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Equation 9 Bingham Plastic Flow in Pipes
The equation for the frictional pressure loss in an annulus whilst circulating a
Bingham Plastic Fluid is given by :
dP
=
p
v
dL 1000(d
2
-d
1
)
2
200(d
2
-d
1
)
+
y
Equation 10 Bingham Plastic Flow in Annuli
Both of the above equations are expressed in eld units.
4.1.3 Power Law Fluid
As in the case of the Bingham Plastic Fluid the development of expressions for the
pressure loss in pipes and annuli when circulating Power law Fluids is similar to
that for a Newtonian uid. The equation for the frictional pressure loss in a pipe
whilst circulating a Power law Fluid is given by :
dP
=
kv
dL 144,000d
(1+n)
0.0416
3+
1
/n
n
Equation 11 Power Law Flow in Pipes
Tuesday, April 9, 13
Equations Remarks Limitations
Pressure loss in
laminar owing Non
newtonian uids
Pipes, eld units -
Bingham Plastic
Pressure loss in
laminar owing Non
newtonian uids
Annulus, eld units
- Bingham Plastic
Pressure loss in
laminar owing Non
newtonian uids
Pipes, eld units -
Power Law
Pressure loss in
laminar owing Non
newtonian uids
Annulus, eld units
- Power Law
Newtonian ow in a
pipe, eld units
Turbulent ow
Newtonian ow in a
pipe, eld units
Turbulent ow -
smooth pipes,
moderate Re
Apparent viscosity,
eld units - Bingham
Plastic
Used in Re
calculations
Apparent viscosity-
annulus, eld units -
Bingham Plastic
Used in Re
calculations
Apparent viscosity,
eld units - Power law
Used in Re
calculations
No friction, eld units Velocity of
discharge from bit
nozzle
Laminar Flow in Pipes and Annuli
Analytical expressions for the isothermal, laminar ow of
Non-Newtonian uids can be derived by following essentially
the same steps used for Newtonian uids. The equation for the
frictional pressure loss in a pipe whilst circulating a Bingham
Plastic Fluid is given by :
16
dP
dL
v
= 1500
d
2
2
d
2
1
+
d
2
2
d
2
1
_
_
d
2
d
1
ln
Equation 8 Newtonian Flow in Annuli
Both of the above equations are expressed in eld units.
4.1.2 Bingham Plastic Fluids
Analytical expressions for the isothermal, laminar ow of Non-Newtonian uids
can be derived by following essentially the same steps used for Newtonian uids.
The equation for the frictional pressure loss in a pipe whilst circulating a Bingham
Plastic Fluid is given by :
dP
=
p
v
dL 1,500d
2
225d
+
y
Equation 9 Bingham Plastic Flow in Pipes
The equation for the frictional pressure loss in an annulus whilst circulating a
Bingham Plastic Fluid is given by :
dP
=
p
v
dL 1000(d
2
-d
1
)
2
200(d
2
-d
1
)
+
y
Equation 10 Bingham Plastic Flow in Annuli
Both of the above equations are expressed in eld units.
4.1.3 Power Law Fluid
As in the case of the Bingham Plastic Fluid the development of expressions for the
pressure loss in pipes and annuli when circulating Power law Fluids is similar to
that for a Newtonian uid. The equation for the frictional pressure loss in a pipe
whilst circulating a Power law Fluid is given by :
dP
=
kv
dL 144,000d
(1+n)
0.0416
3+
1
/n
n
Equation 11 Power Law Flow in Pipes
Tuesday, April 9, 13
Laminar Flow in Pipes and Annuli
The equation for the frictional pressure loss in an annulus
whilst circulating a Bingham Plastic Fluid is given by :
16
dP
dL
v
= 1500
d
2
2
d
2
1
+
d
2
2
d
2
1
_
_
d
2
d
1
ln
Equation 8 Newtonian Flow in Annuli
Both of the above equations are expressed in eld units.
4.1.2 Bingham Plastic Fluids
Analytical expressions for the isothermal, laminar ow of Non-Newtonian uids
can be derived by following essentially the same steps used for Newtonian uids.
