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The Born-Haber cycle for the formation of sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine may be
represented by a series of stages labelled A to F as shown.
1
2 Cl2 (g)
E
NaCl(s)
(a)
(i)
Write the letters A to F next to the corresponding definition in the table below
definition
letter
H/kJ mol1
+494
364
+109
+121
770
(ii)
Calculate the enthalpy of formation of sodium chloride from the data given.
(2)
(b)
The lattice enthalpies can be calculated from theory as well as determined experimentally.
Experimental
H/kJ mol1
Theoretical
H/kJ mol1
Sodium chloride
770
766
Silver iodide
889
778
Why is the experimental value of the lattice enthalpy of silver iodide (889kJmol1) so
different from the value calculated theoretically?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Explain the trend in first ionisation energies of the elements of Group 1 in the Periodic
Table.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
2.
Adrenalin is a hormone which raises blood pressure, increases the depth of breathing and delays
fatigue in muscles, thus allowing people to show great strength under stress.
Benzedrine is a pharmaceutical which stimulates the central nervous system in a similar manner
to adrenalin.
HO
CH2
CH(CH 3 )
Benzedrine
(a)
(i)
NH 2
HO
H
CH(OH)
CH 2
CH 3
Adrenalin
On the structure for benzedrine mark with a (*) any asymmetric carbon atom that
causes chirality.
(1)
(ii)
(b)
Give the structural formulae of the organic products obtained when benzedrine reacts
with:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(d)
It is possible to eliminate a molecule of water from adrenalin which for the purpose of
this question may be represented as RCH(OH)CH2NHCH3. Draw the structural
formulae of the two stereoisomers produced.
(2)
(e)
The mass spectra of both benzedrine and adrenalin have a peak at a mass/charge ratio of
44. Draw the structure of the species which give these peaks.
(i)
in benzedrine;
(1)
(ii)
in adrenalin.
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
3.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
Bromine consists of two isotopes, mass numbers 79 and 81. A sample of bromine gas,
Br2, was examined in a mass spectrometer. The mass spectrum showing the molecular
ions is given below.
100
Relative
intensity
50
158
(i)
160
m/e
162
(ii)
(2)
(c)
Define the term first electron affinity for bromine atoms, illustrating your answer with
an equation.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
The graph showing the variation of the first ionisation energies of the elements neon to
potassium is given below.
2500
2000
First
ionisation
1500
energy/kJ mol1
1000
500
0
(i)
Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K
(ii)
Explain the general trend in the first ionisation energies of the elements sodium to
argon.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Explain why the first ionisation energy of neon is greater than the first ionisation
energy of argon.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
4.
Hydrogen forms compounds with most non-metallic elements and with some metals.
(a)
Calculate the empirical formula of the compound used in the manufacture of artificial
rubber which has the following composition by mass.
Hydrogen 11.1%
Carbon 88.9%
(3)
(b)
85C
Hydrogen iodide
35C
Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Calculate the number of molecules in 8.0 cm3 of gaseous phosphine, PH3, at room
temperature and pressure.
(The molar volume of a gas at room temperature and pressure should be taken as 2.4
104 cm3 mol1. The Avogadro constant is 6.0 1023 mol1.)
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
5.
(a)
Define:
(i)
(ii)
(b)
Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of benzene, C6H6(l), using the following
enthalpy of combustion data:
Substance
Hc /kJ mol1
C6H6(l)
3273
H2(g)
286
C(s)
394
(3)
(c)
If the standard enthalpy of formation is calculated from average bond enthalpy data
assuming that benzene has three C==C and three CC bonds, its value is found to be
+215 kJ mol1.
Explain, with reference to the structure and stability of benzene, why this value differs
from that calculated in (b). Use an enthalpy level diagram to illustrate your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(4)
(d)
Benzene reacts with bromine when gently warmed in the presence of a catalyst of
anhydrous iron(III) bromide.
(i)
The reaction is first order with respect to benzene and first order with respect to
bromine. Write the rate equation for the reaction.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The mechanism of this reaction involves an attack by Br+ followed by loss of H+.
H
Step 1.
Br +
Br
Br
Step 2.
Br
+H +
6.
(a)
Iron has several isotopes. One of them has the electronic configuration [Ar]3d64s2 , an
atomic number of 26 and a mass number of 56.
(i)
Which of these pieces of information would be the most use in helping a chemist
decide on the likely chemical reactions of iron?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
State how many of each of the following particles is found in an atom of 56Fe.
Protons ................
electrons ................
neutrons ................
(2)
(iii)
(b)
The relative atomic mass of a sample of iron may be found by using a mass spectrometer
to determine the isotopic composition.
(i)
To vacuum pump
Area A ..............................................................................................................
Area B ..............................................................................................................
Area C ..............................................................................................................
Area D ..............................................................................................................
(4)
(ii)
Percentage composition
54
Fe
5.8
56
Fe
91.6
57
Fe
2.2
58
Fe
0.33
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of iron, giving your answer to two
decimal places.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
7.
In the Periodic Table, where elements are arranged by atomic number, chlorine is a p-block
element whereas manganese, a transition element, is in the d-block.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
The electron configuration of chlorine is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5. Write the electron
configuration for manganese in a similar manner.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Sketch the pattern you would expect to see in a plot of successive ionisation
energies of chlorine against the number of electrons removed.
Ionisation
energy
10
12
14
16
(d)
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
8.
(a)
The Born-Haber cycle for the formation of sodium chloride is shown below.
Na + (g) + Cl(g) + e
Na + (g) +
1
2
Cl2 (g) + e
Na(s) +
1
2 Cl 2 (g)
Na+ Cl (s)
Use the data below to calculate the lattice enthalpy of sodium chloride.
Enthalpy change
Value of the
enthalpy change
/kJ mol1
+109
+494
411
+121
364
(2)
(b)
Sodium chloride and magnesium oxide have very similar crystal lattices. Suggest why
the lattice enthalpy of magnesium oxide is very much larger than that of sodium chloride.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The lattice enthalpy of silver iodide can be calculated but the experimental value does not
match the calculated value as well as those for sodium chloride match each other.
Explain why the calculated and experimental values for silver iodide are different.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
9.
(a)
When a sample of copper is analysed using a mass spectrometer, its atoms are ionised and
then accelerated.
(i)
(ii)
(b)
For a particular sample of copper two peaks were obtained in the mass spectrum.
(i)
Peak at m/e
Relative abundance
63
69.1
65
30.9
Give the formula of the species responsible for the peak at m/e = 65.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
State why two peaks, at m/e values of 63 and 65, were obtained in the mass
spectrum.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of copper, using the table of
results above.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
10.
(a)
30.9
But-2-ene,
CH3CH=CHCH3, exists
as geometric isomers.
(i)
Draw the
geometric
isomers of but-2ene.
(2)
(ii)
Explain how
geometric
isomerism arises.
............................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.....
............................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.................
.....
(1)
(b)
(i)
Draw the
structural
formula of a
compound which
is an isomer of
but-2-ene but
which does not
show geometric
isomerism.
(1)
(ii)
65
(i)
Give the formula of the species responsible for the peak at m/e = 65.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
State why two peaks, at m/e values of 63 and 65, were obtained in the mass
spectrum.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of copper, using the table of
results above.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
11.
(a)
(b)
(c)
H + 3O
2O
O + 3H
(i)
Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction using the average bond enthalpy
values given below.
Bond
Average bond
enthalpy/kJ mol1
Bond
Average bond
enthalpy/kJ mol1
CH
+412
CC
+348
CO
+360
OH
+463
OO
+496
CO
+743
(3)
(ii)
enthalpy
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
12.
In an experiment to find the enthalpy change when copper is displaced from a solution of
copper ions excess zinc was added to 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm3 aqueous copper(ii) sulphate in
a plastic cup.
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
The temperature of the solution in the cup was measured every minute for 10 minutes with the
zinc being added after 3.5 minutes.
Temperature/C
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
(a)
9
8
10
Time/minutes
Suggest two reasons why a series of temperature readings is taken rather than simply
initial and final readings.
First reason..............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
Second reason..........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Use the graph to calculate the maximum temperature change, T, as the reaction takes
place.
T = ...........................................C
(2)
(c)
Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction using the formula below, giving your
answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
H = 4.18 T kJ mol1
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
13.
(a)
(ii)
(b)
Calculate the volume of gas produced if 3.0 g of sodium reacts with an excess of water.
(One mole of any gas at the temperature and pressure of the experiment occupies
24 dm3.)
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
14.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
Magnesium has three isotopes. The mass spectrum of magnesium shows peaks at m/e 24
(78.60%), 25 (10.11%), and 26 (11.29%). Calculate the relative atomic mass of
magnesium to 4 significant figures.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
(a)
(b)
The logarithm of successive ionisation energies for magnesium is plotted in the graph
below.
15.
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Number of electron removed
Explain what this graph tells you about the electron arrangement in the magnesium atom.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
(i)
Give the full electronic configuration of magnesium using the s,p,d notation.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Explain why all isotopes of magnesium have the same chemical properties.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
16.
(a)
Boron forms the chloride BCl3. Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for BCl3.
(1)
(b)
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(c)
(i)
The BCl bond is polar due to the different electronegativity of the atoms.
Explain what is meant by the term electronegativity.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The BCl bond is polar. Explain why BCl3 is not a polar molecule.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
17.
(a)
A compound of sodium, chlorine and oxygen contains, by mass, 21.6% Na, 33.3% Cl and
45.1% O. Show that this is consistent with the formula NaClO3.
(2)
(b)
(ii)
(c)
(1)
(ii)
Give the half-equation for the oxidation that is occurring given that the overall
equation for the reaction is:
Cl2(aq) + 2Br(aq) Br2(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
18.
The table below shows the melting temperatures of the elements of period 3.
m.p./C:
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
98
650
660
1410
44
119
101
189
Structural
type
(a)
Write in the spaces in the table the structural type for these elements.
(2)
(b)
Explain why the melting temperature of sodium is so much lower than that of magnesium
or of aluminium.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Phosphorus exists as P4, sulphur as S8. Explain the difference in the melting
temperature of these substances.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
19.
(a)
Write an equation for the above reaction to show the production of either but-1ene or but-2-ene.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(b)
Some bromine solution was shaken with a sample of but-2-ene, and a reaction occurred.
(i)
(ii)
Draw the structural formula of the product of this reaction, and name this product.
Diagram:
Name ...............................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
(2)
(ii)
Explain why but-2-ene exists as two stereoisomers, and name this type of
isomerism.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
20.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
Formula
Hf /kJ mol1
ethene
C2H4(g)
+52.3
hydrogen bromide
HBr(g)
36.2
bromoethane
C2H5Br(g)
60.4
Use the data in the table above to calculate the standard enthalpy change for the
following reaction.
C2H4(g) + HBr(g) C2H5Br(g)
(2)
(iii)
State the significance of the sign of the value obtained in part (a)(ii) above.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Enthalpy changes can also be calculated using average bond enthalpy data.
Bond
C == C
+612
CC
+348
CH
+412
C Br
+276
H Br
+366
Use the data in the table above to recalculate the enthalpy change for the reaction in part
(a)(ii).
C2H4(g) HBr(g) C2H5Br(g)
(3)
(c)
Suggest why the value obtained in part (b) above is likely to be less accurate than that
obtained in part (a)(ii).
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
21.
(a)
(i)
(1)
(ii)
State the amount (number of moles) of sodium hydroxide in 23.45 cm3 of solution
and hence calculate the concentration of the solution in mol dm3.
(3)
(b)
The balance used to weigh the sulphamic acid is accurate to 0.01 g. Calculate the
percentage error in the mass of the sulphamic acid weighed.
(1)
(c)
22.
The formation of magnesium chloride from magnesium and chlorine may be represented by the
following Born-Haber cycle:
Mg 2+(g) + 2Cl(g) + 2e
Mg 2+(g) + Cl 2 (g) + 2e
Mg(g) + Cl 2 (g)
Mg(s) + Cl 2 (g)
MgCl 2 (s)
(a)
Enthalpy of atomisation.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Use the data below to calculate the first electron affinity of chlorine.
Enthalpy change
+150
+736
+1450
642
+121
2493
(2)
(c)
Hydrogen gas reacts with sodium metal to form an ionic solid, NaH, which contains
sodium cations.
Draw a Born-Haber cycle which could be used to determine the electron affinity of
hydrogen.
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
23.
(a)
Ca + O2 .....................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
State and explain the trend in thermal stability of the carbonates of the Group 2 elements
as the group is descended.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
24.
(a)
Particle
Relative charge
Proton
Electron
Relative mass
1
Neutron
1
(3)
(b)
State the number of each of the above particles present in one molecule of CH4, showing
clearly how you arrive at your answer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
(d)
Give the formula of the chlorine species composed of 17 protons, 20 neutrons and 16
electrons.
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
Write one equation in each case to represent the change occurring when the following
quantities are measured.
(i)
(ii)
(f)
Explain why the first ionisation energy of chlorine is higher than that of sulphur.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
25.
(a)
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(2)
(iii)
(2)
(b)
Calculate the empirical formula of this compound, using the data above and the
periodic table.
(3)
(ii)
0.200 moles of this compound has a mass of 22.0 g. Use this information to help
you deduce the molecular formula of this compound.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
26.
