Alic Lien Period 1 10-9-13 Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Big Picture Themes

s 1. Jeffersons election was considered a revolution because he represented the common people for the first time. 2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jeffersons actions were sluggish. 3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North. 4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S. 5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the free seas. They declared the War of 1812 with England. IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison One of the Midnight Judges, William Marbury was named Justice of the Peace for DC by Adams, however James Madison ignored the appointment and try to deny Marbury his position. Marbury brought the case to court. The case later led to the attempted impeachment of Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase. Henry Clay Senator from Kentucky, ran for president five times, He was a strong supporter of the American System, speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points, he died before it was passed. Essex Junto A group of Federalist lawyers and merchants that tried to have New England to secede from the US, they asked Jefferson to lead them, but he denied. They then talked to Aaron Burr about their ideas after he lost his position as Vice President. Hamilton prevented Burr from becoming governor, which later caused Burr to challenge Hamilton to a duel, which Hamilton was killed in. The most important outcome of the Essex Junto was that Hamilton was killed.

Burr Conspiracy Vice President Aaron Burr only lead the Louisiana Purchase to start creating his own empire. Though he was arrested in 1807 with the charges of treason, however, he was never convicted due to the lack of evidence of treason against him.

Impressment British Royal Navy Impressed, or kidnapped US Sailors and forced them to work for the Royal Navy. Chesapeake/Leopard Incident The event that caused the Embargo Act, the USS Chesapeake was attacked by the British ship HMS Leopard off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia. The British had claimed that there were several deserters on the USS Chesapeake. Non-intercourse Act An embargo set by the US on France and Britain. Macons Bill No. 2 It was basically allowing the US to trade with France and Britain again, however, if the two countries were to violate the regulations, trading with them would be halted. The Bill was a failure. William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe Governor William Henry Harrison led an army to attack the Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and The Prophet. In fall of 1811, Harrison led an army to Tecumsehs base near the Tippecanoe river. Harrison was victorious, and the Battle of Tippecanoe earned him recognition as National Hero. War Hawks Westerners and Southerners that were hot heads They were strong nationalists/patriots that wanted to wage war against Britain. They also wanted to expand in North America by taking over British land.

Battle of Horseshoe bend Took place during the War of 1812. This battle occurred in central Alabama on March 27, 1814. General Andrew Jackson and his Native American allies defeated the Red Sticks, a Creek Indian tribe that was created by one of the Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh. This event led to the end of the Creek War. Hartford Convention A Federalist convention that took place. The Federalists discussed the issues with the Republican government. However, this meeting was considered treacherous to many, causing a lot of people to withdraw from the Federalist party.

Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent ended the war of 1812. It restored pre-war borders in North America, however, the treaty never stated why the US was involved in the war. Treaty of Greenville 1795 A treaty between the US and Native Americans. It was represented by Anthony Wayne. The US would give the Native Americans goods in exchange for territory in Ohio. Battle of New Orleans Occured on January 9,1815. The British attacked the US in New Orleans. However, the news of the signing of the Treaty of Ghent which ended the war was not yet delivered to the US. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign 1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800? Adams and Jefferson were strongly against each other. Adams and his Federalists were attacked by a privately printed pamphlet that was released by the Jeffersonians. There was a huge debt, and several unliked taxes. The establishment during that time seemed unnecessary. The new navy was strongly disliked at first, the sailors that were hired were nicknamed John Adamss Jackasses. However in the end, Adams was known as the Father of the American Navy,who in the near future, was very useful. The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800" Know: Aaron Burr 2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain. The 1800 election, was won by Jefferson due to Aaron Burrs successful turning of New York from supporting Adams to Jefferson. Jefferson believed that Adams had completely gone against what the Declaration of Independence and the ideals of the new nation. The most interesting thing was the peaceful transition of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans. 3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain. Yes, they had quite a bit of influence in the US. They established the first National Bank, and most of their financial plans were continued, and they are still used today.

Responsibility Breeds Moderation Know: Pell-mell 4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?"

It was revolutionary due to the peaceful transition of powers from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans. Jefferson established the rule of Pell-mell at official dinners. It basically states that seating will not be affected by class ranking. However, some found this rule insulting since their class was not recognized. Jeffersonian Restraint Know: Albert Gallatin 5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess. Thomas Jefferson when he became president, kept several Federalist policies. The reason why they said he acted more like a Federalist was because some of their ideas was more beneficial to the country than the Jeffersons own ideas. Jefferson kept the national bank, and Albert Gallatin was the Secretary of the Treasury. Jefferson put his ideals aside and did what was best for the nation.

