (AANEM) states, NCSs should be either (a) performed directly by physician or (b) performed by a trained individual under the direct supervision of a physician. Direct supervision means that the physician is in close physical proximity to the EDX laboratory while testing is underway, is immediately available to provide the trained individual with assistance and direction, and is responsible for selecting the appropriate NCSs to be performed. The EMG is always performed by a physician. Nerve Conduction Studies: NCS (CPT 95900-95904) specifically assess the speed (conduction velocity, and/or latency), size (amplitude), and shape of the response. Pathological findings include conduction slowing, conduction block, no response, and/or low amplitude response. A typical NCS examination should include the following: Development of a differential diagnosis by the EDX consultant, based upon appropriate history and physical examination. NCS of a number of nerves by recording and studying the electrical responses from peripheral nerves or the muscles they innervate, following electrical stimulation of the nerve. Usually surface electrodes are used for both stimulation and recording, though needle electrodes may be required in special cases. Completion of indicated EMG studies to evaluate the differential diagnosis and to complement the NCSs. Motor NCSs (CPT codes 95900 and 95903) are performed by applying electrical stimulation at various points along the course of a motor nerve while recording the electrical response from an appropriate muscle. Response parameters include amplitude, latency, configuration, and motor conduction velocity. Sensory NCSs (CPT code 95904) are performed by applying electrical stimulation near a nerve and recording the response from a distant site along the nerve. Response parameters include amplitude, latency, configuration, and sensory conduction velocity.
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Mixed NCSs (CPT code 95904) are performed by applying electrical stimulation near a nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers (a mixed nerve) and recording from a different location along that nerve that also contains both motor and sensory nerve fibers. Response parameters include amplitude, latency, configuration, and both sensory and motor conduction velocity. Needle Electromyography: A typical EMG examination includes the following: Development of a differential diagnosis by the EDX consultant, based upon appropriate history and physical examination. Completion of indicated NCSs to evaluate the differential diagnosis and to complement the needle EMG studies. Needle EMG testing of selected muscles. This is accomplished by inserting a needle electrode into appropriate muscles, one at a time. The needle electrode allows the muscles electrical characteristics at rest and during activity to be interpreted by the EDX consultant. This interpretation includes analysis of oscilloscope tracings and the characteristic sounds produced by electrical potentials. The final interpretation of the study is a synthesis by the EDX consultant of the patients history, physical examination, and the preceding and following portions of the study. Needle EMG studies are interpreted in real time, as they are being performed. Normal findings and abnormalities uncovered during the study are documented and interpreted. Needle EMG reports should document the muscles tested, and report the presence and type of spontaneous activity; as well as the characteristics of the voluntary unit potentials. Late Responses: H-Reflex and F-Wave Studies: Motor and sensory NCS and late responses (F-wave and H-reflex studies) are often complementary and performed during the same patient evaluation. The F-wave and H-reflex studies are performed to evaluate nerve conduction in portions of the nerve more proximal (near the spine) and, therefore, inaccessible to direct assessment using conventional techniques. Electrical stimulation is applied on the skin surface near a nerve site in a manner that sends impulses both proximally and distally. Characteristics of the response are assessed, including latency. The F-wave and H-reflex studies provide information in the evaluation of radiculopathies, plexopathies, polyneuropathies (especially with multifocal conduction block or in suspected Guillain-Barr syndrome or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy), and proximal neuropathies. In some cases, they may be the only abnormal study. H-Reflex Studies: Typically, only 2 H-reflex studies are performed in a given examination. H-reflex studies usually must be performed bilaterally because symmetry of responses is an important criterion for abnormality. When a bilateral H-reflex study is performed, the entire procedure must be repeated, increasing examiner time and effort; there are no economies of scale in multiple H-reflex testing.
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H-reflex studies usually involve assessment of gastrocnemius/soleus muscle complex in the calf. Bilateral gastrocnemius/soleus H-reflex abnormalities are often early indications of spinal stenosis or bilateral S1 radiculopathies. In rare instances, H-reflexes need to be tested in muscles other than the gastrocnemius/soleus muscle, e.g., in the upper limbs. In conditions such as cervical radiculopathies or brachial plexopathies, an H-reflex study can be performed in the arm (flexor carpi radialis muscle). Other muscles that may be tested, although rarely, are the intrinsic small muscles of the hand and foot. F-Wave Study: The set-up for an F-wave study is similar to the set-up for a motor NCS. However, the testing is performed separately from motor NCS, and utilizes different machine settings and separate stimulation to obtain a larger number of responses (at least 10). The number of F-wave studies that need to be performed on a given patient depends on the working diagnosis and the electrodiagnostic findings already in evidence. It may be appropriate in the same patient to perform some motor NCS with an F-wave and others without an F-wave. Blink Reflexes: The blink reflex is an electrophysiologic analog of the corneal reflex. It is used to evaluate disease involving the 5th or 7th cranial nerves or in the brainstem. The latency of responses, including side-to-side differences, can help localize pathology in the region of the 5th or 7th cranial nerve, or in the brainstem. The latencies and amplitudes of directly elicited facial motor responses should be determined to exclude a peripheral abnormality if the blink reflexes are abnormal. Recordings should be made bilaterally with both ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation. Single Fiber Electromyography: In single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG) (CPT code 95872), a specially designed needle electrode is used to record and identify action potentials (APs) from individual muscle fibers. These recordings are used to calculate the neuromuscular jitter and the muscle fiber density (FD). Jitter is the variability in time between activation of the motor nerve and generation of the muscle fiber AP, and reflects the normality of nerve-muscle transmission. Jitter may be assessed by measuring the time variability between Aps from two muscle fibers in the same voluntarily activated motor unit, or by stimulating the motor axon and measuring the variability between stimulus and Aps in the responding muscle fibers. Normal jitter varies among muscles and among muscle fibers within individual muscles, but is generally in the range of 10 to 50 s. To determine if jitter is abnormally increased, statistical analysis is performed on the results from recordings from a population of muscle fibers within each tested muscle. When neuromuscular transmission is sufficiently abnormal that nerve activation produces no muscle AP, blocking is seen. Increased jitter, blocking or both, may occur in a variety of conditions, including primary disorders of neuromuscular transmission.