The reaction of an acid with a base to give a salt is an exothermic reaction. In an experiment to
determine the enthalpy of neutralisation of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide, 50.0cm3
of 1.00 mol dm3 HCl was mixed with 50.0 cm3 of 1.10 mol dm3 NaOH. The temperature rise
obtained was 6.90 C.
(a)
(b)
Assuming that the density of the final solution is 1.00 g cm3 and that its heat capacity is
4.18 J K1 g1, calculate the heat evolved during the reaction.
(3)
(c)
(2)
(d)
27.
(a)
Ethene and propene are in the same homologous series. Explain the term homologous
series.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
(i)
(2)
(ii)
(c)
Poly(propene) does not have a sharp melting temperature, but softens over a range of
temperature. Suggest why this is so.
....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
(i)
Tetrafluoroethene, C2F4, also forms a polymer. Suggest why this polymer is very
inert.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(e)
Ethane and ethene both react with bromine. Ethane does not react at room temperature in
the dark, whereas ethene does so extremely quickly. Explain in terms of the bonding in
each molecule why this is so.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
28.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
The values for the standard enthalpy of combustion of graphite and carbon
monoxide are given below:
Hc /kJ mol1
C (graphite)
394
CO(g)
283
Use these data to find the standard enthalpy change of formation of carbon
monoxide using a Hesss law cycle.
C(graphite) +
1
O2(g) CO(g)
2
(3)
(iii)
(iv)
Draw an enthalpy level diagram below for the formation of carbon monoxide from
graphite.
(1)
(b)
Natural gas consists of methane, CH4. When methane burns completely in oxygen the
reaction occurs as shown in the equation
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Hc = 890 kJ mol1
29.
A student was required to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction between iron and
copper sulphate solution.
Timing
before
addition
Temperature/C
22
FeSO4 + Cu
1 min
2 mins
3 mins
4 mins
5 mins
27
29
26
24
22
(a)
Suggest two improvements you would make to this experiment. Give a reason for each of
the improvements suggested.
Improvement 1 ...........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Reason 1 ....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Improvement 2 ...........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Reason 2 ....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
Using this data and taking the specific heat capacity of all aqueous solutions as
4.18 Jg1 deg1 calculate the heat change.
(1)
(ii)
(1)
(iii)
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
30.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
Write the equation for the reaction of calcium with chlorine to produce
calcium chloride.
..
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
Draw a dot and cross diagram for calcium chloride showing all the outer electrons.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
31.
(a)
protons:
neutrons:
electrons:
(3)
(b)
The mass spectrum of lithium shows two peaks. Their mass/charge ratios and
percentage abundance are shown below.
Mass/charge
% Abundance
6.02
7.39
7.02
92.61
Calculate the relative atomic mass of lithium, giving your answer to three
significant figures.
(2)
(c)
Describe a test that you would do to distinguish between solid lithium chloride and
solid sodium chloride. Clearly state what you would do and what you would see with
both substances.
..
..
..
..
(3)
(Total 8.marks)
32.
Both magnesium metal and molten magnesium chloride conduct electricity, but solid
magnesium chloride does not.
(a)
Describe the structure of magnesium metal and explain why the solid conducts electricity.
..
..
..
..
(3)
(b)
Describe, in terms of the position and motion of the particles, what happens when
some solid magnesium chloride, MgCl2, is heated from room temperature to just above
its melting temperature.
..
..
..
..
..
..
(4)
(c)
Explain why magnesium chloride can conduct electricity when molten, but not
when solid.
..
..
..
..
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
33.
(a)
The first ionisation energy of potassium is +419 kJ mol1 and that of sodium
is +496 kJ mol1.
(i)
(ii)
Explain why the first ionisation energy of potassium is only a little less than the
first ionisation energy of sodium.
....
....
....
....
....
(3)
(b)
Potassium forms a superoxide, KO2. This reacts with carbon dioxide according to the
equation:
4KO2(s) + 2CO2(g) 2K2CO3(s) + 3O2(g)
Carbon dioxide gas was reacted with 4.56 g of potassium superoxide.
(i)
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the amount, in moles, of carbon dioxide that would react with 4.56 g
of potassium superoxide.
(1)
(iii)
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide, in dm3, that would react with 4.56 g of
potassium superoxide. Assume that 1.00 mol of a gas occupies 24 dm3 under the
conditions of the experiment.
(1)
(iv)
What volume of oxygen gas, in dm3, measured under the same conditions of
pressure and temperature, would be released?
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
34.
(a)
Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion, making clear the meaning of
standard in this context.
...
...
...
...
...
(3)
(b)
Use the enthalpies of combustion given below to find the enthalpy change for
the reaction:
2C(graphite) + 2H2(g) + O2(g) CH3COOH(l)
Hcombustion/kJ mol1
C(graphite)
394
H2(g)
286
CH3COOH(l)
874
(3)
(c)
With reference to ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, what is the enthalpy change obtained
in (b) called?
...
(1)
(d)
Draw an enthalpy level diagram to represent the enthalpy change for the combustion of
graphite. Show both the enthalpy levels of the reactants and products and an energy
profile which represents the activation energy for the reaction.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
35.
(a)
This question is about finding the formula of copper hydroxide. The method is as follows:
20.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a copper salt of concentration 1.00 mol dm3 was
placed in a polystyrene cup and its temperature measured using a thermometer graduated
in 0.1 C intervals.
A burette was filled with aqueous sodium hydroxide, of concentration 2.00 mol dm3.
2.00 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution was run into the solution of the copper salt and
the temperature was measured immediately.
As soon as possible a further 2.00 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution was run in and
the temperature measured again.
This process of adding 2.00 cm3 portions of sodium hydroxide solution and measuring
the temperature was continued until a total of 36.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution
had been added.
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
Volume of NaOH(aq) / cm 3
(i)
Explain why the temperature reaches a maximum and then falls slightly on addition
of further sodium hydroxide solution.
....
....
....
(2)
(ii)
From the graph, what volume of the aqueous sodium hydroxide was required
for complete reaction?
....
(1)
(iii)
(1)
(iv)
Calculate the amount (number of moles) of copper ions that have reacted.
(1)
(v)
(1)
(vi)
(1)
(b)
The data call be used to find the enthalpy change for the reaction between sodium
hydroxide and the copper salt.
(i)
Use the graph to find the temperature rise that occurs for complete reaction.
....
(1)
(ii)
Find the heat change, q, that occurs in the polystyrene cup for complete reaction.
Use the formula
q = 168 T joules
(1)
(iii)
Use your results from (a)(iv) and (b)(ii) above, to find the molar enthalpy change,
H, for the reaction. Give the correct sign and units to the answer.
(3)
(c)
Identify one potential source of error in this experiment, and say what you would do
to reduce its effect.
......
......
......
......
......
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
36.
In an experiment to show the migration of ions, silver(I) nitrate solution, AgNO3(aq), and
potassium chromate(VI) solution, K2CrO4(aq), were used. The experiment was set up as shown
in the diagram below. After a short while, a red precipitate formed in the centre of the filter
paper.
(a)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
Write a balanced ionic equation, including state symbols, for the formation of the red
precipitate.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
37.
An excess of zinc powder was added to 20.0 cm3 of a solution of copper(II) sulphate of
concentration 0.500 mol dm3. The temperature increased by 26.3 C.
(a)
(1)
(b)
Calculate the enthalpy change, H, in kJ mol1 for this reaction given that:
energy change =
specific
heat capacity
mass of
solution
temperature
change
/J
/J g1 K1
/g
/K
Assume that the mass of solution is 20.0 g and the specific heat capacity of the solution
is 4.18 J g1K1.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
38.
A sample of titanium (atomic number 22) is made up of five isotopes. The sample has the
following percentage composition:
Mass number
% composition
46
47
48
49
50
8.0
7.3
74.0
5.5
5.2
(a)
(i)
What is the average relative atomic mass of titanium? Give your answer to three
significant figures.
(2)
(ii)
What instrument would have been used to find this percentage composition?
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
Titanium occurs naturally as rutile, TiO2. One possible method of obtaining pure titanium
is to heat rutile with carbon.
TiO2(s) + 2C(s) Ti(s) + 2CO(g)
(i)
(ii)
(3)
(iii)
(iv)
39.
This question is about nitrogen trifluoride, NF3, and nitrogen trichloride, NCl3, which are
covalent compounds. Van der Waals attractions and permanent dipoledipole attractions exist
between molecules of both compounds in the liquid state.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
In which of the two compounds would you expect there to be greater van der
Waals attractions? Justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
In which of the two compounds would you expect there to be the greater permanent
dipoledipole attractions? Justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
The boiling point of nitrogen trichloride is much higher than that of nitrogen
trifluoride. How might this be explained in terms of the two types of intermolecular
attractions?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The standard enthalpy change for the formation of gaseous nitrogen trifluoride is
125 kJ mol1.
1
2
The standard molar enthalpy changes of atomisation of nitrogen, N2, and of fluorine, F2,
are given below.
Hat/kJ mol1
1
2
N2 (g) N (g)
+ 473
1
2
F2 (g) F (g)
+ 79
This information can be represented on a Hess cycle in the following way, and then used
to calculate bond energies.
(i)
Insert formulae, showing the correct quantities of each element, into the
appropriate boxes.
(1)
(ii)
Insert arrows between the boxes and write the correct numerical data alongside
the appropriate arrows.
(2)
(iii)
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
40.
Cracking is an important process in the petrochemical industry. Cracking the fraction of crude
oil with a boiling range of 200300 C produces a number of useful alkanes and alkenes.
(a)
Why does the original fraction of crude oil have a boiling range rather than a single
boiling point?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The following equation represents one possible reaction which might occur during
cracking.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Draw a labelled diagram showing suitable apparatus and materials for cracking
a liquid such as light paraffin in the laboratory. You should indicate how a
gaseous product of the reaction could be collected.
(4)
(c)
There are several isomers of Product 2. One of them, an alkene, can be made from
2-bromo-2-methylpropane, which has the following formula:
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
What reagent and conditions would be used to bring about this conversion?
Reagent ..............................................................................................................
Conditions ..........................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
41.
(a)
(ii)
mass number
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
isotopes
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(ii)
State the type of charge on the sulphur ions formed in the mass spectrometer.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
(c)
For a particular sample of sulphur atoms the following isotopic composition was
recorded.
Isotope
Percentage composition
32
95.00
33
0.76
34
4.24
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of sulphur. Give your answer to two
decimal places.
(2)
(d)
42.
(a)
State and explain the trend in the boiling temperatures of the noble gases.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)
The graph below shows the melting temperatures of the elements of Period 3 of the
Periodic Table, sodium to argon, plotted against atomic number.
1800
melting temperature / K
(b)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Na
Mg
Al
Si
element
Cl
Ar
(i)
Identify one of the elements above that is composed of simple molecules at room
temperature.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Silicon has a giant atomic structure. Explain how this structure results in the high
melting temperature shown on the graph.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Explain why the melting temperature of magnesium is higher than that of sodium.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
43.
Analysis of A shows that it contains 31.84% potassium, 28.98% chlorine and the
remainder is oxygen.
Show that the empirical formula of A is KClO3
(3)
(b)
On being heated strongly solid A decomposes completely to give oxygen gas and solid
potassium chloride.
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
If 1.00 g of solid A is decomposed completely in this way, calculate the volume of
oxygen gas produced at room temperature and pressure.
(One mole of a gas at room temperature and pressure occupies 24 dm3)
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
44.
(a)
Ethene + bromine
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Ethene + bromine
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
State and explain one environmental problem arising from the disposal of
poly(chloroethene).
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
45.
Urea, which is used as a fertillser in much of mainland Europe, Asia and Africa, is
manufactured by the reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide.
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) NH2CONH2(s) + H2O(l)
(a)
(b)
Substance
Hf / kJ mol1
NH3(g)
46.2
CO2(g)
393.5
NH2CONH2(s)
632.2
H2O(l)
285.8
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
46.
(a)
(b)
(i)
Identify the reagent and conditions necessary for the conversion of iodoethane to
ethylamine, C2H5NH2.
Reagent:.........................................................................................................
Conditions:.....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
State why the rate of reaction would be slower if bromobutane were used in place
of iodoethane, with all other conditions remaining the same.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Hf
= +36 kJ mol1
Use some or all of the data below to calculate the CI bond enthalpy.
Bond
Bond enthalpy
/ kJ mol1
Bond
Bond enthalpy
/ kJ mol1
CH
413
HI
298
CC
347
CO
358
HO
464
(3)
(d)
Ethanol was heated under reflux with an excess of a mixture of potassium dichromate(VI)
and dilute sulphuric acid. Draw the full structural formnula of the organic product.
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
47.
(a)
Neutrons
Protons
(2)
(b)
60
Relative
abundance
40
20
69
71
What is the average relative atomic mass of gallium in this sample? Give your answer to
three significant figures.
(2)
(c)
48.
(a)
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(2)
(b)
Sulphur dioxide reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form a solution of sodium
sulphite, Na2SO3.
The equation for the reaction is
SO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Rewrite this equation as an ionic equation, omitting the spectator ions.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
49.
(a)
The equation below shows the reaction which occurs when ammonia is dissolved in
water.
NH3(g) + H2O(1)
(i)
NH 4 (aq) + OH(aq)
(ii)
(b)
Ammonia reacts with oxygen to form the gases nitrogen(II) oxide and steam.