The equation for the frictional pressure loss in a pipe whilst circulating a Bingham
Plastic Fluid is given by :
dP
=
p
v
dL 1,500d
2
225d
+
y
Equation 9 Bingham Plastic Flow in Pipes
The equation for the frictional pressure loss in an annulus whilst circulating a
Bingham Plastic Fluid is given by :
dP
=
p
v
dL 1000(d
2
-d
1
)
2
200(d
2
-d
1
)
+
y
Equation 10 Bingham Plastic Flow in Annuli
Both of the above equations are expressed in eld units.
4.1.3 Power Law Fluid
As in the case of the Bingham Plastic Fluid the development of expressions for the
pressure loss in pipes and annuli when circulating Power law Fluids is similar to
that for a Newtonian uid. The equation for the frictional pressure loss in a pipe
whilst circulating a Power law Fluid is given by :
dP
=
kv
dL 144,000d
(1+n)
0.0416
3+
1
/n
n
Equation 11 Power Law Flow in Pipes
Tuesday, April 9, 13
Laminar Flow in Pipes and Annuli
The expression for the pressure loss in pipes when circulating
Power Law Fluids is similar to that for a Newtonian uid.
The equation for the frictional pressure loss in a pipe whilst
circulating a Power law Fluid is given by :
16
dP
dL
v
= 1500
d
2
2
d
2
1
+
d
2
2
d
2
1
_
_
d
2
d
1
ln
Equation 8 Newtonian Flow in Annuli
Both of the above equations are expressed in eld units.
4.1.2 Bingham Plastic Fluids
Analytical expressions for the isothermal, laminar ow of Non-Newtonian uids
can be derived by following essentially the same steps used for Newtonian uids.
The equation for the frictional pressure loss in a pipe whilst circulating a Bingham
Plastic Fluid is given by :
dP
=
p
v
dL 1,500d
2
225d
+
y
Equation 9 Bingham Plastic Flow in Pipes
The equation for the frictional pressure loss in an annulus whilst circulating a
Bingham Plastic Fluid is given by :
dP
=
p
v
dL 1000(d
2
-d
1
)
2
200(d
2
-d
1
)
+
y
Equation 10 Bingham Plastic Flow in Annuli
Both of the above equations are expressed in eld units.
4.1.3 Power Law Fluid
As in the case of the Bingham Plastic Fluid the development of expressions for the
pressure loss in pipes and annuli when circulating Power law Fluids is similar to
that for a Newtonian uid. The equation for the frictional pressure loss in a pipe
whilst circulating a Power law Fluid is given by :
dP
=
kv
dL 144,000d
(1+n)
0.0416
3+
1
/n
n
Equation 11 Power Law Flow in Pipes
Tuesday, April 9, 13
Laminar Flow in Pipes and Annuli
The equation for the frictional pressure loss in an annulus
whilst circulating a Power law Fluid is given by :
Hydraulics
17
Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University
The equation for the frictional pressure loss in an annulus whilst circulating a
Power law Fluid is given by :
dP
=
kv
dL 144,000d(d
2
-d
1
)
(1+n)
0.0208
2+
1
/n
n
Equation 12 Power Law Flow in Annuli
Once again both of the above equations are expressed in eld units.
EXERCISE 2 Pressure loss in Laminar Flow
a. Calculate the velocity of a fluid flowing through a 5" 19.5 lb/ft drillpipe
(I.D.= 4.276") at 150 gpm.
b. Determine the pressure loss in the above situation if the fluid is a Bingham
Plastic fluid with a plastic viscosity of 20 cp, a yield point of 15 lb/100 sq. ft
and density is 10 ppg.
c. Calculate the pressure loss in the above situation if the fluid was a Power
Law fluid with an non-Newtonian Index of 0.75 and a consistency index of 70 eq cp
4.2 Turbulent Flow
When the drilling uid is pumped at a high rate the uid laminae become unstable
and break into a chaotic, diffused ow pattern. The uid is then in turbulent
ow. The transfer of momentum caused by this chaotic uid movement causes
the velocity distribution to become more uniform across the centre portion of the
conduit than for laminar ow. However, a thin boundary layer of uid near the pipe
walls generally remains in laminar ow. A schematic representation of turbulent
pipe ow is shown in Figure 12.
v avge.
Velocity Profile
Figure 12 Turbulent Flow Prole In Pipes
Drill 16-08-10
Tuesday, April 9, 13
Turbulent Flow
in Pipes and Annuli
The Fanning equation for the pressure losses in
turbulent ow of a Newtonian uid in a pipe is
derived from incorporating a control factor in the
pressure loss equation:
where the friction factor, f dened by this equation
is called the Fanning friction factor.