The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase 6. What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision? John Marshall was one of the Midnight Judges whose commission was signed by Adams on his last days as president. Adams appointed Marshall so Federalist ideas would still be held in the government after his term has ended. The Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 seats in the Supreme Court. The case Marbury v. Madison was a case where William Marbury sued Madison because the new Secretary of State tried to ignore Marburys midnight judge commission. The Supreme Court justice was the Federalist Samuel Chase, he was strongly disliked by the Jeffersonians. The Jeffersonians tried to impeach Chase, however the results were that the Supreme Court judges could not be removed from their position by impeachment.

Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats 7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States? The pasha of Tripoli, who was in charge of Tripoli, one of the Barbary States in Northern Africa. Jefferson dispatched the newly established navy to the shores of Tripoli. Instead of using big flagships and frigates, small, agile and maneuverable gunboats were used. Jefferson was fascinated by the success of these gunboats, who then proposed a large number of these gunboats to be built. These gunboats were nicknamed Jeffs or the mosquito fleet The Louisiana Godsend

Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture 8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States. The US wanted to purchase New Orleans from the French. James Monroe and Robert Livingston were dispatched to negotiate with Napoleon. In the island of Santo Domingo, Toussaint LOveture had started a rebellion, and Louisiana was suppose to supply the island, but since the rebellion started, it deemed Louisiana useless. Napoleon had gave up ideas of setting up territories in North America, so he proposed to sell all of Louisiana Territory to the US. If the French had not sold the land, the US might not be as big as it is today, and Jefferson would not have been as famed as he is now. Louisiana in the Long View Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike 9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase? Lewis and Clark were sent by Jefferson to explore the newly purchased Louisiana Territory. They were assisted by the Native American Sacajawea. Their exploration helped the US strengthen their claims in Oregon. Zebulun Pike, led another expedition, in the southern parts of the Louisiana Territory, he explored far into the sourthern areas, also entering Spanish Territory. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the US, strengthening its territory in North America. America: A Nutcracked Neutral Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake 10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States? The British Orders in Council banned trade with the US. The British began a policy of impressment, where they would take back claimed deserters of the British Navy stowed aboard US Ships. The French also seized US ships sailing in the ocean. One incident, the Chesapeake-Leopard Incident, raised more tensions between US and Britain. The USS Chesapeake was fired upon by the HMS Leopard since they rejected to let British troops board their ship. The incident occurred near the coast of Norfolk, Virginia.

The Hated Embargo Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act 11. Who opposed the embargo and why? The Embargo Act was strongly disliked by many traders and salesmen. The act banned the export of all goods from the US to protect US Ships. The embargo act more or less damaged the US economy, and did something Jefferson did not want, rise in industry instead of agriculture. The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was an embargo that was mainly aimed at Britain and France. Madisons Gamble Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2 12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy?

James Madison took the presidential position on March 4, 1809. He was in control of many risky foreign policies. Macons Bill No. 2 replaced the embargo acts completely. Instead, the Macons Bill No. 2 Stated that the US would trade with all countries, including Britain and France, unless they violate any commercial regulations. The Bill also told the British to dismantle their Orders in Council. Napoleon tried to take advantage of this policy and tried to make the US resume their embargo against Britain. In the end, Macons Bill No. 2 was a failure. Tecumseh and the Prophet Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison 13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain? War Hawks were young hot-heads from the South and West of the States. They were eager to fight the British, and wipe out Native American threats in the frontier. The Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and The Prophet, were ruling a tribe near the Tippiecanoe and Wabash Rivers territory. Indiana Territory governor William Henry Harrison led an army to attack Tecumsehs headquarters in 1811. The Battle of Tippiecanoe was a war between Harrisons men and The Prophets men since Tecumseh was absent at this battle. The Battle of Tippiecanoe was a major victory for Harrison, and it earned him the recognition as national hero. "Mr. Madison's War" Know: War of 1812 14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812? The New England Federalists disliked the War of 1812 since they were on the British side of the conflict, instead of the Frenchs side. The New England Federalists disliked the Republicans thoughts on Napoleon. They were against the United Statess goals of taking land in Canada. The New England Federalists were determined To rule the nation if they could, But see it damned if others should.They lent more money to British Exchequers than to the Federal Government, and the New England Federalist governors refused to let their militia fight outside of the state.

1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement The Rush-Bagot Agreement limited Navy dominance in the Great Lakes for both the United States, and Canada. Second Bank of the United States Created in 1816. The Second Bank of the United States was not really different compared to the Bank of United States created in 1791. The size of the Second Bank was much larger, however, it had limited power over state banks. Francis Cabot Lowell A former Boston importer who smuggled British textile factory designs back to America, and built the world's first factory capable of converting raw cotton into cloth by power machinery under one roof. Created a work force almost entirely of unmarried women, in a healthy, wholesome environment. Era of Good Feelings A time period from about 1820 to 1825 where there was only one party, the Democratic-Republican party. It was during Monroes presidency after the collapse of the Federalist Party.