(i)
Complete the Hess cycle below so that Hreaction can be calculated using standard
enthalpy changes of formation. Include state symbols.
(2)
(ii)
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
50.
One of the most important industrial uses of chlorine is in the production of poly(chloroethene),
usually called PVC. A sequence of reactions used to make PVC is set out below.
(a)
(i)
Name compound A.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(1)
(iii)
It is important that hydrogen chloride gas is not allowed to escape into the
atmosphere.
Suggest a way in which its escape could be prevented.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
The diagram below shows part of the formula of compound A. Use the diagram to
show how your suggested nucleophile attacks A.
Cl
(2)
(iii)
(iv)
Suggest a suitable chemical test you could use to confirm the identity of this
leaving group.
You should state the reagent you would use and give the observation expected.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
51.
(a)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
Ionisation: ...................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Acceleration: ..............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Deflection: ..................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
52.
(a)
(b)
Give the symbol, including the atomic number and mass number, of the isotope whose
nucleus contains two more protons and three more neutrons than the isotope 147 N .
...........................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The table below shows the first five successive ionisation energy values for an element.
Ionisation energy
Value/kJ mol1
1st
577
2nd
1820
3rd
2740
4th
11600
5th
14800
Use this data, and the Periodic Table, to suggest an element which could have produced
these results. Explain your answer.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
53.
(a)
A 2.20 g sample of potassium nitrate, KNO3, was dissolved in water to produce 50.0 cm3
of potassium nitrate solution.
Calculate the concentration of this solution in mol dm3.
(2)
(b)
A 2.20 g sample of potassium nitrate was heated strongly and the following reaction
occurred.
2KNO3(s) 2KNO2(s) + O2(g)
(i)
(2)
(ii)
(2)
(c)
State and explain the trend in the thermal stability of the nitrates of Group I as the atomic
number increases.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
Percentage by mass
potassium
56.5%
carbon
8.7%
oxygen
34.8%
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
54.
55.
The apparatus shown in the diagram below may be used to find the enthalpy of combustion of
alcohols.
water
spirit lamp +
ethanol
Using the apparatus, a student recorded the results included in the table below.
Alcohol = ethanol, C2H5OH
Molar Mass (C2H5OH) = 46.0 g mol1
Volume of water in beaker = 200 cm3
mass of water in beaker = 200 g
Weighings
Spirit lamp + ethanol before combustion =
198.76 g
Spirit lamp + ethanol after combustion = 197.68
g
Temperatures
Water before heating = 19.5 C
Water after heating = 38.1 C
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g1 C1
(a)
What assumption is the student making about water to be able to state that its mass is
numerically equal to its volume?
...............................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Calculate the heat gained by the water. Give your answer in kJ.
(2)
(c)
(2)
(d)
Using your values from (b) and (c), calculate the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol. Give
your answer to a number of significant figures consistent with the readings in the table.
Include a sign and units in your answer.
(3)
(e)
(i)
Explain why the spirit lamp and ethanol lost mass even when not in use.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest the identity of the black solid. Explain why its formation will lead to a low
value for the enthalpy of combustion.
Identity ........................................................................................................................
Explanation ................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
56.
How many nitrogen molecules, N2, are present in 12 dm3 of nitrogen gas at room temperature
and pressure?
[Molar volume is 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure;
Avogadro constant is 6 1023 mol1]
(Total 2 marks)
57.
(a)
(2)
(b)
58.
Copper(II) sulphate solution can be prepared from solid copper(II) carbonate by reaction with
hot dilute sulphuric acid.
(a)
Write the balanced equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
(b)
This experiment was carried out using 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 sulphuric acid.
(i)
How would you measure out 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 sulphuric acid?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(1)
(c)
(i)
It is usual to react the sulphuric acid with a slight excess of copper(II) carbonate.
Calculate the mass of copper(II) carbonate needed if a 10 % excess is required.
[Molar mass of copper(II) carbonate = 123.5 g mol1]
(2)
(ii)
The sulphuric acid is heated to boiling and the copper(II) carbonate is added in
small portions.
Suggest why the copper(II) carbonate is added in small portions.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
What would be the next step needed to obtain pure copper(II) sulphate solution?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
(1)
(ii)
(2)
(e)
59.
(a)
(i)
71
31 Ga
State ONE similarity and ONE difference between these two isotopes in terms of
the numbers of their fundamental particles.
Similarity ..........................................................................................................
Difference .........................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
69
31 Ga
in the sample.
(2)
(b)
(i)
Write the chemical equation, with state symbols, which corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of gallium.
(2)
(ii)
Why is there a general rise in the ionisation energy as successive electrons are
removed?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Explain why there is a comparatively large increase in value between the third and
fourth ionisation energies.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
60.
(a)
(i)
Write an ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium powder and copper(II)
ions. Include state symbols, but omit any spectator ions.
(2)
(ii)
Show how the standard enthalpy change for this reaction could be calculated from
the standard enthalpies of formation of copper(II) ions and magnesium ions. You
should include a Hess cycle in your answer.
(3)
(b)
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the number of moles of reactants needed to produce the energy change in
(i).
(1)
(iii)
(1)
(c)
Suggest TWO reasons why the temperature of the coffee may not increase by as much as
60 C.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
61.
The reaction between chlorine and methane, in the presence of ultraviolet light, involves the
formation of free radicals and includes the following steps:
(a)
Cl2 2Cl
= +4 kJ mol1
= 97 kJ mol1
Cl + Cl Cl2
Cl + CH3 CH3Cl
(i)
= +242 kJ mol1
= 339 kJ mol1
(ii)
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram, showing outer shell electrons only, for a chlorine
free radical.
(1)
(iii)
(b)
(c)
(i)
Write the equation for the overall reaction between one mole of chlorine and one
mole of methane molecules.
(1)
(ii)
(2)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
(e)
The overall reaction was repeated using bromine gas instead of chlorine gas.
Would you expect step A for bromine to be more or less endothermic than step A for
chlorine? Justify your answer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
62.
(a)
A sample of an element can be analysed using a mass spectrometer. State how the
following are achieved in this instrument:
(i)
ionisation.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
deflection.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(b)
The following data were obtained from the mass spectrum of a sample of gallium.
Peak at m/e
69.0
60.4
71.0
39.6
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of gallium, to 3 significant figures.
(2)
(c)
Give the symbol for this atom, including the mass number.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
(iii)
Give the formula of the compound formed between this element and chlorine.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
63.
Phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3, can be formed by the reaction of phosphorus and chlorine.
2P(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2PCl3(s)
(a)
(i)
(3)
(ii)
(2)
(iii)
Identify the oxidising agent in the above reaction and explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(i)
(2)
(ii)
Draw the predicted shape of a PCl3 molecule and mark on the diagram a value for
the bond angle.
(2)
(c)
64.
(a)
State the type of bonding in the following substances and draw diagrams to illustrate their
3-dimensional structures.
Diamond
Bonding ..............................................................
Diagram
(3)
(b)
Explain why sodium chloride conducts electricity when molten but not when solid.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
65.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
State and explain the general trend in the first ionisation energy across the period
(b)
(i)
Write an equation to illustrate the process occurring when the second electron
affinity of nitrogen is measured.
...............................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
66.
(a)
(i)
Write the ionic half-equation to show the oxidation of calcium, Ca, to calcium ions,
Ca2+.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Write the ionic half-equation to show the reduction of water to hydrogen, H2, and
hydroxide ions, OH.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Combine the two ionic half-equations above to produce an equation which shows
the effect of adding calcium to water.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
State what you would expect to see when calcium is added to water.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
State the trend in solubility of the hydroxides of the Group 2 elements as the atomic
number increases.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Write an equation to show the reaction between sodium and chlorine, to produce sodium
chloride.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
67.
(a)
(ii)
(b)
Isomer 2
(2)
(ii)
(iii)
68.
In two similar, separate experiments the enthalpy changes for the reactions of sodium
hydrogencarbonate and sodium carbonate with excess dilute hydrochloric acid were determined.
(a)
The first experiment was to find the enthalpy change, H1, for the reaction
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Measurement
Mass of solid sodium hydrogencarbonate added to
hydrochloric acid.
5.00 g
50.0 cm3
22.0 C
15.5 C
(i)
Reading
84.0 g mol1
4.18 J g1 C1
(1)
(ii)
(2)
(iii)
(2)
(b)
In the second experiment the enthalpy change for the reaction between sodium carbonate
and dilute hydrochloric acid was measured.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCI(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
The molar enthalpy change, H2, was calculated to be 35.6 kJ mol1
(i)
Give TWO ways in which the temperature change differs when equal molar
amounts of sodium hydrogencarbonate and sodium carbonate react separately with
the same volume of hydrochloric acid.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Give ONE assumption that has been made in calculating the values of H1, and
H2 from experimental results.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
69.
267
107 Bh
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 1 mark)
70.
71.
Balance this equation showing how magnesium nitrate decomposes when heated.
Mg(NO3)2(s) MgO(s) + NO2(g) + O2(g)
(Total 1 mark)
72.
In the manufacture of beer, brewers often add small amounts of salts of Group 2 elements to the
water used. These salts influence the chemical reactions during the brewing process.
Two such salts are calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate.
(a)
A flame test can be used to confirm that a sample of a salt contains calcium ions.
(i)
(ii)
A positive test results in a brick-red flame colour. Describe the changes that occur
in calcium ions to produce a colour.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Impurities in the salt may lead to other colours being observed in the flame.
What metal ion is likely to be present if a yellow flame is seen?
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Magnesium sulphate can be used in its anhydrous form, MgSO4(s), or in its hydrated
form, MgSO4.7H2O(s).
An experiment was carried out to find the enthalpy change when hydrated magnesium
sulphate dissolved completely in water.
water
MgSO4(aq) + 7H2O(l)
MgSO4.7H2O(s) excess
12.3 g of hydrated magnesium sulphate was added to 100 g of water in a simple
calorimeter and the temperature was found to fall by 1.1 C.
(i)
Calculate the energy change, in joules, that occurred in the experiment, using the
relationship
Energy change (J) = 4.18 mass of water temperature change
(2)
(ii)
(2)
(iii)
Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction.
Include a sign and units in your final answer, which should be given to 2
significant figures.
(2)
(c)
(i)
(1)
(ii)
Use your expression in (c)(i) and your answer from (b)(iii) to calculate Hr.
Include a sign and units in your final answer, which should be given to 2
significant figures.
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
73.
(i)
What name is given to the type of bonding in this element? Draw a diagram to
illustrate this type of bonding.
Name .................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Cl2(g)
chlorine
2NaCl(s)
sodium chloride
(2)
(iii)
Would you expect the radius of a sodium ion to be larger than, smaller than or the
same as the radius of a sodium atom? Give TWO reasons to justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
The table shows the first four ionisation energies for another element.
Ionisation Energy / kJ mol1
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
738
1451
7733
10 541
To which Group of the Periodic Table does the element belong? Use the data to give a
reason for your answer.
Group ..........................................................................................................................
Reason .........................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The graph below shows the first ionisation energies of the elements in Period 3. One
noticeable feature of this graph is the dip from magnesium to aluminium. Use your
knowledge of quantum levels and sub-levels to suggest an explanation for this dip.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
The Periodic Table shown here is from a website designed to help students understand the
idea of periodicity. The heights of the shaded bars represent the melting points of the
elements.
Source: www.schoolscience.co.uk/ptgraphs.html
(i)
Another table on this website shows the boiling points of the elements.
Suggest ONE similarity and ONE difference between the two tables.
Similarity
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Difference
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Name ONE other physical property, not mentioned in this question, that exhibits
periodicity.
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
74.
The industrial processes involved in the production of poly(chloroethene) are summarised in the
flow chart:
ethane ethene 1,2-dichloroethane chloroethene poly(chloroethene)
(a)
(i)
(1)
(ii)
Explain why conditions of high pressure are less favourable for ethene production.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Draw a labelled diagram of an ethene molecule, showing the electron density distribution
in the and bonds between the carbon atoms.
(2)
(c)
Give a chemical test which would distinguish between ethane and ethene.
State the result of your test with ethene.
Test ..............................................................................................................................
Result ...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
75.
(i)
(1)
(ii)
Draw the shape you would expect for the phosphine molecule, suggesting a value
for the HPH bond angle.
(iii)
Explain the shape of the phosphine molecule you have given in your answer in (ii).
Justify your value for the HPH bond angle.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(i)
phosphine gas.
.............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Use your answer to (i) and the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy change
of atomisation of phosphine at 298 K. Include a sign and units in your answer.
Hf[PH3(g)]
=+
5.4 kJ mol1
= +314.6 kJ mol1
(3)
(iii)
Calculate a value for the bond energy of the bond between phosphorus and
hydrogen, using your answer to (ii).
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
76.
The element bromine has an atomic number of 35 and has two isotopes of relative isotopic mass
79 and 81.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
Br
81
Br
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
(3)
(b)
Bromine gas has the formula Br2. When a sample of bromine gas was analysed in a mass
spectrometer, three peaks were obtained of m/e values of 158, 160 and 162.
Give the formulae of the species responsible for the peaks with m/e values 158, 160 and
162.
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
77.