18
A mathematical development of ow equations for turbulent ow has not been
possible to date. However, a large amount of experimental work has been done in
straight sections of circular pipe and annuli, and the factors inuencing the onset
of turbulence and the frictional pressure losses due to turbulent ow have been
identied.
4.2.1 Determination of Laminar/Turbulent Boundary in a Non
Newtonian Fluids
An accurate turbulence criteria, in other words the point at which the ow theoretically
changes from Laminar to Turbulent ow, is required for non-Newtonian uids. In
the case of Newtonian uids this determination is based on the Reynolds number.
However, since there is no single parameter that denes the rheological properties
of a Non-Newtonian uid, such as the Newtonian viscosity, we have to establish an
apparent Newtonian viscosity for the Non - Newtonian uid. The second problem
is that in the case of of annular ow there is no single value for pipe diameter in the
above equation.
4.2.2 Turbulent Flow of Newtonian Fluids in Pipes
The equation for the pressure losses in turbulent ow of a Newtonian uid in a pipe
is derived from incorporating a control factor in the pressure loss equation:
dP
= 4f
v
2
dL 2d
Equation 13 Fanning Equation for Pressure Loss
This equation is known as the Fanning Equation and the friction factor, f dened
by this equation is called the Fanning friction factor. All of the terms in this
equation, except for the friction factor, can be determined from the operating
parameters. The friction factor, f is a function of the Reynolds Number N
Re
and
a term called the relative roughness, e/d. The relative roughness is dened as the
ratio of absolute roughness, e, to the pipe diameter where the absolute roughness
represents the average depth of pipe-wall irregularities. A plot of friction factor
against Reynolds number on log-log paper is called a Fanning chart (Figure 13).
Tuesday, April 9, 13
Turbulent Flow
in Pipes and Annuli
A simplied turbulent ow equation can be
developed for smooth pipe and moderate
Reynolds numbers:
for a circular pipe where e/d = 0 and Re is between
2,100 and 100,000.
20
f =
0.0791
N
Re
0.25
Equation 16 Blasius modication of Colebrook Approximation
where 2,100 < N
Re
> 100,000 and e/d = 0.
In addition, the Fanning equation can be applied to laminar ow if the friction factor
for the laminar region is dened by:
F
N
=
16
Re
Once it is possible to determine the value of f then the Fanning equation can be
re-arranged for the calculation of frictional pressure drop due to turbulent ow in
circular pipe. Re-arranging and converting to eld units gives:
dP
=
fv
2
dL 25.8d
Equation 17 Pressure Loss in Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Using Equation 17, a simplied turbulent ow equation can be developed for
smooth pipe and moderate Reynolds numbers:
dP
=
0.75
q
1.75
0.25
dL d
4.75
Equation 18 Pressure Loss in Smooth Pipes and Moderate Numbers
The above equation is only valid for circular pipe where e/d = 0 and N
Re
is between
2,100 and 100,000. Equation 18 is in a form that readily identies the relative
importance of the various hydraulic parameters on turbulent frictional pressure loss.
For example, it can be shown that changing from 4.5in. to 5in. drillpipe would
reduce the pressure loss in the drillpipe by about a factor of two.
4.2.3 Extension of Pipe Flow Equations to Annular Geometry
A large amount of experimental work relating owrate to pressure losses has been
conducted in circular pipes. Unfortunately however, very little experimental work
has been conducted in ow conduits of other shapes, such as annular geometries.
When noncircular ow conduits are encountered, a common practice is to calculate
an effective circular diameter such that the ow behaviour in a circular pipe of
that diameter would be roughly equivalent to the ow behaviour in the noncircular
Tuesday, April 9, 13
Turbulent Flow
in Pipes and Annuli
The apparent viscosity most often used is obtained
by comparing the laminar ow equations for
Newtonian and Bingham plastic uids. For example,
combining the pipe ow equation for the Newtonian
and Bingham plastic model yields an equation for
a, the apparent Newtonian viscosity:
22
4.2.4 Turbulent Flow of Bingham Plastic Fluids in Pipes and Annuli
The frictional pressure loss associated with the turbulent ow of a Bingham plastic
uid is affected primarily by density and plastic viscosity. Whilst the yield point
of the uid affects the frictional pressure loss in laminar ow, in fully turbulent
ow the yield point is no longer a highly signicant parameter. It has been found
empirically that the frictional pressure loss associated with the turbulent ow of a
Bingham plastic uid can be predicted using the equations developed for Newtonian
uids. The plastic viscosity is simply substituted for the Newtonian viscosity.
