Temple and Pond- Padma theertham-

Trivandrum

DR. T H RI V I K RAM J I K .P.

PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY (Re t d.)
U N I V ERSI T Y OF K ERALA
Noise & Dust Pollution

Scarred Surfaces

Modified water regimes & Stream

network

Waste water

Stony waste land

 Build a Green-belt along perimeter of property
with strip planting of fast growing tree species
to reduce large volumes of dust & noise
Wetting potential patches of dust with water.
Clarify waste water prior to release
Careful mine planning
Restore land to near-natural configuration
Locate possible mining areas out of site of
community
SWM wave setup erodes and destroys beaches.
Beach rebuilding in post erosion face lands
offshore black sand on the beaches
Upgrades black sand content in the newly built
beach
IRE gathers & Stock-pile sand with power
shovels and trucks
Gathering cannot go below MSL
No drilling, No blasting, No water pollution
Back filling by SWM
Mining area: Ancient beach/Dune fields

No drilling, No blasting, No water pollution

Shoveled and loaded onto trucks to sand

separation plants

Reject sand or gangue goes back to back

filling

Abandoned tracts not nearly restorable

Modernisation of Indian Society
World class infrastructure, Modern housing with
water and power supply and sanitation
Infrastructure: Multi-lane express ways,
dedicated-high speed rail tracks and bridges
Ports and harbours
Modern runways & terminal buildings
Schools, Hospitals & Playgrounds
Power plants, transmission lines, etc .
Aggregates make 85% of cement
concrete

Rail tracks of India consumed 1320.0

billion m3 or 232.0 billion tones of
ballast

Maintenance consumes for at least

1/3rd of the above once in three years
Shelf sand

Manufacture aggregates from

overburden and waste of strip and
subsurface mines, slag and such
other

Reprocess rubble of demolished

buildings into aggregates.
0.025 6.5 0.001 -0.25

6.5 38.0 0.25 1.5 or

larger
 Intrusive rocks, Standard section,
Upper continental crust (Wedephol,1969)

Rock type Abundance,

%
Granite & Quartz
monzonite
Granodorite
Quartz diorite
Diorite
Gabbro
Others
 Mineral abundance (%),
Plutonic Igneous rocks (Wedephol,1969)
Mineral Granite G.diorite Q.diorite Diorite Gabbro Up.crust

Plagioclase 30 46 53 63 56 41
Quartz 27 21 22 2 -- 21
P.feldspar 35 15 6 3 -- 21
Amphibole 1 13 12 12 1 6
O.pyroxene -- -- -- 3 16 2
C.pyroxene -- -- -- 8 16 2
Olivine -- -- -- -- 5. 0.6
Magnetite
Ilmenite 2 2 2 3 4 2
Apatite 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0. 0.5
2 3 2
 Road and Rail road network, India
(website, GOI)
Roads, Types Length, Rail road Length, km.
km
Express ways 200 Total track 62195
National 66,590 Double track 12617
Highways
State highways 128,000

Major Dist. Roads 470,000

Rural & other 2,650,0

00
Tailing ridge, Kolachel, India
A talus of rubble readied for the
crusher unit, Trivandrum Dist., India
Partial View of Crusher unit, Trivandrum, India
Old fashion house- no aggregate in use
Intensive aggregate use
A stonewall no aggregate or cement
Gathered river sand in stock pile
Sea around India- courtesy National Geographic
Silent Valley National Park, Grass land and forest stands, Western
Ghats -India
Periyar Valley, WG, India -Reminds Yosemite Valley
Glacial Boulder Delta, near Syracuse New York
Interstate 90, Kansas state
Reptile House, Trivandrum Zoo, India
Natural History Museum, Trivandrum, Zoo
Kovalam Palace, Trivandrum, India
Ballast stock yard, Eraniel, India
West nada, Fort, Trivandrum, India
Crusher sand, Suburban Trivandrum, India
Brick wall using crusher sand, Suburban Trivandrum, India
Crusher sand used construction, Suburban Trivandrum, India
Crusher sand used construction, Suburban Trivandrum, India
- a close up
A modern building using crusher sand, Trivandrum, India
Another modern building using crusher sand, Trivandrum, India
Another modern building using crusher sand, Madurai, India
Temple gopuram- stone
work, Madurai, India
Temple pond - stone work,
Madurai, India
RESERV OI R I N CON T I N EN T AL SH ELF

REGEN ERAT ED BY M ON SOON WAV ES

SAN D COLLECT ED SAN S DRI LLI N G &

BLAST I N G

GEOLOGI CALLY EROSI ON PRON E COAST

I M PLEM EN T COAST AL REGU LAT I ON Z ON E

ACT & WELFARE OF DI SPLACED FAM I LI ES
River turned pond after removal
of sand, Tamil Nadu, India
Black sand & other rubble after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004
Black sand & other rubble after
Asian Tusnami-Dec. 2004
Black sand & other rubble
after Asian Tusnami-Dec.2004
Black sand & other rubble after Asian
Tusnami-Dec.2004
Bornhardt and Red sand deposits, foreground, TN, India