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FD is a measurement of the mean number of muscle fibers belonging to the same motor unit detected by the SFEMG electrode at a number of different insertions sties during voluntary activation of the motor unit. Needle EMG should be performed in as least one clinically involved muscle before attributing pathologic jitter or blocking to a neuromuscular transmission disorder. The results of jitter testing in each muscle are reported as the mean jitter among all pairs of APs recorded during voluntary activation (or the mean jitter of all APs recorded during axonal stimulation), the percentage of pairs (or APs) in which blocking was seen, and the percentage of pairs (or APs) in which jitter was normal. FD is reported as the mean number of muscle fibers per motor unit at 20 recording sites for each muscle tested. Jitter and FD may be measured in one or more muscles depending on the condition being evaluated and the results of testing. The physicians report should identify the muscles tested. Characteristics of the examination should be noted as described in the overview of needle EMG above, as well as specific discussion about the presence or absence of jitter and other abnormalities in the muscles tested. Needle Electromyography of Anal or Urethral Sphincter: Under specific circumstances in which there is suspicion of injury to the sacral roots of the spinal cord, separate study of the anal sphincter is required since this is the only muscle accessible to needle EMG examination that receives its innervation through these roots. This test may also be performed to assess the innervation and anatomic integrity of the sphincters.

Policy:
Electrodiagnostic studies (NCS and EMG) meet Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabamas medical criteria for coverage in any of the following conditions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Localization of focal neuropathies or compressive lesions; Diagnosis and prognosis of traumatic nerve lesions or other nerve trauma; Diagnosis or confirmation of suspected generalized neuropathies (e.g., diabetic, uremic, metabolic or immune); Motor neuronopathy conditions (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS or Lou Gehrigs disease]): a. Up to 4 motor nerves and 2 sensory nerves may be studied b. Needle EMG of up to 4 extremities (or limbs and facial or tongue muscles) is often necessary to document widespread denervation and to exclude a myopathy. c. One repetitive motor nerve stimulation study may be indicated to exclude a disorder affecting neuromuscular transmission; Diagnosis of neuromuscular junction disorders (e.g., myasthenia gravis/myasthenic syndrome) or other neuromuscular conditions (e.g., fasciculation [muscle twitching]) using repetitive nerve stimulation: a. Repetitive NCSs should be performed in up to 2 nerves and SFEMG in up to 2 muscles,

5.