(a)
ls2.........................................................................................................................
Al3+ ion
ls2.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Describe the structure of aluminium metal and explain why it conducts electricity.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Explain why the first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than that of
magnesium.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
78.
(a)
Hydrogen iodide, HI, has a boiling temperature of 35 C, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, a
boiling temperature of 85 C.
(i)
Draw a dot and cross diagram of a hydrogen iodide molecule (showing outer shell
electrons only).
(2)
(ii)
Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen
chloride.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Hydrogen iodide and hydrogen chloride react with water to form acidic solutions.
(i)
Write the equation for the reaction of hydrogen iodide with water.
...............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(c)
(i)
Excess dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with a lump of calcium oxide, CaO, to form
an aqueous solution of calcium chloride.
Write the equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
In a similar reaction with dilute sulphuric acid and a lump of calcium oxide, the
reaction stops after a short time even though some calcium oxide remains. State
why the reaction stops so quickly.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
79.
(a)
Draw diagrams to show how the following bonds are formed from atomic orbitals.
bond
bond
(2)
(b)
(i)
State the shape of a methane, CH4, molecule, and explain why it has this shape.
Shape: ...................................................................................................................
Explanation: ..........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
State the shape of a carbon dioxide, CO2, molecule, and explain why it has this
shape.
Shape: ...................................................................................................................
Explanation: ..........................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
80.
(a)
(b)
Sodium iodide, NaI, contains iodide ions which reduce Fe3+ ions to Fe2+ ions in aqueous
solution.
(i)
Write the ionic half-equation for the reduction of Fe3+ ions to Fe2+ ions.
................................................................................................................................
(ii)
(iii)
Hence write the overall ionic equation for the reduction of Fe3+ ions by iodide ions.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(ii)
(d)
The decomposition of sodium azide, NaN3, takes place when an airbag, which is used as a
safety feature in cars, inflates. An airbag requires a large volume of a cool gas to be
produced in a few milliseconds. The gas is produced by the rapid decomposition of the
sodium azide.
2NaN3(s) 2Na(l) + 3N2(g)
When the airbag is fully inflated, 54 dm of nitrogen gas are produced.
(i)
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the amount (in moles) of sodium azide, NaN3, that would produce
54 dm of nitrogen gas.
(1)
(iii)
Calculate the mass of sodium azide that would produce 54 dm of nitrogen gas.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
81.
Methane, CH4, is used as a domestic and industrial fuel and as a reagent in the petrochemical
industry.
(a)
(b)
H(g) + 2O
O(g)
O(g) + 2H
H(g)
Use the average bond enthalpy data shown below to calculate the enthalpy change of this
reaction.
Bond
CH
+435
O==O
+498
C==O
+805
HO
+464
(3)
(e)
CH4(g)
75
CO2(g)
394
H2O(g)
242
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
82.
In an experiment to find the enthalpy of neutralisation of a monobasic acid, HX, with an alkali,
the following procedure was followed:
Step 1
25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm3 dilute aqueous acid, HX, was measured into a
polystyrene cup.
Step II
A 0-100 C thermometer was placed in the acid. The temperature of the acid was
immediately read and recorded.
Step III
5.00 cm3 portions of aqueous sodium hydroxide were added to the acid from a
burette. After each addition, the temperature of the solution was read and recorded.
The thermometer was removed and rinsed with water between each addition. A
total of 50.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide was added.
(a)
Suggest ONE change that could be made at Step II and ONE change that could be made
at Step III to improve the accuracy of the experiment.
Step II ...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Step III .................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The readings of temperature and volume are plotted on the grid. Draw two separate
straight lines of best fit, extending the two lines so that they intersect.
25
Temperature
/C
20
15
0
10
20
30
40
50
(c)
From the graph, read off the maximum temperature rise, T, and the volume of aqueous
sodium hydroxide added at neutralisation, VN.
T = ..................................... C
VN = ................................ cm3
(2)
(d)
(i)
Use the formula below to calculate the heat evolved in the neutralisation.
Heat evolved =
VN 25 T 4.18
1000
kJ
(1)
(ii)
Given that the amount (moles) of acid neutralised was 0.025 mol, calculate the
enthalpy of neutralisation, Hneut, in units of kJ mol1.
83.
Calculate the volume, measured at room temperature and pressure, of the following masses of
gases.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
[Molar volume of a gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure.]
(a)
4 g of helium, He.
..........................
(1)
(b)
4 g of hydrogen, H2.
..........................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
84.
(a)
When an oxygen atom, O, is changed into an oxide ion, O2, is this oxidation or
reduction? Justify your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for the oxide ion, O2, showing all of the electrons.
(1)
(c)
Give the formulae of a positively charged ion, a neutral atom and a negatively charged
ion with the same number and arrangement of electrons as the oxide ion.
Formula
Positively charged ion
Neutral atom
85.
Give TWO errors in this representation of the simple model of metallic bonding in sodium.
Error 1 .................................................................................................................................
Error 2 .................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
86.
(b)
(i)
(2)
(ii)
Re-write the equation as an ionic equation, but omit any spectator ions.
(1)
(iii)
Describe what you would expect to see when electricity is passed through the
circuit.
...............................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(1)
(iii)
(1)
(iv)
Describe how you would obtain pure, dry crystals of ammonium dichromate(VI)
from the resultant mixture.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)
(v)
87.
(a)
(b)
The enthalpy change for this reaction can be calculated from standard enthalpy changes
of formation.
(i)
State fully what is meant by the standard enthalpy change of formation, Hf,
of a compound.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Complete the Hess cycle for the reaction so that you can calculate the enthalpy
change of the reaction from standard enthalpy changes of formation.
(3)
(iii)
(iv)
Calculate Hr for the reaction using the following data. Remember to include a
sign and units in your answer.
Hf[(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)]
1810 kJ mol1
Hf[H2O(g)]
242 kJ mol1
Hf[Cr2O3(s)]
1140 kJ mol1
(3)
(c)
In this reaction, water vapour is formed which condenses to liquid water on cooling.
Is this reaction H2O(g) H2O(l) exothermic or endothermic?
Justify your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
88.
+ 80.3 kJ mol1
Hat [Cl2(g)]
+121.7 kJ mol1
Hat [O2(g)]
+249.2 kJ mol1
(i)
Insert the appropriate formulae, showing the correct quantities of each element, into the
box above. Include state symbols in your answer.
(1)
(ii)
Insert arrows between the boxes, writing the correct numerical data alongside the
appropriate arrows.
(1)
(iii)
(1)
(iv)
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
89.
(b)
Draw a dot and cross diagram of magnesium oxide. Show all the electrons.
(2)
(c)
90.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Explain why the first ionisation energy of calcium is lower than that of magnesium.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes of mass numbers 24, 25 and 26.
(i)
In terms of sub-atomic particles, state ONE similarity and ONE difference between
these isotopes.
Similarity ...........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Difference ..........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The following data were obtained from the mass spectrum of this sample of
magnesium.
Peak at m/e
24.0
78.6
25.0
10.1
26.0
11.3
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of magnesium. Give your answer
to 3 significant figures.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
91.
(a)
(i)
(3)
(ii)
(b)
Which of potassium nitrate or lithium nitrate has the higher thermal stability?
Explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
92.
Silicon reacts with chlorine to produce silicon tetrachloride, as shown in the following equation
Si(s) + 2Cl2(g) SiCl4(l)
(a)
(i)
(3)
(ii)
(2)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
93.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(c)
(d)
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
94.
(a)
(i)
The enthalpy change to convert methane into gaseous atoms is shown below.
CH4(g) C(g) + 4H(g)
H = +1664 kJ mol1
(1)
(ii)
Use the data in the table below and your answer to (a)(i) to calculate the enthalpy
change for
2C(g) + 2H2(g) + Br2(g) CH2BrCH2Br(g)
Bond
Average bond
enthalpy / kJ mol1
Bond
Average bond
enthalpy / kJ mol1
CC
+348
HH
+436
BrBr
+193
CBr
+276
(3)
(b)
95.
use a measuring cylinder to transfer 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 aqueous copper(II) sulphate
into a polystyrene cup, firmly held in a 250 cm3 beaker
stir the solution with the thermometer and record the temperature to the nearest 0.5 C
at exactly 3.5 minutes, add the zinc powder to the aqueous copper(II) sulphate, stirring
continuously
record the temperature of the solution every minute from 4.0 to 9.0 minutes.
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
63.0
60.5
59.0
57.0
55.5
53.0
(a)
(i)
60.0
50.0
Temperature
/ C
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
Time / minutes
(2)
(ii)
Use the graph to calculate the maximum temperature change, T. Show clearly on
the graph how you obtained your answer.
T = ................................................C
(2)
(iii)
Give ONE reason why a series of temperature readings is obtained instead of just
the starting and maximum temperatures.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
(1)
(ii)
What assumption have you made about the solution in your calculation in (i)?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
(1)
(iv)
(2)
(c)
96.
The values of the lattice energies of potassium iodide and calcium iodide experimentally
determined from Born-Haber cycles and theoretically calculated from an ionic model are shown
below.
(i)
Experimental lattice
energy
/kJ mol1
Theoretical
lattice energy
/kJ mol1
651
636
2074
1905
Explain why the experimental lattice energy of potassium iodide is less exothermic than
the experimental lattice energy of calcium iodide.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Explain why the experimental and theoretical values of the lattice energy are almost the
same for potassium iodide, but are significantly different for calcium iodide.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
97.
(a)
(i)
Write a balanced equation which represents the change that corresponds to the
second ionisation energy of magnesium. Include state symbols in your answer.
(2)
(ii)
The graph below shows how the second ionisation energy of six consecutive
elements in the Periodic Table, represented by the letters A to F, varies with
increasing atomic number.
(b)
Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the ions in magnesium fluoride.
Include all electrons and the charges on the ions.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
98.
(a)
Write down the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons present in an atom of
39
K. Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
protons ......................
electrons ....................
neutrons ....................
(2)
(ii)
Write down the electronic configuration of a potassium atom using s,p,d notation.
...............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
To show that potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4, is ionic, the apparatus below can
be used.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
The gel was replaced with one containing copper(II) sulphate and the experiment
repeated. Describe and explain what would be seen.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
th
Diagram adapted from Nuffield Advanced Science Chemistry Students Book, 4 Edition, p. 64, Fig. 3.20.
99.
(a)
Barium carbonate can be converted into barium chloride solution by a reaction with
hydrochloric acid. In a particular experiment, an excess of barium carbonate was added to
25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of concentration 1.0 mol dm3.
(i)
Describe how you would obtain dry crystals of hydrated barium chloride,
BaCl2.2H2O, from the reaction mixture.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(4)
(ii)
(2)
(iii)
(1)
(iv)
Calculate the mass of one mole of hydrated barium chloride, BaCl2.2H2O. Use the
Periodic Table as a source of data.
(1)
(v)
(1)
(vi)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
When carrying out a flame test on a solid, state a suitable material on which it can
be supported in the flame.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
100. When solutions of potassium carbonate and calcium chloride are mixed together, the following
reaction takes place
CaCl2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2KCl(aq)
(a)
Re-write the above equation as an ionic equation. Include state symbols, but omit any
spectator ions.
(2)
(b)
An experiment was carried out to measure the enthalpy change for this reaction. 50 cm3
of a 1.00 mol dm3 solution of potassium carbonate was added to 50 cm3 of a
1.00 mol dm3 solution of calcium chloride. The temperature fell by 1.5 C.
(i)
Calculate the energy taken in from the surroundings using the relationship
energy =
/J
mass of
solution
/g
(ii)
(1)
(iii)
Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction, giving your answer to two
significant figures. Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(iv)
Which measurement is likely to have caused the major source of error in this
experiment? Explain your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(v)
What apparatus should be used to contain the reaction mixture during this
experiment?
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
If the experiment in (b) was repeated, but using only 25 cm3 of each solution, predict
what the fall in temperature would be.
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
101. (a)
Sodium chloride, NaCl, can be made by the reaction of sodium with chlorine.
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
(i)
Calculate the maximum mass of sodium chloride which could be obtained from 92
g of sodium.
(2)
(ii)
(1)
(iii)
(2)
(b)
Describe the structure of solid sodium metal and explain why it conducts electricity.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Explain why the first ionisation energy of chlorine is higher than that of sodium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
102. (a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
State the appearance of a gas evolved when concentrated sulphuric acid is added to solid
sodium bromide.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(i)
Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the process that occurs when
the first electron affinity of chlorine is measured.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
103. (a)
(b)
Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, using the bond enthalpies
given below.
Bond enthalpy
/ kJ mol1
CH
+435
O=O
+498
C=O
+805
HO
+464
(3)
(ii)
(iii)
The value of this enthalpy change, under standard conditions, is 890 kJ mol1.
State the meaning of standard conditions.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
Suggest, with a reason, why the enthalpy change calculated in (i) is different from
the standard value quoted in (iii).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Although the reaction between methane and oxygen is exothermic, it does not occur
unless the mixture is ignited.
Use these facts to explain the difference between thermodynamic and kinetic stability.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 14 marks)
104. Bromine reacts with both ethane, C2H6, and ethene, C2H4.
(a)
(ii)
(1)
(b)
Bromine reacts rapidly with ethene without the need for light.