This substitution can also be made in the Reynolds number used in the Colebrook
function dened by Equation 14 or in the simplied turbulent ow equation given
by Equation 18.
These equations are however only appropriate when the ow is in turbulence.
There must therefore be an equation which can be used to determine the point at
which the ow enters turbulence. The obvious solution is to use a modied form of
the Reynolds number. There are two problems associated with using the Reynolds
number criterion. The rst is that this criterion was designed for pipe ow and
an equivalent diameter must be used if the uid is owing in an annulus. The
second problem is that non-Newtonian uids such as Bingham Plastic uids do not
have a single parameter representation of viscosity. In the case of Bingham Plastic
uids a representative apparent viscosity is developed. The apparent viscosity most
often used is obtained by comparing the laminar ow equations for Newtonian
and Bingham plastic uids. For example, combining the pipe ow equation for
the Newtonian and Bingham plastic model yields an equation for
a
, the apparent
Newtonian viscosity:
e
= +
6.66
d
v
Equation 23 Apparent Newtonian Viscosity for Bingham Fluid in Pipes
A similar comparison of the laminar ow equations for Newtonian and Bingham
uids in an annulus yields:
e
= +
5
(d
2
_
d
1
)
v
Equation 24 Apparent Newtonian Viscosity for Bingham Fluid in Annuli
These apparent viscosities can be used in place of the Newtonian viscosity in the
Reynolds number formula. As in the case of Newtonian uids, a Reynolds number
greater than 2,100 is taken as an indication that the ow pattern is turbulent.
Tuesday, April 9, 13
Turbulent Flow
in Pipes and Annuli
A similar comparison of the laminar ow equations
for Newtonian and Bingham uids in an annulus
yields:
These apparent viscosities can be used in place of
the Newtonian viscosity in the Reynolds number
formula. As in the case of Newtonian uids, a
Reynolds number greater than 2,100 is taken as an
indication that the ow pattern is turbulent.
22
4.2.4 Turbulent Flow of Bingham Plastic Fluids in Pipes and Annuli
The frictional pressure loss associated with the turbulent ow of a Bingham plastic
uid is affected primarily by density and plastic viscosity. Whilst the yield point
of the uid affects the frictional pressure loss in laminar ow, in fully turbulent
ow the yield point is no longer a highly signicant parameter. It has been found
empirically that the frictional pressure loss associated with the turbulent ow of a
Bingham plastic uid can be predicted using the equations developed for Newtonian
uids. The plastic viscosity is simply substituted for the Newtonian viscosity.
This substitution can also be made in the Reynolds number used in the Colebrook
function dened by Equation 14 or in the simplied turbulent ow equation given
by Equation 18.
These equations are however only appropriate when the ow is in turbulence.
There must therefore be an equation which can be used to determine the point at
which the ow enters turbulence. The obvious solution is to use a modied form of
the Reynolds number. There are two problems associated with using the Reynolds
number criterion. The rst is that this criterion was designed for pipe ow and
an equivalent diameter must be used if the uid is owing in an annulus. The
second problem is that non-Newtonian uids such as Bingham Plastic uids do not
have a single parameter representation of viscosity. In the case of Bingham Plastic
uids a representative apparent viscosity is developed. The apparent viscosity most
often used is obtained by comparing the laminar ow equations for Newtonian
and Bingham plastic uids. For example, combining the pipe ow equation for
the Newtonian and Bingham plastic model yields an equation for
a
, the apparent
Newtonian viscosity:
e
= +
6.66
d
v
Equation 23 Apparent Newtonian Viscosity for Bingham Fluid in Pipes
A similar comparison of the laminar ow equations for Newtonian and Bingham
uids in an annulus yields:
e
= +
5
(d
2
_
d
1
)
v
Equation 24 Apparent Newtonian Viscosity for Bingham Fluid in Annuli
These apparent viscosities can be used in place of the Newtonian viscosity in the
Reynolds number formula. As in the case of Newtonian uids, a Reynolds number
greater than 2,100 is taken as an indication that the ow pattern is turbulent.