Adams-Onis Treaty The Adams-Onis Treaty was created during 1819. It was an agreement where Spain gave their claims of Florida to the US. Panic of 1819 Also known as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. During this event, Europe declined trade with America for their goods. There was also mismanagement of the Second Bank of the US, thus causing financial troubles for the United States. Tallmadge Amendment This Amendment brought on the gradual emancipation of child slaves. It also tried to stop slavery in Missouri. This Amendment however, caused some trouble between the

North and South since both sides had a different view/opinion on slavery. Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise was a set of 3 compromises. It agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state, however, Maine was admitted as a separate state, and separated from Massachusetts. The North and South from here had 12 states each. John Marshall John Marshall was an American jurist and politician who established the practice of Judicial Review. He also served as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Latin American Revolution There was a rebellion in Spanish colonies. The problem was concerning power in those colonies. The lower class rebelled against the upper class since the upper class had more power. Monroe Doctrine An American foreign policy. The Monroe Doctrine stated that the US would stay out of any foreign affairs, and avoiding interactions with other countries. The Monroe Doctrine could also be called the Self-Defense Doctrine.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. The US Navy, equipped with skillfully handled ships, better gunners, and crew members who were not impressed into the navy, was successful in the Great Lakes in Canada. Led by Officer Oliver Hazard Perry, the fleet of green-timbered ships at lake Erie fought the British Navy in a fierce battle that ended with the capture of the British fleet. On September 11, 1814, commander Thomas Macdonough was challenged by a British fleet. In the battle, the American flagship was heavily damaged, but Macdonough used cables to turn his ship to an undamaged broadside and defeated the British fleet. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. Although the United States had their capital burnt and failed to successfully invade and take over Canada, the war was fought effectively. At Fort McHenry, the United States was able to hold off numerous barrages of cannon fire by the British Navy. On one of the ships, Francis Scott Keys, a detained American, watched the bombardment from the British ship. In the morning however, the American flag stood, and the fort had not collapsed, thus inspiring him to write the words for The Star-Spangled Banner. At New Orleans, Andrew Jackson confronted the British. Jackson led US troops, pirates,

Frenchmen, and militiamen from Louisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Two of the Louisiana regiments were composed of free black volunteers. The British had overestimated their power at the Battle of New Orleans. The British launched a frontal assault on January 8, 1815. The Americans, well defended and entrenched, fired on the British with cannons and small-arms. The British casualties were over 2,000 men in only 30 minutes, and the Americans only lost around 70 men. This battle helped Jackson earn the recognition as national hero. The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. The Treaty of Ghent, signed 2 weeks before the Battle of New Orleans took place, was not actually beneficial to the United States. The Americans, represented by John Quincy Adams, ended armed conflict against the British officially on paper, however, the news had not reached New Orleans when the battle took place. The Treaty of Ghent only in the Americans view, was a victory, however, it did not mention why they invaded Canada (which technically started the war), talk about conflicts with the Native Americans, search and seizure or Impressment by the British, and Orders in Council. The patriotic Americans proudly claimed Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost and victory in the war when technically they invaded Canada, and the treaty basically called the war a draw. In the end, the Treaty of Ghent only ended fighting, and restored pre-war territory. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? The Hartford Convention, set up by New England federal extremists, basically drafted a set of resolutions that the Federalists want revised in the government and the Constitution. Blue Light Federalists were treacherous New Englanders who would signal British blockades about American ships that tried to slip past the blockades. The Hartford Convention was very unsuccessful, and it was very unpopular, even causing some Federalists to leave. The Hartford Convention in the end, was more or less the beginning of the end for the Federalist party. They were never successful in any presidential campaigns, and they slowly crumbled soon later. Numerous talks about secession from the Union appeared New England. The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? The War of 1812 could be viewed as a minor conflict in world history. During that time, Napoleon invaded Russia with around 500,000 men in Europe while Madison and the Americans invaded canada with a small amount compared to the French, 5,000 men. However, the War of 1812 was a major conflict nationally. It brought out a wave of nationalism in the country, and also brought out the end to the Federalists. Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812?

The wave of nationalism brought out national writers such as Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper. These writers brought out American scenes and themes in American Literature. School books, originally British, was instead written by Americans the American way. The New Bank of the United States handled national funds. The American army was expanded, and the American Navy also earned national praise. Stephen Decatur, the naval hero of 1812 and the Barbary Coast expeditions, inspired even more American nationalism amongst the Americans. "The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the postwar years? The Tariff of 1817 was established to protect American business. Henry Clay proposed the American System. The system had 3 main parts, a strong national bank, protective tariff, and a network of roads and canals. New York completed the Erie Canal in 1825, helped travel by sea improve. Politics were all based on improving America overall, and the American economy improved. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? James Monroes presidency was dubbed Era of Good Feelings because the Federalist party had collapsed, and only the Democratic-Republicans were left. James Monroe continued the Virginia Dynasty, which was where the past presidents were all from Virginia. However, during the Era of Good Feelings, signs of differences in the Democratic-Republican party began to rise.