(i)
(2)
(ii)
(c)
Explain, in terms of the bonding in the two hydrocarbons, why the reaction of bromine
with ethene occurs so much more readily than that with ethane.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
105. (a)
(i)
Draw the structural formulae of the two geometric isomers of but-2-ene, C4H8.
(2)
(ii)
Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why but-2-ene exists as two geometric
isomers whereas but-1-ene does not.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(iii)
(1)
(b)
(2)
(ii)
106. A student carried out an experiment to find the concentration of a solution of nitric acid and also
its enthalpy of neutralisation.
The solutions of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide were allowed to reach the
same temperature.
50.0 cm3 of the nitric acid was pipetted into a polystyrene cup.
A burette was filled with a solution of 2.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
The initial temperature of the acid was recorded.
The sodium hydroxide was added to the acid in 5.0 cm3 portions.
After each addition, the mixture was stirred and the maximum temperature recorded.
This was repeated until 45 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution had been added.
The student plotted the results, as shown below.
30
28
26
Temperature
/C
24
22
20
18
16
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
(a)
(b)
The point where the lines cross represents the neutralisation of the nitric acid by the
sodium hydroxide solution.
Use the graph to find:
(i)
the volume of 2.0 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, that reacts exactly
with the 50 cm3 of the nitric acid.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(c)
The information in (b)(i) and the equation below can be used to calculate the
concentration of the nitric acid.
NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
(i)
Calculate the amount (moles) of sodium hydroxide used to neutralise the 50 cm3 of
nitric acid.
(1)
(ii)
Write the amount (moles) of nitric acid in 50.0 cm3 of the solution.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
(2)
(d)
(i)
Use the data from (b) to calculate the heat change for this reaction.
The density of the mixture produced at neutralisation is 1.0g cm3 and the specific
heat capacity of the mixture is 4.2 J g1 C1.
Heat change = mass specific heat capacity T
(2)
(ii)
Use your answer from (d)(i) and (c)(iii) to calculate the enthalpy of neutralisation
per mole of nitric acid, HNO3. Include a sign and units with your answer.
(3)
(e)
The enthalpy of neutralisation found by this method may be less exothermic than the
data book value because of heat loss.
Suggest ONE way to reduce the error due to heat loss.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
107. (a)
(2)
(b)
The equation for the reaction of lithium with hydrochloric acid is shown below.
2Li(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2LiCl(aq) + H2(g)
(i)
(1)
(ii)
Draw a dot and cross diagram of lithium chloride showing all the electrons.
Indicate charges clearly on your diagram.
(2)
(iii)
The value of the standard enthalpy change for the reaction, H, is 557 kJ mol1.
State TWO of the reaction conditions necessary for this enthalpy change to be
standard.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
108. (a)
Name the homologous series to which the organic compound CH2=CHCH3 belongs.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Write the structural formula of a member of the series named in (a) which contains four
carbon atoms.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
109. (a)
An atom of argon has mass number 40. Complete the table below showing the
composition of this argon atom.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
(2)
(b)
An atom of potassium has mass number 39. Explain, in terms of atomic structure, why
argon comes before potassium in the Periodic Table.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
% abundance
36.0
1.34
38.0
0.160
40.0
98.5
(2)
(d)
(e)
The chart shows the first ionisation energy of some elements in the third period of the
Periodic Table.
2000
1500
1st
ionisation
energy
1000
/ kJ mol1
500
0
(i)
Cl
Ar
Write the chemical equation, with state symbols, which corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of argon.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
On the chart, add a cross to show the first ionisation energy of potassium. Justify
your choice of the position of the cross.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Explain why there is a small decrease in first ionisation energy going from
phosphorus to sulphur.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
Explain why there is an increase in first ionisation energy going from sulphur to
chlorine.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(f)
2Mg(NO3 ) 2 (s)
H r
H 1
(i)
H 2
(ii)
Use the cycle and the data below to calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, Hr.
Mg(NO3)2
MgO
NO2
Hf
/ kJ mol1
790.7
601.7
+33.2
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
111. (i)
(1)
(ii)
Draw a dot and cross diagram for propene. You should show outer shell electrons only.
(1)
(Total 2 mark)
CH3 H
C
CH3 H n
Give the structural formula and the name of the monomer from which this polymer is made.
Structural formula
Name .....................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
113. (a)
(b)
Explain how successive ionisation energy data could be used to confirm that carbon is in
Group 4 of the Periodic Table.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Draw a dot and cross diagram for a molecule of carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, showing
outer electrons only.
(2)
(d)
Ionisation
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Deflection
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
(i)
(ii)
Carbon consists of the isotopes 12C, 13C and 14C. Chlorine consists of the isotopes
35
Cl and 37Cl.
Use this data to calculate the maximum relative molecular mass of a molecule of
carbon tetrachloride, CCl4.
(1)
(iii)
(iv)
Why do isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
114. (a)
State the type of bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms in the molecules of
both compounds.
.....................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
Explain, in terms of its bonding, why magnesium has a high melting temperature.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
115. (a)
Sodium iodide reacts with chlorine to produce sodium chloride and iodine.
(i)
State the oxidation numbers of the iodine and chlorine species in the spaces
provided.
2NaI
..........
Cl2
..........
2NaCl
..........
I2
.........
(2)
(ii)
Use these oxidation numbers to explain why this reaction is a redox reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Calculate the maximum mass of iodine that could be produced from 30.0 g of
sodium iodide.
(3)
(iv)
Calculate the volume of chlorine gas required to produce this amount of iodine.
[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 under the conditions of the experiment]
(1)
(b)
(i)
Give the colour of iodine and its physical state at room temperature and pressure.
Colour ........................................................................................
Physical state .............................................................................
(2)
(ii)
116. (a)
(i)
(ii)
State the HOH bond angle in water and explain why it has this value.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(i)
Draw the boron trichloride molecule, BCl3, making its shape clear. Mark in the
bond angle on your diagram.
(2)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
A compound of phosphorus and chlorine has the composition by mass shown below.
Element
% by mass
14.9
Cl
85.1
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
117. (a)
(b)
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
(i)
Use the values of enthalpy of formation given to calculate H for the forward
reaction.
Hf /
kJ mol1
PCl5(g)
399
PCl3(g)
306
(1)
(ii)
Explain, with reasons, the effect that raising the temperature would have on the
composition of the equilibrium mixture.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Other than by changing the temperature, suggest how the amount of PCl5 present at
equilibrium could be increased. Give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
118. A metal carbonate decomposes on heating to give an oxide and carbon dioxide.
XCO3(s) XO(s) + CO2(g)
where X is the metallic element.
In an experiment to find the identity of X, 5.75 g of the solid XCO3 was heated until there was
no further change in mass; 3.55 g of solid XO was produced.
(a)
Explain why it was necessary to heat the carbonate until there was no further change in
mass.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Use the answer from (ii) to state the amount (moles) of XCO3 in 5.75 g of the
solid.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
(1)
(v)
Use your answer from (iv) and the relative atomic masses of carbon and oxygen to
calculate the relative atomic mass of X in XCO3.
(1)
(c)
All measurements of mass have some uncertainty. In this case, this leads to an error of
0.91 % in the molar mass of XCO3.
(i)
Use this information and your answer to (b)(iv) to calculate the error in the molar
mass of XCO3.
(1)
(ii)
Hence suggest the range of possible values for the molar mass of XCO3.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Hence give the range of possible values of the relative atomic mass of X.
(1)
(iv)
Use the Periodic Table and your answer to (c)(iii) to suggest possible identities of
metal X.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
119. (a)
79
35 Br
79
35 Br
is
79.0 g mol .
Use this information to calculate a value for the Avogadro constant. Give your answer to
three significant figures.
(2)
(b)
According to the Periodic Table, the relative atomic mass of naturally occurring bromine
is 80.
What information can you deduce from this about naturally occurring bromine?
(No calculation is expected.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
120. (a)
The electrical conductivities of the elements in the Periodic Table show periodicity.
What is meant by periodicity?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(c)
State ONE other physical property of an element which shows a periodic pattern.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
121. The enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate cannot be measured
directly, but can be found by carrying out two reactions as shown in the Hess cycle below.
CaCO 3 (s)
H 3
H reaction
H 4
(a)
(b)
Why is the calcium carbonate used in this experiment finely powdered, rather than
in lumps? Explain why this is important for an accurate result.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
4.2
/J g1 K1
(1)
(iii)
Calculate the enthalpy change, H1. Include a sign and units in your answer.
[The molar mass of CaCO3 is 100 g mol1]
(3)
(iv)
(2)
(c)
The student checked the experimental results using information from the Book of data in
another Hess cycle.
CaCO 3 (s)
H reaction
H 3
CaCO(s) + CO 2 (g)
H 4
122. The Hess cycle below can be used to estimate the enthalpy change of formation, Hf, of the
unstable gaseous compound with the formula HOCl(g).
+667 kJ mol 1
HOCl(g)
+589 kJ mol 1
(a)
(i)
Insert formulae, with state symbols, into the appropriate boxes, to show the correct
quantities of each element.
(1)
(ii)
Use the cycle to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of formation,
H f [HOCl(g)].
(1)
(iii)
Assuming that the HO bond energy is +464 kJ mol1, calculate a value for the
OCl bond energy.
(1)
(b)
(i)
Draw a dot and cross diagram for the HOCl molecule showing outer electrons
only.
(2)
(ii)
(c)
2HOCl(g)
What effect, if any, would an increase in pressure have on the proportion of HOCl(g) at
equilibrium? Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
(a)
(2)
(ii)
Cl
(2)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
Propan-2-ol has a higher boiling point than both the chloroalkane X and propene.
(i)
(ii)
Draw a diagram to show this force between two propan-2-ol molecules. Clearly
mark and label the bond angle between the molecules.
(2)
(d)
Draw a section of the poly(propene) polymer chain formed from two monomer
units.
(2)
(ii)
124. (a)
H C
C
(i)
H
C
H
H
C
H
(ii)
What colour change occurs when aqueous bromine solution is added to isoprene?
From ..................................................... to .......................................................
(1)
(iii)
(iv)
Suggest the displayed formula of the product formed when excess bromine reacts
with isoprene in the dark.
(1)
(b)
(ii)
Which isomer would you expect to have the higher boiling point? Justify your
answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
125. (a)
Complete the table below which is about isotopes and an ion of magnesium.
Numbers of
Protons
Neutrons
24
12 Mg
12
12
26
12 Mg
12
24
2
12 Mg
12
Electrons
12
12
(3)
(b)
Mg
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
(1)
Cl
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
(1)
(c)
Write the equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of magnesium with chlorine.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
The mass spectrum of a sample of chlorine molecules shows three molecular peaks.
These are formed from the molecules shown below.
Molecule
Percentage abundance
35
Cl-35Cl
56.25
35
Cl-37Cl
37.50
37
Cl-37Cl
6.25
(2)
(e)
(2)
(f)
State and explain the type of bond that exists in solid magnesium.
Type ..............................................................
Explanation ................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(g)
State the type of bond that exists in magnesium chloride. Draw a dot and cross diagram
showing the outer shell electrons.
Type ..............................................................
Dot and cross diagram
(3)
(Total 17 marks)
126. (a)
atomic number
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
mass number
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
First ionisation energies of the elements show periodicity. The graph below shows the
first ionisation energy of twelve successive elements in the Periodic Table in order of
increasing atomic number.
The letters are not the symbols for the elements.
First
Ionisation
Energy
(b)
F
Element
(i)
Give the letters of the two elements in Group 0 (the noble gases).
Explain your answer in terms of ionisation energy.
Letters .................... and ....................
Explanation .......................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
(iii)
Explain why there is an increase in the first ionisation energy of the elements from
F to H shown on the graph on the previous page.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
127. (a)
(i)
Label the diagram to identify the particles present in solid sodium chloride.
(1)
(ii)
(b)
(2)
(c)
(1)
(d)
3.53
Graphite
2.25
Suggest, using information from (b) and (c), why diamond is more dense than graphite.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
128. (a)
2,4-dimethylpentane
(1)
(ii)
2-bromopropan-2-ol
(1)
(b)
Isomer 2
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
129. (a)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
In the Haber process, ammonia is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen as shown in
the equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
(i)
2NH3(g)
Use the bond enthalpies below to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of
ammonia.
Bond
NN in N2
+945
HH in H2
+436
NH in NH3
+391
(4)
(ii)
Draw a labelled enthalpy level diagram for the formation of ammonia in the Haber
process.
Enthalpy
(2)
(iii)
State the temperature used in the Haber process and explain in terms of the rate of
reaction and position of equilibrium, why this temperature is chosen.
Temperature .......................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(iv)
Identify the catalyst used in the Haber process and state what effect, if any, it has
on the equilibrium yield of ammonia.
Catalyst ................................................................
Effect on yield ...................................................................................................
(2)
(v)
(c)
(ii)
130. Bromine needs ultraviolet radiation to react with ethane, C2H6, but reacts with ethene, C2H4, in
the dark.
(a)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
Identify and state the type of covalent bond in the hydrocarbon molecules that are
broken during these two reactions.
Ethane
bond broken ...................................... type ......................................
Ethene
bond broken ...................................... type ......................................