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7. 8.

9.

b. If any of the above tests are abnormal, up to 2 motor and 2 sensory NCSs may be performed to exclude neuropathies that can be associated with abnormal neuromuscular transmission; c. At least 1 motor and 1 sensory NCS should be performed in a clinically involved limb, preferable in the distribution of a nerve studied with repetitive stimulation or SFEMG; d. At least 1 distal and 1 proximal muscle should be studied by a needle EMG examination; i. At least 1 of the muscles should be clinically involved and both muscles should be in clinically involved limbs; Differential diagnosis of symptom-based complaints (e.g., pain in limb or joint, weakness, disturbance in skin sensation or paresthesia, swelling and/or cramping in joints and/or limbs) provided the clinical assessment supports the need for a study; Follow-up treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, tested once every 24 months; Carpal tunnel syndrome (unilateral, bilateral) : a. For patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), the following recommendations were made and endorsed by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN), the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine (AAEM): i. Perform a median sensory NCS across the wrist with a conduction distance of 13 to 14 cm. If the result is abnormal, do a comparison of the result of the median sensory NCS to the result of a sensory NCS of one other adjacent sensory nerve in the symptomatic limb. 1. If the initial median sensory NCS across the wrist has a conduction distance > 8 cm and the result is normal, do one of the following additional studies: 2. Comparison of median sensory or mixed nerve conduction across the wrist over a short (7-8 cm) conduction distance with ulnar sensory nerve conduction across the wrist over the same short (7-8 cm) conduction distance; OR 3. Comparison of median sensory conduction across the wrist with radial or ulnar sensory conduction across the wrist in the same limb; OR ii. Comparison of median sensory or mixed nerve conduction through the carpal tunnel to sensory or mixed NCS of proximal (forearm) or distal (digit) segments of the median nerve in the same limb. iii. Motor conduction studies of the median nerve recording from the muscle and of one other nerve in the symptomatic limb to include measurement of distal latency. iv. NCS may be done pre-op a maximum number of times as listed in the chart below. NSC may be indicated one time post op, to provide reassessment concerning possible failure of surgery b. Post-surgical repair of CTS, to assess possible failure of treatment, tested one time. Disorders of peripheral nervous system;

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10.

11.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Radiculopathy: a. Radiculopathies cannot be diagnosed by NCS alone. Needle EMG must be performed to confirm a radiculopathy. b. These studies should be performed together by 1 physician supervision and/or performing all aspects of the study. c. H reflexes and F waves may be necessary to support a diagnosis of root dysfunction. d. Minimal evaluation includes 1 motor and 1 sensor NCS and a needle EMG examination of the involved limb i. Testing can include up to 3 motor NCSs (in cases of an abnormal motor NCS, the same nerve n the contralateral limb and another motor nerve in the ipsilateral limb can be studied) and 2 sensory NCSs ii. Bilateral studies are often necessary to exclude a central disc herniation with bilateral radiculopathies or spinal stenosis or to differentiate between radiculopathy and plexopathy, polyneuropathy, or mononeuropathy. e. To differentiate brachial plexopathy form cervical radiculopathy, all major sensory and motor nerves (radial, median, ulnar, and medial and lateral antebrachial cutaneous sensory; radial, median ulnar and possibly axillary and musculocutaneous motor) and a needle EMG examination in both upper extremities may need to be studied f. To differentiate lumbosacral radiculopathy from lumbar plexopathy, it may be necessary to study all major sensory and motor nerves (superficial peroneal and sural sensory; peroneal and posterior tibial motor) and perform a needle EMG examination in both lower extremities; Myopathy: a. A needle EMG examination of 2 limbs is indicated. b. To exclude polyneuropathy or neuronopathy, 2 motor and 2 sensory NCSs are indicated. c. To exclude a disorder of neuromuscular transmission, 2 repetitive motor nerve stimulation studies may be needed; Myositis; Nerve root compression; Neuritis; Plexopathy; Spinal cord injury; Polyneuropathy/mononeuropathy multiplex: a. To distinguish the nature of the polyneuropathy (axonal or demyelinating, diffuse or multifocal) it may be necessary to study 4 motor and 4 sensory nerves, consisting of 2 motor and 2 sensory NCS in 1 leg, 1 motor and 1 sensory NCS in the opposite leg and 1 motor and 1 NCS in 1 arm. b. At least 2 limbs should be studied by a needle EMG.

