Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture Themes 1.

. Jeffersons election was considered a revolution because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jeffersons actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the free seas. They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison A court case between Marbury and Madison where it showed that the Supreme Court had the power to declare something unconstitutional. Henry Clay A senator from Kentucky who ran for president five times. He strongly supported the American System and was a war hawk for the War of 1812. He outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Essex Junto Federalist extremists saw a shift from manufacturing and industry to farming, so they felt that New England should separate from the U.S. The plan was stopped by Alexander Hamilton who was then killed in a duel by Aaron Burr. Burr Conspiracy Aaron Burr joined a group of Federalist extremists and plotted the secession of New England and New York. Impressment The hijacking and forceful employment of American sailors by the British.

Chesapeake/Leopard Incident The American ship, Chesapeake, refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake which caused the U.S. to expel all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. Non-intercourse Act The prohibition of trading with only France and Britain. Created after the Embargo Act to help with the trading in America and was later replaced by Macons Bill No. 2. Macons Bill No. 2 Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly took up the offer. William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe Americans vs. Shawnee Indians. The battle was led by governor William Henry Harrison, the Americans defeated the Shawnees and Tecumseh in the Indiana territory. War Hawks The younger generation who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and wanted to takeover British land in North America to expand. Battle of Horseshoe bend Battle in which Andrew Jackson received help from the Cherokees in defeating the Creeks and opening up settlement in the southwest. Hartford Convention December 1814. A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. It led to the demise of the Federalist party.

Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814. Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. The territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner, and it set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S border. Treaty of Greenville 1795 Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The 12 local Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and $10,000.

Battle of New Orleans January 1815. A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jacksons troops at New Orleans. Jackson had been given the details of the British armys battle plans by French pirate, Jean Laffite. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured while only 8 American soldiers were killed. It was an American victory. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? They were criticized and rumored about. The Federalists accused them of many wrong doings such as robbing widows or fathering mulatto children. The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. It was claimed by Jefferson to be a revolution compared to the 1796 election because there was a peaceful transfer of powers from one political group to another. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain.

The Federalists were important because they set the precedent for many things in the political sense. They started the first bank, had midnight judges, and set the tariffs that Jefferson continued to use. Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?" The Revolution of 1800 was not a revolution in the sense of an upheaval, but rather in the sense of a transfer of power. Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. Although Jefferson had declared many of the Federalist ideas bad, he still kept many of them including the bank and the tariff taxes.

The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision? As Chief Justice, John Marshall had the power to declare something unconstitutional, and to have the last say in the case. This was shown in the Marbury v. Madison case where John Marshall declared Madisons action of shelving Marburys commission. Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? Jefferson declared a war and eventually was able to extort a peace treaty from Tripoli in 1805. The Louisiana Godsend Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States. If the French had not sold Louisiana to the U.S., the use of New Orleans port would have been lost, and trading would have been inhibited. The Americans would also not have been able to expand further west, and a war would most likely have happened. Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase? The Louisiana Purchase provided more land, allowed for the avoiding of foreign entanglements, and also allowed the use of the New Orleans port. America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? The struggle between France and Britain made it hard for the U.S. to keep to the idea of no alliances. The French and British also started making trouble for American merchants by impressing American sailors and causing Jefferson to pass the Embargo Act, the Non-intercourse Act, then Macons Bill No. 2. The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? Many merchants opposed the embargo because it prohibited trading with all foreign countries, and Americans could not earn an income.

Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy? Napoleon maneuvered the Americans to set up a partial blockade against Britain with Macons Bill No. 2. He then planned to backstab the Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? The War Hawks were motivated by the manhandling of American sailors, the British Orders in Council, and the prohibition of trading farming goods to call for war with Great Britain. "Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812? New England Federalists opposed the War of 1812 because they sympathized with Britain and resented the Republicans sympathy for the French. They began to provide help and gold to Britain which was treason or near treason.

Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an EastWest line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement The treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained, and laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US and British North America. This agreement indicated an improving relation between the US and Britain. Second Bank of the United States 1816. During the administration of President James Madison, the Democratic- Republicans reversed course and supported its creation. It was patterned after the first and quickly established branches throughout the Union. Francis Cabot Lowell American Business man who started Boston Manufacturing Company. A fore-runner to future American industrialists and pioneered the employment of women, which started the Lowell system of hiring young unmarried women. Era of Good Feelings The period from 1817 to 1823 when the disappearance of the federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony.

Adams-Onis Treaty Known as transcontinental treaty, which purchased Florida from Spain. It established western boundary for US and prevented Seminoles from invading Georgia.

Panic of 1819 The first widespread economic crisis in the US which brought deflation, depression, backrushes, bank failures, unemployment, and soup kitchens. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy. Tallmadge Amendment An attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. Missouri Compromise An agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the US, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. The South won Missouri as a slave state, and the North won Maine and the right to forbid slavery I the remaining territories. It showed that compromise again prevented break up. John Marshall The strong-willed chief of justice and cousin of Jefferson. He dominated the Supreme Court with his commanding personality and powerful intellect. He shaped the American legal tradition more profoundly than any other single figure. His decision regarding the Marbury vs. Madison affair also spurred the Jeffersonians to fight back. Latin American Revolution Latin American wars of independence against European colonial rule. Monroe Doctrine 1823. No more European colonization of the Americas, US would stay out of European wars, European powers must stay out of the newly independent states of Latin America.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. In the fight for Canada, the US navy was more successful than the fighting on land. They were more skillfully handled, had better gunners, and were manned by those who wanted vengeance. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. The US fought the War of 1812 effectively as they did not lose too many soldiers, or any land. They were also able to defend New Orleans when the battle broke out.

The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. The Treaty of Ghent was not advantageous to the US because it basically had both sides stop fighting and return all captured land. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? The Hartford Convention demanded that 2/3 vote in Congress was needed before an embargo was imposed, a state was admitted, or war declared. The Federalists were unable to pass these proclamations, and foreshadowed the end of the Federalist party. The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? The long term effects of the War of 1812 were the respect America gained from other countries, sectionalism became apparent, war heroes emerged, manufacturing prospered, and nationalism increased. Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? After the War of 1812, nationalism surfaced in the form of a distinctive national literature, a revived Bank of the United States, the rebuilding of the capital, the expansion of the army, and the furthering of the glory for the navy. "The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years? In politics and economics of the post war years, nationalism could be seen as manufacturing took off. A protective tariff was passed to protect American industries, and in Henry Clays plan (the American System). The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? James Monroes presidency was not really an Era of Good Feelings since the Republican Party split almost immediately after the Federalist party disappeared. There was also issues in the economy.

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. The Panic of 1819 was mainly caused by over speculation of western land. As more and more peole bought land to sell, there was a decrease of buyers. This led to debt being owed to small banks which had debts to the Second Bank of the United States. Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? In the years following the War, settlement of the West was caused by the tradition of westward expansion and the idea of cheap land. Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? Missouris request for statehood was so explosive because it was a slave state and if it became a state, it would tip the balance between slave and free states. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain.

The Missouri Compromise stated that Missouri could be a slave state if Maine was admitted as a free state. It also stated that new states south of the 36 30 boundary were allowed to be slave states if those north of it were free states. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate...are constitutional."

He declared that the Constitution was intended to endure for ages. He also argued that the constitution was for the peoples benefit and that loose construction would further benefit the country.

Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess. Since George Washington, John Marshall is thought of as the most important Federalist because his sense of nationalism endured the era, he helped create a stable and nationally uniform environment for businesses, and almost single-handedly shape the Constitution. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. To the American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson was more important in that he was able to sweep through Florida, hanged two Indian chiefs, executed two British who were aiding the Indians, and seized the two most important Spanish posts in the area. The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? Great Britain supported American desires regarding Latin America by proposing to renounce any desire of claiming Latin America land if America also joined. Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? A militarily weak nation like the US could make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas because the British navy would keep all hostile fleets from American shores. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history.

The Monroe Doctrine was not really important in subsequent American history as it was applauded by Americans, and then forgot. It was then revived in 1845 by President Polk, and it was still not important until midcentury.