Tuesday, April 9, 13
Turbulent Flow
in Pipes and Annuli
Turbulent Flow of Power Law Fluids in Pipes and
Annuli
Dodge and Metzner have published a turbulent
ow correlation for uids that follow the power-
law model.
As in the case of Bingham Plastic uids, an
apparent viscosity for use in the Reynolds number
criterion is obtained by comparing the laminar ow
equations for Newtonian and power-law uids.
Hydraulics
23
Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University
4.2.5 Turbulent Flow of Power Law Fluids in Pipes and Annuli
Dodge and Metzner have published a turbulent ow correlation for uids that follow
the power-law model. Their correlation has gained widespread acceptance in the
petroleum industry. As in the case of Bingham Plastic uids, an apparent viscosity
for use in the Reynolds number criterion is obtained by comparing the laminar
ow equations for Newtonian and power-law uids. For example, combining the
Newtonian and power-law equations for laminar ow yields an equation for
a
, the
apparent
Newtonian viscosity:
v
a
=
Kd
3 + 1/n
(1 - n)
(1 - n)
96 0.0416
n
Equation 25 Apparent Newtonian Viscosity for Power Law Fluid in Pipes
Substituting the apparent viscosity in the Reynolds number equation gives:
N
v
k
d
n
n
Re
( )
, .
/
=
+
89 100 0 0416
3 1
2
P
t
It is generally found in circulation rate tests that n is approximately equal to 1.85
and therefore for maximum HHP
b
the optimum pressure drop at the bit (P
b
) should
be 65% of the total discharge pressure at the pump. This condition must be built
into the hydraulics programme to achieve maximum efciency.
Note that P
t
remains constant throughout.
b. Maximising Hydraulic Impact
The purpose of the jet nozzles is to improve the cleaning action of the drilling
uid at the bottom of the hole. Before jet bits were introduced, rock chips were
not removed efciently and much of the bit life was consumed regrinding the rock
fragments. While the cleaning action of the jet is not well understood, several
investigators have concluded that the cleaning action is maximized if the total
hydraulic impact force is jetted against the hole bottom. If it is assumed that the jet
Drill 16-08-10
Wednesday, April 10, 13
Graphical Method of Optimizing the
Hydraulic Programme
P
circ.opt
= W x P
max
Note : W is a factor dependant on the value of the exponent n in
the empirical equation relating owrate to pressure loss in the
circulating system.
8. The intersection of P
circ.opt
with the P
circ
line on the chart
species the optimum owrate (Q
opt
).
9. Calculate optimum nozzle area :
10. Obtain optimum nozzle sizes for next bit run.
32
P
circ.opt
= W x P
max
Note : W is a factor dependant on the value of the exponent n in the empirical
equation relating owrate to pressure loss in the circulating system.
8. The intersection of P
circ.opt
with the P
circ
line on the chart species the optimum
owrate (Q
opt
).
9. Calculate optimum nozzle area :
Nozzle area =
Q
opt
23.75
P
max
-P
circ.opt
10. Obtain optimum nozzle sizes for next bit run from Table 2.
n 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
W IF 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.60 0.65 0.67
W HHP 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50
Table 1 Circulating System Factor
Wednesday, April 10, 13
Graphical Method of Optimizing the
Hydraulic Programme
P
circ.opt
= W x P
max
Note : W is a factor dependant on the value of the exponent n in
the empirical equation relating owrate to pressure loss in the
circulating system.
8. The intersection of P
circ.opt
with the P
circ
line on the chart
species the optimum owrate (Q
opt
).
9. Calculate optimum nozzle area :
10. Obtain optimum nozzle sizes for next bit run.
32
P
circ.opt
= W x P
max
Note : W is a factor dependant on the value of the exponent n in the empirical
equation relating owrate to pressure loss in the circulating system.
8. The intersection of P
circ.opt
with the P
circ
line on the chart species the optimum
owrate (Q
opt
).
9. Calculate optimum nozzle area :
Nozzle area =
Q
opt
23.75
P
max
-P
circ.opt
10. Obtain optimum nozzle sizes for next bit run from Table 2.
n 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
W IF 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.60 0.65 0.67
W HHP 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50
Table 1 Circulating System Factor
Wednesday, April 10, 13