SCALARS and VECTORS SCALARS Scalar quantity a physical quantity that is described by magnitude only a simple physical quantity

ty that is not changed by coordinate system rotations or translations a real number Example 1: time, temperature, mass density Example 2: 3 kg/m3, 32, 54

Scalar quantities can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided using arithmetic Example 1: Add 1 kg and 2 kg. Solution: By the principle of arithmetic, we may add the given since they have the same units. Thus, 1kg + 2kg = 3kg Example 2: Subtract 3 m from 2 m. Solution: 3m-2m= 1m

VECTORS Vector Quantity a physical quantity that is described by both magnitude and direction. it cannot be described by a single number A vector is formally defined as an element of a vector space. In the commonly encountered vector
space (i.e., Euclidean n-space), a vector is given by coordinates and can be specified as . Vectors are sometimes referred to by the number of coordinates they have, so a 2dimensional vector is often called a two-vector, an -dimensional vector is often called an nvector, and so on.

Example 1: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force o Example 2: 35m/s, east; 3N, 34 south of east.

A vector space is a mathematical structure formed by a collection of vectors. In describing a vector quantity, we must include BOTH the magnitude and direction. Representation of Vectors Vectors are represented by arrows. The arrows has three important parts 1. Arrowhead indicates the direction of the vector 2. Length of the arrow indicates the magnitude of the vector. 3. Tail represents the origin of the vector

We represent vectors as symbol or character that is in boldface

or A
or we may also represent vectors as a character with an arrow at its top

Meanwhile, when we are dealing with magnitude or norm of vectors we may use the following:

or | | or R
If two vectors have the same direction, they are said to be parallel. If two vectors are opposite in direction, they are said to be antiparallel. Equality of Vectors Two or more vectors will be equal if and only if 1. They have the same magnitude 2. They have the same directions. Wherever they are in space. A negative of a vector is the vector having the same magnitude as the other vector, but have opposite direction as the other vector. Example: Vector A is the negative of vector B. Hence we write or

Moreover, we can say that these vectors are antiparallel. A vector cannot be a scalar quantities because they are different kind of quantities Calculations involving scalar quantities may be done using arithmetic. A magnitude of a vector is a scalar quantity and is always positive.

Zero Vector The null vector or zero vector is the vector with length zero. It is written as . Its direction is everywhere. We can choose any direction for it. But by convention, it is nonsense to choose a direction to a vector whose magnitude is zero so it is given no direction at all. Addition of Vectors There addition of vectors is divided into two major categories, the Graphical and Analytical methods. Graphical Method includes Closed Polygon Method/ Head-to-tail Method and the Parallelogram Method. Analytical Methods are Simple Arithmetic Method, Pythagorean Theorem Method, and the Component Method.