(2)
(ii)
Use your answer to (b)(i) to suggest why the reaction of bromine with ethene
occurs more readily than with ethane in the dark.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
131. The enthalpy change for the reaction of anhydrous aluminium chloride, AlCl3, with water can
be found as follows:
(i)
= 4.00 g
= 104 g
= 17.5 C
= 43.5 C
= 4.09 J g1 C1
(2)
(ii)
Assuming that 100 cm3 of water is a large excess, calculate the enthalpy change, in
kJ mol1, when one mole of aluminium chloride reacts. Include a sign and unit in your
answer.
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
132. (a)
(i)
Write the equation which represents the change occurring when the standard
enthalpy of atomisation of bromine is measured.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
(b)
Mg2+(g) + Cl2(g) + 2e
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g)
Mg+(g) + Cl2(g) + e
Mg(g) + Cl2(g)
Mg(s) + Cl2(g)
MgCl2(s)
Value / kJ mol1
Enthalpy of atomisation of magnesium
+150
+736
+1450
+122
642
2526
The theoretically calculated value for the lattice energy of magnesium chloride is
2326 kJ mol1.
Explain, in terms of the bonding in magnesium chloride, why the experimentally
determined value of 2526 kJ mol1 is significantly different from the theoretical value.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The table shows values for the lattice energies of the metal chlorides of some Group 2
metals.
Group 2 metal
chloride
MgCl2
CaCl2
SrCl2
BaCl2
Lattice energy/
kJ mol1
2526
2237
2112
2018
Explain why these lattice energies become less exothermic from MgCl2 to BaCl2.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
133. (a)
(b)
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
134. Sodium azide, NaN3, is used to inflate air bags in cars because, in a collision, the sodium azide
decomposes rapidly to produce nitrogen gas.
2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(2)
(b)
What safety problem would arise when disposing of the air bag after a collision?
Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
135. A sample of gallium, Ga, (atomic number 31) was found to consist of two different types of
atoms with mass numbers 69 and 71. 60.2% of the sample had the lower mass number.
(a)
What is the name given to atoms of the same element with different mass numbers?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
How many neutrons are there in an atom of gallium with mass number 71?
..............................................
(1)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Calculate the average atomic mass of gallium in this sample. Show your working
and give your answer to 3 significant figures.
(2)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
Write a balanced equation which represents the change that corresponds to the first
ionisation energy of gallium. Include state symbols in your answer.
(2)
(iii)
The first four ionisation energies, in kJ mol1, of the Group 3 elements gallium and
indium and the Group 4 elements germanium and tin are shown below.
A
B
C
D
558
579
709
762
1821
1979
1412
1537
2705
2963
2943
3302
5200
6200
3930
4411
136. An experiment was carried out to find the enthalpy change for the reaction of zinc powder with
copper(II) sulphate solution.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
50cm3 of copper(II) sulphate solution, of concentration 1.0 mol dm3, was put into a polystyrene
cup and the temperature of the solution measured. After one minute, 5.0 g of zinc powder was
added, the mixture stirred with a thermometer and the temperature measured every 30 s.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Write the equation for this reaction, omitting the spectator ion.
(1)
(b)
(c)
Give TWO reasons why it is better to use a polystyrene cup, rather than a metal container,
to obtain more accurate results.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Calculate the number of moles of each of the reactants and hence deduce which reactant
is completely used up.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
Moles of zinc powder
(e)
60
90
120
150
180
210
Temperature /C
22
22
60
65
63
61
59
(i)
70
60
50
Temperature
/C
40
30
20
10
0
0
40
80
120
Time / s
160
200
240
(2)
(ii)
(iii)
The maximum recorded temperature in this experiment was 65C. Use your graph
to estimate a more accurate maximum temperature.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(f)
(i)
Calculate the energy change in this experiment using your answer to (e)(iii) and the
relationship
energy change = mass of specific heat capacity temperature rise
solution
of solution
/J
/g
/J C1 g1
/C
You may assume that
1.0 cm3 of solution has a mass of 1.0 g
The specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J C1 g1
(1)
(ii)
Use your answers to (d) and (f)(i) to calculate H for this reaction. Include a sign
and units in your answer.
(3)
(Total 18 marks)
137. This question is about some of the chemicals used in car engines and their reactions.
(a)
CH3
HCCCCCH
H
(i)
CH3
CH3 H
Name X.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
(1)
(iv)
What is the sign of the enthalpy change for the reaction in which decane is
cracked? Give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(v)
If the air supply in a car engine is poor, there is not enough air for carbon dioxide
to be produced.
Use this information to suggest ONE possible equation for the combustion of X in
this engine. Use the molecular formula of X in your equation.
(2)
(b)
When air enters a car engine, as well as the fuel burning, nitrogen and oxygen can react to
form nitrogen(II) oxide.
N2(g) + O2(g)
(i)
2NO(g)
H = + 180 kJ mol1
(ii)
H = 746 kJ mol1
Explain why this reaction speeds up when the car engine has been running for a
few minutes.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
A textbook says The catalytic converter converts the gases coming out of the
(iv)
The diagram below shows the reaction profile for the change which occurs in the
catalytic converter.
Energy
2NO(g) + 2CO(g)
N 2 (g) + 2CO 2 (g)
Progress of reaction
138. (a)
Complete the table below which is about the isotopes and an ion of bromine.
Number of
protons
79
35 Br
35
81
35 Br
81
35 Br
neutrons
35
46
35
electrons
35
46
(3)
(b)
(c)
(d)
What instrument could be used to measure the abundance and mass of the isotopes of
bromine?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
Percentage abundance
78.93
50.54
80.91
49.46
Calculate the relative atomic mass of bromine. Give your answer to four significant
figures.
(2)
(f)
(Total 3 marks)
140. (a)
(i)
(ii)
Write the equation for the process occurring when the second ionisation energy of
oxygen is measured.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The graph below shows the first seven successive ionisation energies of an element, X,
which is in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
30000
25000
Ionisation
energy
/ kJ mol 1
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
(i)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Number of the electron removed
Use the information on the graph to state in which Group of the Periodic Table X
is found. Justify your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
(c)
The mass spectrum of X shows a singly charged molecular ion at m/e = 256.
Write the formula of this ion.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
141. (a)
(b)
Z is a Group 0 element.
(i)
(2)
(ii)
(c)
(3)
(ii)
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
142. (a)
(1)
(ii)
Suggest why CF bonds are not broken in the stratosphere, whereas CCl bonds
are.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
What are free radicals and what is needed to produce them from CFCs?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
poly(tetrafluoroethene).
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
143. (a)
(b)
The following standard enthalpies of combustion are needed to calculate the standard
(i)
Standard enthalpy of
combustion /kJ mol1
394
hydrogen, H2(g)
286
1371
Complete the Hesss Law cycle by filling in the box and labelling the arrows with
the enthalpy changes.
Hf
C 2H5OH(l) + 3O 2(g)
...........................
...........................
...........................
...........................
............................... + ...............................
(3)
(ii)
Use your Hesss Law cycle to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of
ethanol.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
144. The apparatus used and the recordings made by a student, carrying out an experiment to
determine the enthalpy of combustion of methanol, are shown below.
Diagram
thermometer
beaker
water
spirit lamp
methanol
Results
Molar mass (methanol) = 32 g mol1
Volume of water in beaker = 50 cm3
Mass of water in beaker = 50 g
Weighings
Spirit lamp + methanol before combustion = 163.78 g
Spirit lamp + methanol after combustion = 163.44 g
Temperatures
Water before heating = 22.0 C
Water after heating = 43.5 C
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g1 C1
Observations
When the spirit lamp was being weighed its mass was continually falling.
A black substance formed on the bottom of the beaker as the methanol burned.
(a)
(i)
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the heat gained by the water. Give your answer in kJ.
(2)
(iii)
Use your values from (i) and (ii) to calculate the enthalpy of combustion of
methanol in kJ mol1. Include a sign with your answer.
H = ........................................ kJ mol1
(2)
(b)
(i)
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the maximum temperature change that could have occurred during the
experiment.
(1)
(c)
(i)
Give a reason why the mass of the spirit lamp fell as it was being weighed.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest the identity of the black substance that forms on the beaker. State the
effect on the value of the enthalpy of combustion obtained.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
145. (a)
An incomplete Born-Haber cycle for the formation of magnesium oxide, MgO, from its
constituent elements is shown below. All numerical values are in kJ mol1.
H 3 = +657
lattice energy of
magnesium oxide
Mg (g) + 12 O2 (g)
H 2 = +150
Mg(s) + 12 O2 (g)
H 1 = 602
MgO(s)
(i)
Complete the empty box on the cycle by writing in the formulae of the missing
species. State symbols are required.
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
Use the Born-Haber cycle to calculate the lattice energy of magnesium oxide.
(2)
(b)
Magnesium iodide is another compound of magnesium. The radius of the magnesium ion
is 0.072 nm, whereas the radius of the iodide ion is much larger and is 0.215 nm.
(i)
Describe the effect that the magnesium ion has on an iodide ion next to it in the
magnesium iodide lattice.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
What TWO quantities must be known about the ions in a compound in order to
calculate a theoretical lattice energy?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Suggest how the value of the theoretical lattice energy would compare with the
experimental value from a Born-Haber Cycle for magnesium iodide.
Give a reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
CH
CH
CH
O
C
OH
(a)
(ii)
bromine water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
(ii)
(c)
147. Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the ions in calcium oxide. Include ALL the electrons
and charges.
(Total 2 marks)
148. (a)
Fill in the table below to show the number of protons and electrons present in a hydride
ion, H, and a lithium ion, Li+.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
Protons
Electrons
H
Li+
(2)
(b)
(Total 1 mark)
150. Some of the ionisation energies of four elements, Q, R, S and T, with consecutive atomic
numbers, are shown in the table below.
Ionisation Energies / kJ mol1
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
2081
3952
6122
9370
12177
496
4563
6913
9544
13352
738
1451
10541
13629
(a)
To which group of the Periodic Table does R belong? Give a reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Estimate values, in kJ mol1, for the third ionisation energy of S, and the first ionisation
energy of T, represented by the shaded gaps shown in the table above.
S ..........................
T ..........................
(2)
(c)
Which element is least likely to form compounds? Give a reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Write a balanced equation which represents the change that corresponds to the third
ionisation energy of R.
Use R as the symbol for the element and include state symbols in your answer.
(2)
(e)
Element X is in the same group of the Periodic Table as R, but is immediately below it.
The first ionisation energy of X is 419 kJ mol1. Explain why this value is lower for X
than for R.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
151. Nickel is one of the elements in the d-block of the Periodic Table.
(a)
(b)
A sample of nickel consists of three isotopes. Their percentage abundances are shown in
the table below.
Isotope
Percentage Abundance
58
Ni
69.02
60
Ni
27.32
62
Ni
3.66
(2)
(c)
Nickel reacts with carbon monoxide to give the compound nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)4.
Ni(s) + 4CO(g) Ni(CO)4(g)
Calculate the volume of carbon monoxide required to react completely with 5.9 g of
nickel.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
[The molar volume of a gas is 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature and pressure.]
(2)
(d)
Finely powdered nickel reacts slowly with dilute sulphuric acid to form a solution of
nickel(II) sulphate.
Ni(s) + H2SO4(aq) NiSO4(aq) + H2(g)
(i)
Re-write this equation in an ionic form, omitting the spectator ion. State symbols
are not required.
(1)
(ii)
(iiii) Calculate the maximum mass of hydrated nickel(II) sulphate, NiSO4.7H2O, which
could be formed from 2.95 g of nickel.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
152. Calcium hydroxide decomposes on strong heating to form calcium oxide and water.
Ca(OH)2(s) CaO(s) + H2O(l)
Two samples of calcium hydroxide were taken, each weighing exactly 1.00 g.
The first sample was cautiously added to 25.0 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid contained in a
glass beaker. The temperature rise was measured and found to be 16.5 C.
The other sample was heated for some time. It was then allowed to cool and then added to
another 25.0 cm3 portion of hydrochloric acid as before. In this case the temperature rose by
25.5 C.
In both cases, the acid used was an excess.
(a)
(i)
Calculate the energy produced by the reaction of each solid with the acid.
Use the relationship
Energy produced = mass of solution
4.2 temperature rise
/J
/g
/ J C1 g1
/C
You may assume that 1.0 cm3 of solution has a mass of 1.0 g. Ignore the mass of
the solid.
For the solid calcium hydroxide
(1)
(ii)
(1)
(iii)
Using your answers to (a)(i) and (ii), calculate the enthalpy changes for each
reaction.
Give your answers to two significant figures. Include the sign and units for each
answer.
For the solid calcium hydroxide, H1
(2)
(b)
Ca(OH)2 (s)
2HCl(aq)
CaO(s) + H2O(l)
2HCl(aq)
H1
H2
(i)
Use this Hess cycle and your answers in (a)(iii) to calculate Hreaction. Include a
sign and units.
(2)
(ii)
Apart from the approximations involved in using the equation given in (a)(i), give
TWO other potential sources of error which are likely to affect the accuracy of the
results.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
153. This question concerns the compounds and reactions shown in the following reaction scheme.
CH3 H
CC
H
CH3
Step 5
Step 1
C=C
H
H n
E
CH3 H
HCCH
Cl
H
B
Step 4
Step 2
CH3 H
HCCH
Br
CH3 H
Step 3
HCCH
OH
(a)
(ii)
(b)
compound D ..........................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
compound E ............................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(d)
Compound B could be made from chlorine and propane in the presence of sunlight.