Frequency of Testing Services performed for excessive frequency do not meet Blue Cross and Blue of Alabamas medical criteria for coverage. Frequency is considered excessive when services are performed more frequently than generally accepted by AANEM.

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The AANEM lists these recommendations concerning a reasonable maximum number of NCV studies per diagnostic category needed for a physician to render a diagnosis: Maximum Number of Studies Needle Nerve Conduction Other Electromyography, Studies Electromyographic CPT 95860-95864 CPT 95900, Studies and 95867-95870 95903, 95904 CPT 95934,95936, 95937 Motor Neuromuscular Number of Services NCS Sensory Junction Testing Indication (Tests) with NCS H(Repetitive and/or Reflex Stimulation) without F wave Carpal Tunnel (unilateral) 1 3 4 Carpal Tunnel (bilateral) 2 4 6 Radiculopathy 2 3 2 2 Mononeuropathy 1 3 3 2 Polyneuropathy/ 3 4 4 2 Mononeuropathy Multiplex Myopathy 2 2 2 2 Motor Neuronopathy (e.g., 4 4 2 2 ALS) Plexopathy 2 4 6 2 Neuromuscular Junction 2 2 2 3 Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome 1 4 4 (unilateral) Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome 2 5 6 (bilateral) Weakness, Fatigue, 2 3 4 2 Cramps, or Twitching (focal) Weakness, Fatigue, 4 4 4 2 Cramps, or Twitching (general) Pain, Numbness, or 1 3 4 2 Tingling (unilateral) Pain, Numbness, or 2 4 6 2 Tingling (bilateral)

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These limits will not apply if the patient requires evaluation by more than one EDX consultant (i.e., a second opinion or an expert opinion at a tertiary care center) in a given year or if the patient requires evaluation for a second diagnosis in a given year. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) do not meet Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabamas medical criteria for the following indications: 1. 2. 3. 4. The F-wave study for carpal tunnel syndrome. NCS as screening tests for polyneuropathy of diabetes or end-stage renal disease. NCS for the sole purpose of monitoring disease intensity or treatment effectiveness for polyneuropathy of diabetes or end-stage renal disease. NCS using portable automated point-of-care hand-held devices. Examples of these nerve conduction testing devices include, but are not limited to, NC-Stat by NeuroMetrix, Neurometer and Brevio NCS-Monitor. See Policy #304 for additional information regarding Automated Point-of-Care Nerve Conduction Tests. NCS done by mobile neurodiagnostic labs. NCS done by technicians alone, not under direct supervision of a trained physician. a. Direct supervision in the office setting means the physician must be present in the office suite and immediately available and able to provide assistance and direction throughout the time the service is performed. Direct supervision does not mean that the physician must be present in the same room with his or her aide

5. 6.

Surface EMG testing does not meet Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabamas medical criteria for coverage. See Policy #362 Paraspinal Surface Electromyography (SEMG) to Evaluate and Monitor Back Pain. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama does not approve or deny procedures, services, testing, or equipment for our members. Our decisions concern coverage only. The decision of whether or not to have a certain test, treatment or procedure is one made between the physician and his/her patient. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama administers benefits based on the members' contract and corporate medical policies. Physicians should always exercise their best medical judgment in providing the care they feel is most appropriate for their patients. Needed care should not be delayed or refused because of a coverage determination.