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. The Panic of 1819 could be viewed as the first depression. The national bank was in financial trouble. The west wildcat banks owed the national bank large sums of money, thus causing a depression. Lower class families were greatly affected. Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? The continuation of the westward movement continued the settlement of the West. The tobacco weakened land was harder to use, and the fresh new land of the west attracted many farmers. The western frontier was safer due to Harrison and Jacksons victories against the Native Americans. The Land Act of 1820 made the land in the west really cheap, thus attracting many settlers.

Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state. This was troubling to congress since it would mean more representatives for the south. The Tallmadge Amendment said that no more slaves could be brought into Missouri. The south was not happy because of the restrictions set on Missouris requests of becoming a slave state. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. The Missouri Compromise did not give either the North or the South any benefits. Proposed by Henry Clay, it was a bundle of three compromises. It states that Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, Maine would become a separate state, and split from Massachusetts, and that slavery was prohibited in states above the 3630 parallel. The Missouri Compromise did not satisfy the North or Souths goals of getting more influence, it basically allowed Missouri to join as a slave state, but it still balanced out the amount of states and representatives for the North and South. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional." Supreme Justice John Marshall, was most famous for his actions during this time. In the case McCulloch v. Maryland, he gave the most famous representation of loose construction. The case revolved around Maryland trying to impose a tax on bank notes created by the National Bank. Marshall said that the power to tax involves the power to destroy and that a power to create implies a power to preserve saying that the tax was aimed to destroy something, not preserve it. In the case Cohens v. Virginia, Marshall was given the greatest opportunities to defend federal power. The Cohens were found to be illegally selling lottery tickets, the case was won by Virginia, however, the Supreme Court reviewed the case, and the Cohens were victorious, showing that federal power had more influence than state power. In the case Gibbons v. Ogden, it was a case where New York tried to monopolize waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Marshall stated that only Congress had control of interstate commerce.

Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess.

Although the Federalists were seen as traitors to the US, George Washington and John Marshall acted upon the benefit of the country, and not their own partisan needs. The Fletcher v. Peck case, was unfairly won due to a bribe, the second hearing, was cancelled due to illegal transaction, however, Marshall and the Supreme Court stated that the case victory ended up being a contract, which was forbidden by the Constitution. Another case was the Dartmouth College v. Woodward case. The college was granted a royal charter back in 1769 by King George III, however, the state legislature tried to change it. Daniel Webster represented Dartmouth in appealing the case. Marshalls final ruling was that the original charter would be kept, and that it was protected by the Constitution. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. John Quincy Adams, secretary of state to President Monroe, helped negotiate the Treaty of 1818 with Britain. This treaty allowed Americans to share fisheries with Canada, it also set a 10 year joint occupation of the untamed Oregon County, without giving either side the claims to the land. In 1818, US General Andrew Jackson, was under the command of the Spanish empire, was allowed to enter Spanish territory to punish and fight the Native Americans. The Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, or incorrectly named Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819, gave Spanish claims of Florida to the US. Overall, Jackson was more important to American territorial expansion since he pushed back and cleared Native American threats, and helped America gain official claims to Florida, unlike John Q. Adams and the Treaty of 1818 where the Americans were able to occupy Oregon, but not have the official claims to it. The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? The British still dominated the seas, had a monopoly on trade and the trading ports. British and American Traders both benefitted from the British monopoly, and it kept Latin America and Spanish powers out of it. In 1823, British foreign secretary George Canning asked the American minister in London if the US would set a joint operation with the British to claim Latin American territory.

Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas?

Secretary John Quincy Adams was wary of any British plots to claim more land in the Americas. Born in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine stated 2 basic ideas, 1: noncolonization and 2: nonintervention. He claimed that the era of colonizing the Americas has ended, and that the European monarchs keep their rule out of the Americas.

Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. The Monroe Doctrine protected the US and most of the Americas from any more European colonization. The Monroe Doctrine at first was not very significant, few Latin American countries knew of it, and that they mainly recognized the British navy was the only thing between them and hostile European powers. In America, the Monroe Doctrine was quickly forgotten, until 1845 where President Polk revived it. The Russian tsar however retreated from the Americas a bit. He declared the Russo-American Treaty of 1824, which limited Russian territory to the 5440 line. The Monroe Doctrine sounded like it was protecting Latin America, however, it was more accurately represented as the Self-Defense Treaty, protecting mainly the United States. The Monroe Doctrine was never a law, just a policy made by President Monroe (due to the rise of nationalism) telling European monarchs to stay out of the Americas.