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(1)
(iii)
Another possible product of this reaction has the following structural formula.
H3CCHCH3
H3CCHCH3
Name this compound ........................................................................................
Suggest how this compound formed in the reaction mixture.
(i)
(3)
(ii)
(1)
(iii)
(2)
(iv)
(3)
(v)
(1)
(b)
155. (a)
Copper atom, Cu
1s22s22p63s23p6 ..............................................................
(1)
(ii)
Bromide ion, Br
1s22s22p63s23p6 ..............................................................
(1)
(b)
(c)
The following data were obtained for a mass spectrum of a sample of copper.
Relative isotopic mass
Percentage abundance
62.93
69.17
64.93
30.83
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of copper. Give your answer to two
decimal places.
(2)
(d)
Copper occurs naturally as the mineral malachite. The composition, by mass, of malachite
is as follows:
Cu = 57.5% C = 5.4% O = 36.2% H = 0.9%
(i)
(2)
(ii)
(1)
(e)
Copper forms a chloride, CuCl2. Use the data below to calculate the maximum and the
minimum values for the molar mass of CuCl2.
Data : Relative isotopic masses of chlorine are 35 and 37.
Relative isotopic masses of copper are 63 and 65.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
156. First ionisation energy and melting temperature are periodic properties shown by elements.
(a)
(b)
Explain why the first ionisation energy of potassium is less than that of sodium.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Melting temperature
/K
Na
Mg
Al
Si
371
923
933
1683
P
(white)
317
Cl
Ar
392
172
84
Type of structure
(i)
Complete the table to suggest the type of structure shown by the elements.
Choose your answers from the following list:
giant atomic structure: metallic structure: simple molecular.
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
157. This question is about ammonia, NH3, which is produced as shown in the following equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
(a)
2NH3(g)
(b)
(i)
Use the average (mean) bond enthalpy data to calculate a value for the enthalpy
change for this reaction. You are reminded to show all your working.
Bond
NN
944
HH
436
NH
388
(3)
(ii)
The actual standard enthalpy change for this reaction is 92 kJ mol1. Explain why
the value you calculated in (b)(i) is not the same as this.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
(c)
The manufacturer of ammonia would like to achieve a high rate of reaction and a high
equilibrium yield of product.
(i)
State and explain, in terms of collision theory, TWO ways to increase the rate of
the reaction. An increase in pressure does not alter the rate in this process.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(6)
(ii)
State and explain TWO ways to increase the equilibrium yield of ammonia.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 19 marks)
158. (a)
Name compound A.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Compound A can also be converted into a mixture of the structural isomers but-1-ene and
but-2-ene by reaction with potassium hydroxide under different conditions.
(i)
Write the ionic equation for the conversion of compound A into either but-1-ene
or but-2-ene.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
(c)
(1)
(ii)
(d)
Both but-1-ene and but-2-ene react with hydrogen, in the presence of a suitable catalyst,
to give the same product.
(i)
(ii)
159. (i)
Formula of substance
CH4 (g)
75
O2 (g)
CO2 (g)
394
H2O (g)
242
(2)
(ii)
(iii)
Formula
Standard state
Energy evolved
per gram / kJ
Relative cost
per kJ
H2
gas
143
C8H18
liquid
48.4
70
State and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen compared with
octane as a fuel for aeroplanes.
Use the data in the table above and your knowledge of the combustion of fuels to help
you.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
160. The enthalpy change for the reaction between aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and aqueous
hydrochloric acid was determined by the following method:
Aqueous hydrochloric acid was titrated against 25.0 cm3 of 1.50 mol dm3 aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution using a suitable indicator. The mean (or average) titre was
22.75 cm3.
25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution was carefully measured into a polystyrene cup
and 22.75 cm3 of the hydrochloric acid was transferred to a clean dry beaker.
Both solutions were allowed to stand for five minutes before their temperatures were
noted.
The hydrochloric acid was then added to the sodium hydroxide solution, the mixture
stirred thoroughly and the highest temperature noted.
The experiment was repeated three times giving an average temperature change of
+10.5C.
(a)
(i)
(2)
(ii)
(3)
(b)
State ONE assumption made when calculating this enthalpy change, other than those
stated in (a)(i).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
161. The Born-Haber cycle below represents the enthalpy changes when calcium hydride, CaH2, is
formed from its elements.
H5
H3
Ca(g) + H2 (g)
H6
H2
Ca(s) + H2 (g)
H1
CaH2 (s)
(a)
(ii)
(b)
Use the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of calcium hydride,
CaH2(s).
value
/kJ mol1
enthalpy of atomisation of calcium
+178
+1735
+218
73
2389
Calculation:
(2)
(c)
Explain why the lattice energy of magnesium hydride, MgH2(s), is more exothermic than
the lattice energy of calcium hydride, CaH2(s).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
162. The diagram below shows the arrangement of electrons in the energy levels of a sodium atom.
n=
n=4
n=3
n=2
n =1
(i)
Why are the two electrons shown in the n = 1 energy level represented by arrows pointing
in opposite directions?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the energy change when a sodium atom
ionises by losing an electron.
(2)
(iii)
Do all of the electrons in the n = 2 energy level have the same energy? Explain your
answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv)
How would the arrangement of electrons in a potassium atom differ from this
arrangement of electrons in sodium?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
163. Two experiments were carried out in order to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of
magnesium carbonate, MgCO3.
A Hess cycle for these reactions is shown below.
Hf
Mg
O2
MgCO3 (s)
Experiment 1 +2HCl(aq) H1
H3
+ 2HCl(aq) Experiment 2
O2
H2 = 680 kJ mol1
(a)
Complete the Hess cycle above for the formation of magnesium carbonate from its
elements by balancing the equations and adding state symbols.
(2)
(b)
Temp / C
21.0
21.0
25.3
25.1
24.9
24.8
24.7
(i)
(ii)
The initial concentration of the hydrochloric acid was 2.00 mol dm3.
Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid at the start and hence the
number remaining at the end of the experiment.
(3)
(iii)
(2)
(iv)
Calculate the energy change in this experiment assuming the temperature rise is
4.5 C. Use the expression
Energy change (J) = 4.2 mass of solution temperature change
[Assume that 1 cm3 of solution has a mass of 1 g]
(1)
(v)
Use your answer to (iv) to calculate H1 for one mole of magnesium reacting with
hydrochloric acid. Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(vi)
Suggest why a temperature rise of 4.5 C was used in the calculation in (iv).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
2.2 g of magnesium carbonate was added to 100 cm3 of the same acid in Experiment 2.
The temperature changed from 21.0 C to 23.5 C resulting in an energy change of
1.05 kJ.
(i)
Calculate the mass of one mole of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 and hence the
number of moles of magnesium carbonate used in this experiment.
Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
(2)
(ii)
(1)
(d)
Using your answers to (b)(v) and (c)(ii), calculate the enthalpy change of formation, Hf,
of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3.
Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(e)
164. (a)
Reaction 1
CH3CH2CHBrCH3
CH3CH2CH CH 2
Reaction 4
Compound A
Reaction 2
Br2
Reaction 3
Compound B
(i)
Give the TWO reagents you would use for Reaction 1 in the laboratory.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(b)
All four reactions are addition reactions. Explain what is meant by an addition reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
(e)
1-chlorobutane can be made from but-1-ene in a two-step process. The but-1-ene is first
reduced and then a chlorine atom is substituted for a hydrogen atom.
CH3CH2CH=CH2
Compound C
CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl
Reaction 5
Reaction 6
(i)
Identify compound C.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(iii)
165. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of gaseous silicon tetrachloride,
Hf [SiCl4(g)].
Your answer should include a sign and units.
Use the Hess cycle below and the following data at 298 K.
H ato [Si(s)]
= +455.6 kJ mol1
H ato [Cl2]
= +121.7 kJ mol1
= +407.4 kJ mol1
H
Si(g) + 4Cl(g)
SiCl4(g)
H f [SiCl4(g)]
Si(s) + 2Cl2(g)
(Total 3 marks)
166. (a)
A sample of an element can be analysed to show its isotopic composition using a mass
spectrometer.
(i)
(ii)
State the TWO properties of the ion that determine the path of the ion through the
magnetic field.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(c)
The following data were obtained from the mass spectrum of a sample of chromium.
Relative isotopic mass
Percentage abundance
49.95
4.345
51.94
83.79
52.94
9.501
53.94
2.364
(2)
(d)
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
167. (a)
The graph below shows the first ionisation energies of the elements Li, Be, and B.
Complete the graph by adding the approximate first ionisation energies of the elements
C to Ne.
First ionisation energy of the elements Li to Ne
Energy
Li
Be
C
N
Elements
Ne
(2)
(b)
Explain why the general trend is for the first ionisation energy to increase across the
period.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
Explain why the first ionisation energy of boron, B, is lower than that of beryllium, Be.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
168. Phosphorus reacts with excess chlorine to produce phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5.
2P(s) + 5Cl2(g) 2PCl5(s)
(i)
(2)
(ii)
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
The first stage in the manufacture of sulphuric acid is the combustion of sulphur.
The following equation shows the reaction taking place when the standard enthalpy of
combustion of sulphur is measured.
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)
Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
In the second stage of the manufacture of sulphuric acid, sulphur dioxide is oxidised to
sulphur trioxide as shown in the following equation:
2SO2(g) + O2(g)
(i)
2SO3(g)
H = 196 kJ mol1
(ii)
State and explain the effect, if any, of increasing the temperature on the
equilibrium yield of sulphur trioxide.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
State and explain the effect, if any, of an increased pressure on the equilibrium
(c)
The following equation represents the overall reaction for the manufacture of sulphuric
acid from sulphur, oxygen and water.
2S(s) + H2O + 3O2 2H2SO4(l)
Use the data below to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction.
Substance
Hf
/ kJ mol1
H2O (l)
286
H2SO4 (l)
814
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
170. (a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Propene can be converted into a mixture of 2-chloropropane (as the major product)
and 1-chloropropane.
Classify the reaction involved and identify the reagent required.
Classification ....................................................................................................
Reagent .............................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1-chloropropene, CH3CH
(2)
(e)
Explain why 1-chloropropene exists as two different geometric isomers, but propene does
not.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
171. An experiment was carried out to measure the enthalpy change for the reaction of zinc with
aqueous copper(II) sulphate.
The equation for the reaction is
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
A measuring cylinder was used to transfer separate 50 cm3 samples of 1.25 mol dm3
copper(II) sulphate solution into polystyrene cups.
Each mixture was stirred thoroughly and the temperature rise noted with a thermometer
accurate to 0.5 C.
60.0
50.0
Temperature
change / C
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Mass of zinc/ g
(a)
Explain why the graph initially shows a rise in temperature and then levels off.
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.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
(i)
Suggest why the mass of metal is not used in the calculation of the heat change.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The graph shows that the maximum temperature change is 63.5 C. Use this value
to calculate the maximum heat change, in joules, in this reaction.
You should assume that the density of the solution is 1.00 g cm3 and its heat
capacity is the same as water, 4.18 J g1 C1.
(1)
(iii)
From the heat change calculated in (b)(ii) calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol
1
, for the reaction. Include the appropriate sign and give your answer to three
significant figures.
(4)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Suggest a simple practical change to the method that would make the experiment
more accurate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
172. (a)
The following data were collected to use in a Born-Haber cycle for silver fluoride, AgF.
Value
/kJ mol1
enthalpy of atomisation of silver
+285
+731
+79
205
958
On the following outline of a Born-Haber cycle, complete boxes A and B by adding the
formula and state symbol for the appropriate species. Write the name of the enthalpy
change at C.
Ag+ (g)
F (g)
Box
A
AgF(s)
C ............................................
Box
B
............................................
Ag (s) + F2 (g)
(3)
(b)
Hlatt (theoretical) is the lattice energy calculated assuming the crystal lattice is
completely ionic.
Hlatt (experimental) is the lattice energy determined experimentally using the BornHaber cycle.
Values for the silver halides are listed below.
Hlatt
(theoretical)
Hlatt
(experimental)
/ kJ mol1
/ kJ mol1
Hlatt (theoretical)
minus
Hlatt (experimental)
/ kJ mol1
AgF
920
958
38
AgCl
833
905
72
AgBr
816
891
75
AgI
778
889
111
Formula of halide
(i)
Explain why the theoretical lattice energies become less exothermic from AgF to
AgI.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Explain why the values of the theoretical and experimental lattice energies are
different.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Explain why the difference between the theoretical and experimental lattice
energies increases from AgF to AgI.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
173. A sample of the element osmium, atomic number 76, is made up of four isotopes. The sample
has the following percentage composition.
(i)
Relative Atomic
Mass of Isotope
% Composition
188
15.20
189
17.40
190
26.40
192
41.00
What is the minimum number of neutrons present in any single atom of osmium in the
sample?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Calculate the average relative atomic mass of osmium in the sample. Give your answer to
four significant figures.
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
174. (a)
The diagram shows the type of bonding present in the elements lithium and sodium in the
solid state.
+
+
Ions
+
+
Delocalised
electrons
(i)
(ii)
Suggest why the melting point of lithium is greater than that of sodium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Lithium can react with chlorine to produce lithium chloride. When a sample of lithium
chloride is heated in a Bunsen flame, a red colour is seen.