Key Points:
The American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine (AANEM, formerly AAEM) has published The Electrodiagnostic Medicine Consultation which was originally put together in 1994 at a conference of 43 experts in the field. It has been revised and most recently updated in 2004. The document provides overviews and recommendations concerning the field of electrodiagnostic medicine. The American Board of Electrodiagnostic Medicine is an independent credentialing body in electrodiagnostic medicine. Its goal is to enhance the quality of patient care through a voluntary certification process.

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The AANEM has issued a policy statement with these minimum standards: 1. The tests should be medically indicated. 2. The tests should be performed using equipment that provides assessment of all parameters of the recorded signals. Equipment designed for screening purposes is not acceptable. 3. The NCS should be performed by a physician or by a trained technician under the direct supervision of a physician. a. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama defines direct supervision as: Direct supervision in the office setting means the physician must be present in the office suite and immediately available and able to provide assistance and direction throughout the time the service is performed. Direct supervision does not mean that the physician must be present in the same room with his or her aide 4. A trained physician must perform the needle EMG exam. 5. One physician should perform and supervise all components of the electrodiagnostic testing. The AANEM also issued a position statement on who is qualified to practice electrodiagnostic medicine. In summary, the following recommendations are made: 1. EDX consultations must be performed by physicians who have comprehensive knowledge of neurological and musculoskeletal disorders (usually a neurologist or physiatrist). 2. The NCS should be performed under the direct supervision of an EDX consultant. 3. The needle EMG exam must be performed by the physician.

Key Words:
Electrodiagnostic medicine, nerve conduction studies (NCS), nerve conduction velocity studies, motor nerve conduction studies, sensory nerve conduction studies, mixed nerve conduction studies, needle electromyography (EMG), late responses, H-reflex studies, F-wave studies single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG), NC-stat System, NC-Stat by NeuroMetrix, Neurometer and Brevio NCS-Monitor.

Approved by Governing Bodies:

Not applicable

Benefit Application:
Coverage is subject to members specific benefits. Group specific policy will supersede this policy when applicable. ITS: Home Policy provisions apply BellSouth/AT&T contracts: No special consideration FEP contracts: No special consideration Wal-Mart: Special benefit consideration may apply. Refer to members benefit plan. Pre-certification requirements: Not applicable Pre-determination requirements: Not applicable

Coding:

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CPT codes:

95860 95861 95863 95864 95867 95868 95869 95870

95872

95900 95903 95904 95934 95936 51785

Needle electromyography; one extremity, with or without related paraspinal areas Needle electromyography; two extremities, with or without related paraspinal areas Needle electromyography; three extremities, with or without related paraspinal areas Needle electromyography; four extremities, with or without related paraspinal areas Needle electromyography; cranial nerve supplied muscle(s), unilateral Needle electromyography; cranial nerve supplied muscles; bilateral Needle electromyography; thoracic paraspinal muscles (excluding T1 Needle electromyography; limited study of muscles in one extremity or non-limb (axial) muscles (unilateral or bilateral), other than thoracic paraspinal, cranial nerve supplied muscles, or sphincters Needle electromyography using single fiber electrode, with quantitative measurement of jitter, blocking and/or fiber density, any/all sites of each muscle studied Nerve conduction, amplitude and latency/velocity study, each nerve; motor, without F-wave study Nerve conduction, amplitude and latency/velocity study, each nerve; motor, with F-wave study Nerve conduction, amplitude and latency/velocity study, each nerve; sensory H-reflex, amplitude and latency study; record gastrocnemius/soleus muscle H-reflex, amplitude and latency study; record muscle other than gastrocnemius/soleus muscle Needle electromyography (EMG) studies of anal or urethral sphincter, any technique

Effective for dates of service on or after January 1, 2006: 95865 Needle electromyography; larynx 95866 Needle electromyography; hemidiaphragm HCPCS code: S3900 Surface electromyography (EMG)

References:
1. American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Recommended policy for electrodiagnostic medicine, AANEM 1995-2005, http://www.aanem.org/practical issues/recpolicy/recommended_policy_1.cfm. Aramideh M and Ongerboer B. Brainstem reflexes: Electrodiagnostic techniques, physiology, normative data, and clinical applications, Muscle and Nerve, July 2002; 26: 1430. Barboi A and Barkhaus P. Electrodiagnostic testing in neuromuscular disorders, Neurologic Clinics 2004; 22: 619-641.