(i)
Draw a dot and cross diagram of lithium chloride showing all the electrons.
Indicate the charges clearly on your diagram.
(2)
(ii)
Describe the changes that occur within the lithium ion to produce the flame colour.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Name ONE other metallic element whose compounds produce a red coloured
flame.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
175. The Hess cycle below can be used to find the enthalpy change, Hr, for the reaction between
hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide, using standard enthalpy changes of formation.
Hr
H1
(i)
3S(s) + 2H 2O(l)
H2
(ii)
(iii)
Use the cycle and the data below to calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, Hr.
Hf / kJ mol1
SO2 (g)
296.8
H2S (g)
20.6
H2O (l)
285.8
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
176. Read the passage below straight through and then more carefully. Answer the questions that
follow.
ETHYNE
Ethyne, often still known by its old name of acetylene, is the simplest alkyne. With molecular
formula C2H2, it contains a carbon to carbon triple bond. It is used particularly in welding
where, when mixed with oxygen in an oxy-acetylene torch, it gives a high-temperature flame, as
high as 3400 K. This is a reducing flame, preventing metal oxidation. In the past ethyne was
also used as an important chemical feedstock. It has been largely replaced by ethene, because it
is difficult to handle as it is explosive when compressed or liquefied.
Ethyne can be prepared in the laboratory in two ways. When water is added drop by drop to
calcium carbide, ethyne is formed. The rate of formation can be adjusted by the rate of water
addition. The ethyne formed is not very pure, containing phosphine, hydrogen sulphide and
ammonia gas, but the calcium carbide is relatively cheap to obtain. If a purer sample of ethyne
is required, it can be made by adding 1,2-dibromoethane to hot concentrated potassium
hydroxide. The dihalogenoalkane is added a drop at a time, and, as with the first method, the
rate of addition determines the rate of production of ethyne. The drawback is that 1,2dibromoethane is much more expensive.
In the UK two industrial processes are used. The first uses the preparation from calcium carbide.
Many other countries in the world are currently considering using this process.
Calcium carbide is manufactured by heating lime and coke to 2300 K.
CaO + 3C CaC2 + CO
The calcium carbide is fed from a hopper into a tank containing water, and the ethyne formed is
collected in a gas holder. The rate of ethyne generation is determined by the rate at which
calcium carbide is added. As the gas is produced, calcium hydroxide is formed.
CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
The reaction is exothermic and, if no action were taken, the temperature of the water would rise;
also the tank would fill with calcium hydroxide sludge. To overcome these problems cold water
is flushed through the generating tank; this both cools the reaction mixture and removes the
sludge waste. The ethyne produced is purified, dried, compressed and fed into gas cylinders.
The second method of industrial preparation involves the cracking of alkanes of low relative
molecular mass. The process occurs at about 1500 K and the reaction is endothermic. A mixture
of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, alkenes, alkanes, and alkynes (including ethyne), is
produced. These are water-quenched before separation by selective absorption in solvents, such
as propanone and N,N-dimethylmethanamide, under high pressure and low temperatures to
conserve solvent. On heating, the gas is released from the solvent. The major problem is the
deposition of tar on the furnace walls giving a low efficiency operation.
Many of the reactions of ethyne are similar to the reactions of ethene. It can be hydrogenated,
halogenated, hydrohalogenated, and hydrated, though the reagents and catalysts used and the
products formed may differ. With a nickel catalyst, hydrogen reacts with ethyne to form ethane,
but with a palladium catalyst the addition can be stopped at ethene. Chlorine reacts with ethyne
explosively to form 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane which is used as an industrial solvent for paints
and varnishes. Bromine water reacts only slowly to form 1,2-dibromoethene.
Ethyne reacts with dilute sulphuric acid in the presence of mercury(II) sulphate to produce
ethanal, which is effectively the addition of water. This reaction has been an important industrial
source of ethanal. Polymerisation of ethyne can produce a variety of compounds depending on
the catalyst and reaction conditions. The unusual aspect of ethyne chemistry, for a hydrocarbon,
is that the carbonhydrogen bonds can break, the ethyne effectively behaving as an acid. A quick
test for ethyne is that when bubbled through ammoniacal copper(I) chloride solution, a brown
precipitate of copper(I) acetylide forms. A similar reaction occurs with silver nitrate solution,
when a white precipitate of silver acetylide forms. Both these precipitates require very careful
handling as they explode on drying, so they need to be disposed of with copious amounts of
water!
(677 words)
(a)
Draw the displayed formula for ethyne and give the CCH bond angle.
(b)
Why may ethyne need to be purified in the industrial process when it is made from
calcium carbide?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Suggest why many other countries are considering changing to the calcium carbide
process for the industrial production of ethyne.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
How do the reactions between ethyne and ethene with bromine water differ?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
(f)
(i)
Name the TWO chemicals you would use to make 1,2-dibromoethane, for use in
the preparation of ethyne.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to prepare ethyne from
1,2-dibromoethane. You do not need to show how the gas is collected.
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
177. Going across a period in the Periodic Table from left to right, the general trend is that
A
178. The electron configurations of argon, iron, chlorine and one other element are given below, but
not in order. Which one represents the unnamed element?
A
179. Buckminsterfullerene is a carbon molecule with formula C60 which can trap metal ions in its
structure. Which of the following compounds of buckminsterfullerene would give a line of
mass/charge ratio at 837.3 in a mass spectrometer?
A
Na4C60
K3C60
Ca3C60
AgC60
(Total 1 mark)
(a)
(b)
181. Which of the equations shown below represents the reaction for which H is the standard
enthalpy change of formation, Hf 298, for ethanol, C2H5OH. Ethanol melts at 156 K and boils
at 352 K.
A
182. Use the data about four fuels given below to answer this question.
(a)
Formula
Name
Enthalpy change of
combustion
/ kJ mol1
Molar mass
Fuel
A
CH4
methane
890
16
CH3OH
methanol
726
32
C3H8
propane
2219
44
C4H10
butane
2877
58
/ g mol1
(b)
183. Which of the following equations represents the first ionisation of sulfur?
A
S(s) + e S(g)
S(g) + e S(g)
S(s) S+(g) + e
S(g) S+(g) + e
(Total 1 mark)
D
A
A
B
C
D
(Total 1 mark)
1400
1000
950
830
700
420
3100
4400
5900
8000
1000
1250
1520
420
590
1520
2700
3900
5800
7200
Select from A to D the sequence which is most likely to represent the following:
(a)
The first ionisation energies of five consecutive members of the same group in the
Periodic Table, in order of increasing atomic number.
A
B
C
D
(1)
(b)
(c)
186. This question is about four hydrocarbons with molecular formulae as shown.
A
C2H2
C3H6
C3H8
C4H10
(a)
Which hydrocarbon has the same empirical formula as its molecular formula?
A
B
C
D
(1)
(b)
Which has a molecular ion in the mass spectrum at mass/charge ratio = 58?
A
B
C
D
(1)
(c)
(d)
187. This question is about the following organic compounds with skeletal formulae as shown:
Br
Br
(a)
Which compound could be made from one of the others in an addition reaction?
A
B
C
D
(1)
(b)
188. Chemists investigating the mechanism of the reaction of ethene and bromine thought that the
first step was the addition of Br+. To test this, they reacted bromine with ethene in the presence
of sodium chloride.
If their theory about the first step of the reaction was correct, which product might form as well
as 1,2-dibromoethane?
A
CH2BrCH2Na
CH2BrCH2Cl
CH2ClCH2Cl
CH2NaCH2Na
(Total 1 mark)
189. Which of the following is the correct name for the compound below?
Cl
CH3
C
H
C
CH 3
Z-3-chlorobut-2-ene
E-3-chlorobut-2-ene
E-2-chlorobut-2-ene
Z-2-chlorobut-2-ene
(Total 1 mark)
190. Copper(II) sulfate solution can be prepared from solid copper(II) carbonate by reaction with hot
dilute sulfuric acid.
(a)
(1)
(b)
The experiment was carried out using 0.025 moles of sulfuric acid of concentration 2.0
mol dm3. What volume of this sulfuric acid was used?
(1)
(c)
(i)
It is usual to react the sulfuric acid with a slight excess of copper(II) carbonate.
Calculate the mass of copper(II) carbonate needed if a 10% excess is required.
[Molar mass of copper(II) carbonate = 123.5 g mol1]
(2)
(ii)
(d)
The sulfuric acid is heated to boiling and the copper(II) carbonate is added in small
portions.
State the next step needed to prepare pure copper(II) sulfate solution. Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
When the solution of copper(II) sulfate is allowed to crystallise, the crystals which are
produced have the formula CuSO4.5H2O.
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Describe the bonding in magnesium and explain why it is a good conductor of electricity.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Draw a diagram (using dots or crosses) for the ions in magnesium fluoride showing all
the electrons and the ionic charges on:
(i)
(1)
(ii)
(1)
(c)
(d)
80
relative abundance %
60
40
20
20
22
24
26
28
mass/charge ratio
(i)
Use the data above to estimate the percentage isotopic composition of the sample
of magnesium. Hence calculate the average atomic mass of the sample of
magnesium.
(2)
(ii)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
(i)
(2)
(ii)
X-ray diffraction can be used to locate atoms or ions in molecules like chlorophyll.
X-rays are scattered by the electrons in atoms and ions. In chlorophyll the atoms of
one of the elements still cannot be located with certainty by this technique.
Suggest which element is most difficult to locate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
192. Airbags, used as safety features in cars, contain sodium azide, NaN3. An airbag requires a large
volume of gas to be produced in a few milliseconds. The gas is produced in this reaction:
2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
H is positive
(a)
Calculate the number of molecules in 50 dm3 of nitrogen gas under these conditions.
[The Avogadro constant = 6.02 1023 mol1. The molar volume of nitrogen gas under the
conditions in the airbag is 24 dm3 mol1].
(2)
(b)
Calculate the mass of sodium azide, NaN3, that would produce 50 dm3 of nitrogen gas.
(3)
(c)
What will happen to the temperature in the airbag when the reaction occurs?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
The airbag must be strong enough not to burst in an accident. An airbag which has burst
in an accident is hazardous if the sodium azide in it has decomposed.
Explain why this is so.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
193. Propene can be used to make other important chemical products. The processes involved can be
summarised in the diagram:
CompoundA
CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH3
+HBr
Reaction 1
Reaction 2
CH2 CH
CH3
Propene
Reaction 4
+H2/Ni
Reaction 3
poly(propene)
CH3CH2CH2Cl
Reaction 5
Propane
CH 3CH2CH3
(a)
(i)
(3)
(ii)
Explain why compound A and not its structural isomer is the major product in
Reaction 1.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
(b)
(c)
Complete the balanced equation for the formation of poly(propene) in Reaction 3 using
displayed formulae.
n(CH2
CHCH3)
(2)
(d)
Poly(propene) fibres can be used to make fleece which is used at several horse racing
courses to prevent the ground becoming frozen.
State one advantage of using poly(propene) instead of natural fibres of similar cost.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
(i)
(ii)
Give the name or formula of the trace product present in the final mixture which
gives evidence for this mechanism.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
194. A student investigated a reaction which could be used to warm up coffee in self-heating cans.
Mg(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s)
In the self-heating cans, the bottom has a compartment containing copper(II) nitrate solution.
When a button on the bottom of the can is pressed, the magnesium powder is released into the
compartment where it reacts with the copper(II) nitrate solution.
(a)
= 22 C
= 43 C
Calculate the energy change which took place. The specific heat capacity of the
solution is 4.20 J g1 K1.
Which is the correct value for the energy change in joules?
(1)
(ii)
(1)
(iii)
Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction. You should include a sign and units
in your answer.
(2)
(iv)
Suggest two changes you would make to the equipment used in order to improve
the accuracy of the result.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
H= 532 kJ mol1
(ii)
(c)
The temperature in the self-heating can needs to increase by 60 C to produce a hot drink.
Suggest a change you could make to the mixture in the experiment in (a) to produce a
greater temperature rise. You are not expected to do a calculation.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
195. The following data can be used in a Born-Haber cycle for copper(II) bromide, CuBr2.
Enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine Hat[Br2(l)]
Enthalpy change of atomisation of copper, Hat[Cu(s)]
First ionisation energy of copper, Em1[Cu(g)]
Second ionisation energy of copper, Em2 [Cu(g)]
Electron affinity of bromine, Eaff[Br(g)]
Enthalpy change of formation of CuBr2(s), Hf [CuBr2(s)]
+111.9 kJ mol1
+338.3 kJ mol1
+746.0 kJ mol1
+1958.0 kJ mol1
342.6 kJ mol1
141.8 kJ mol1
(a)
2Br(g)
CuBr2(s)
B
C
D ...........................................
Cu(s) + Br2(l)
(3)
(b)
Use the data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of copper(II) bromide.
Give a sign and units in your answer.
(3)
(c)
When the lattice energy of copper(II) bromide is calculated from ionic radii and charges,
the result is a value numerically about 10% less than the one obtained from the BornHaber cycle.
(i)
What does this suggest about the nature of the bonding in copper(II) bromide?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Draw a diagram to show how the smaller copper ion alters the shape of the larger
bromide ion.
(1)
(Total 8 marks)