2.

3.

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4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14.

15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Braune HJ. Testing of the refractory period in sensory nerve fibers is the most sensitive method to assess beginning polyneuropathy in diabetes, Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, September 1999; 39(6): 355-359. Chang MH, et al. Comparison of motor conduction techniques in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome, Neurology, June 2002, Vol. 58, No. 11. Concannon MJ, et al. The predictive value of electrodiagnostic studies in carpal tunnel syndrome, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, November 1997; 100(6): 1452-1458. FDA 510(k) Summary Brevio. www.fda.gov/cdrh/pdf6/K061828.pdf Accessed April 2008. Goetz: Textbook of Clinical Neurology, 2nd edition. Electromyography, 2003. Goetz: Textbook of Clinical Neurology, 2nd edition. Nerve conduction studies, 2003. Hilburn JV. General principles and use of electrodiagnostic studies in carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes with special attention to pitfalls and interpretation, Hand Clinics, May 1996; 12(2): 205-221. http://www.viasyshealthcare.com/prod_serv/downloads/202_TECA_Synergy_Brochure.pdf Accessed April 2008. Iyer VG. Understanding nerve conduction and electromyographic studies, Hand Clinics, May 1993; 9(2): 273-287. Jablecki CK, et al. Practice parameters: Electrodiagnostic studies in carpal tunnel syndrome, Neurology, June 2002, Vol. 58, No. 11. Kaufman MA. Differential diagnosis and pitfalls in electrodiagnostic studies and special tests for diagnosing compressive neuropathies, Orthopedic Clinics of North America, April 1996; 27(2): 245-252. Levin KH. Common focal mononeuropathies and their electrodiagnosis, Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, April 1993; 10(2): 181-189. Murthy JM. Carpal tunnel syndrome-electrodiagnostic aspects of fifty-seven symptomatic hands, Neurology India 1999; 47(4): 272-275. Vinik AI, et al. Diabetic neuropathies, Medical Clinics of North America 2004; 88 : 947999. Wilbourn AJ, et al. AAEM Minimonograph 32: The electrodiagnostic examination in patients with radiculopathies, Muscle and Nerve, December 1998, Vol. 21, pp. 1612-1631. Wilbourn AJ. Nerve conduction studies. Types, components, abnormalities, and value in localization, Neurologic Clinics of North America 2002, Vol. 20, pp. 305-338.

Policy History:
Medical Policy Group, June 2005 (2) Medical Policy Group, November 2005 (2) Medical Policy Administration Committee, November 2005 Available for comment December 1, 2005-January 14, 2006 Medical Policy Group, April 2007 (2) Medical Policy Administration Committee, April 2007 Medical Policy Group, April 2008 (2) Medical Policy Administration Committee, April 2008 Available for comment April 4-May 18, 2008 Medical Policy Group, April 2008 (2) Medical Policy Administration Committee May 2008

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Available for comment May 3-June 16, 2008 Medical Policy Group, June 2008 (2) Medical Policy Administration Committee, July 2008 Available for comment June 17-July 31, 2008 Medical Policy Group, June 2009 (2) Medical Policy Group, July 2009 (2) Medical Policy Group, August 2009 (2) Medical Policy Administration Committee, August 2009 Available for comment August 10-September 23, 2009 Medical Policy Group, January 2010 (2) Medical Policy Administration Committee, January 2010 Available for comment January 26-March 11, 2010
This medical policy is not an authorization, certification, explanation of benefits, or a contract. Eligibility and benefits are determined on a caseby-case basis according to the terms of the members plan in effect as of the date services are rendered. All medical policies are based on (i) research of current medical literature and (ii) review of common medical practices in the treatment and diagnosis of disease as of the date hereof. Physicians and other providers are solely responsible for all aspects of medical care and treatment, including the type, quality, and levels of care and treatment. This policy is intended to be used for adjudication of claims (including pre-admission certification, pre-determinations, and pre-procedure review)in Blue Cross and Blue Shields administration of plans contracts.

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