ODD10

C H A P T E R 1 0
Vectors and the Geometry of Space

Section 10.1 Vectors in the Plane
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . . . 232

Section 10.3 The Dot Product of Two Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Section 10.4 The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . 241
Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Section 10.6 Surfaces in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
C H A P T E R 1 0
Section 10.1
Vectors in the Plane
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises

3. (a) v 4 3, 2 2 7, 0
1. (a) v 5 1, 3 1 4, 2
(b)
(b)
( 7, 0)
(4, 2)
5. u 5 3, 6 2 2, 4
7. u 6 0, 2 3 6, 5
v 1 1, 8 4 2, 4
v 9 3, 5 10 6, 5
uv
uv
9. (b) v 5 1, 5 2 4, 3
11. (b) v 6 10, 1 2 4, 3
(a) and (c).
(a) and (c).

(5, 5)
6
4
(10, 2)
(4, 3)
(1, 2)
10
(6, 1)
( 4, 3)
v
x
13. (b) v 6 6, 6 2 0, 4

(a) and (c).
15. (b) v
12 32 , 3 43 1, 53
(a) and (c).
( 12 , 3(
(6, 6)
(1, 53 (
(0, 4)
( 32 , 43(
v
(6, 2)
x
2
17. (a) 2v 4, 6
(b) 3v 6, 9

y
4
6
(4, 6)
v
8
2v
(2, 3)
3v 4
(2, 3)
2
x
2
( 6, 9)
CONTINUED
227
228
Chapter 10
17. CONTINUED
(c)
7, 21
2
7
2v
2
3
(d)
v
43 , 2
(7, 212 (
12
(2, 3)
3
8
v
2
7
v
2
( 43 , 2(
(2, 3)
v
x
4
19.
2
v
3
12
21.
u
u
uv
v
23. (a)
2
3u
23 4, 9
83, 6
3
3
25. v 2 2i j 3i 2 j
3, 32
(b) v u 2, 5 4, 9 2, 14

(c) 2u 5v 24, 9 52, 5 18, 7
v = 2u
x
u
1
3
u
2
2
3
27. v 2i j 2i 2j
29. u1 4 1
v = u + 2w
4i 3j 4, 3
u2 2 3
2w
u1 3
u2 5
Q 3, 5
31. v 16 9 5
33. v 36 25 61
39. u
37. u 32 122 153
u
3
12
3, 12
v

,

153
153 153
u
1717, 41717
v
unit vector
35. v 0 16 4
32 52
2
34
u
5
3
2, 5
2
3
,

u
34
2
34 34
33434, 53434 unit vector
Section 10.1
41. u 1, 1, v 1, 2
21 , v 2, 3
43. u 1,
(a) u 1 1 2
(a) u
(b) v 1 4 5
u v 0, 1
(c)
(c)
1
u

1, 1
u 2
(d)
1
v

1, 2
v 5
1
(e)
uv
0, 1
u v
uv
u v
27
9 494
85
2
1
u

1,
u 5
2
uu 1
v
v
(f)
5
u v 3,
u v
uu 1
(e)
1 41
(b) v 4 9 13
u v 0 1 1
(d)
1
v

2, 3
v 13
vv 1
1
(f)
7
2
uv

3,
u v 85
2
uu vv 1
u 2, 1
45.
1
u

1, 1
u 2
47.
u 5 2.236
4
v 5, 4
uu 22 1, 1

v 22, 22
v 41 6.403

u v 7, 5
u v 74 8.602
u v u v
u
1

3, 3
u 23
49.
2
51. v 3cos 0 i sin 0 j 3i 3, 0
uu 13 3, 3

v 1, 3
53. v 2cos 150i sin 150j

3i j 3, 1
55.
ui
v
uv
32
32
i
j
2
2
2 23 2 i 3 2 2 j

229
230
57.
Chapter 10
u 2cos 4i 2sin 4j
59. A scalar is a real number. A vector is represented by a

directed line segment. A vector has both length and
direction.
v cos 2i sin 2j

u v 2 cos 4 cos 2 i 2 sin 4 sin 2j
61. To normalize v, you find a unit vector u in the direction of v:
u
v
.
v
For Exercises 6367, au bw ai 2j bi j a bi 2a bj.

63. v 2i j. Therefore, a b 2, 2a b 1. Solving
simultaneously, we have a 1, b 1.
65. v 3i. Therefore, a b 3, 2a b 0. Solving

simultaneously, we have a 1, b 2.
67. v i j. Therefore, a b 1, 2a b 1. Solving

simultaneously, we have a 23 , b 13 .
71. f x 25 x2
69. y x 3, y 3x 2 3 at x 1.
(a) m 3. Let w 1, 3, then
fx
w
1
1, 3.

w
10
x
25 x2
3
at x 3.
4
3
(a) m 4 . Let w 4, 3, then
(b) m 13 . Let w 3, 1, then
1
w
4, 3.
w
5
w
1

3, 1.
w
10
4
(b) m 3. Let w 3, 4, then
1
w
3, 4
w
5
73.
u
2
i
2
75. Programs will vary.
u v 2 j
v u v u
2
i
2
77. F1 2, F1 33

F2 3, F2 125
F3 2.5, F3 110
R F1 F2 F3 1.33
R F1 F2 F3 132.5

79. (a) 180cos 30i sin 30j 275i 430.88i 90j
Direction: arctan
90
430.88
0.206 11.8
Magnitude: 430.882 902 440.18 newtons

CONTINUED
(b) M 275 180 cos 2 180 sin 2
arctan
sin
275180
180 cos
Section 10.1
231
79. CONTINUED
(c)
(d)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
455
440.2
396.9
328.7
241.9
149.3
95
0
11.8
23.1
33.2
40.1
37.1
500
(e) M decreases because the forces change from acting in

the same direction to acting in the opposite direction
as increases from 0 to 180.
50
180
180
0
81. F1 F2 F3 75 cos 30 i 75 sin 30j 100 cos 45i 100 sin 45 j 125 cos 120 i 125 sin 120 j
75
125
3 j
i 502
7523 502 125
2
2
2
R F1 F2 F3 228.5 lb
R F1 F2 F3 71.3

83. (a) The forces act along the same direction. 0.
(b) The forces cancel out each other. 180.
(c) No, the magnitude of the resultant can not be greater

than the sum.
85. 4, 1, 6, 5, 10, 3
y
6
4
(1, 2)
(6, 5)
(1, 2)
x
8
4 2
2
2
2
87. u CB ucos 30 i sin 30 j
v CA vcos 130 i sin 130 j

Vertical components: u sin 30 v sin 130 2000
Horizontal components: u cos 30 v cos 130 0
Solving this system, you obtain
u 1305.5 and v 1758.8.
89. Horizontal component v cos 1200 cos 6 1193.43 ft
sec
Vertical component v sin 1200 sin 6 125.43 ft
sec
(8, 4)
(1, 2)
(10, 3)
(3, 1)
2
(8, 4)
(3, 1)
2
(8, 4)
( 4, 1)
50
130 30 B
u
C
30
(3, 1)
10
232
Chapter 10
u 900
cos 148 i sin 148 j
91.
v 100
cos 45 i sin 45 j
u v
900 cos 148 100 cos 45i
900 sin 148 100 sin 45 j
692.53 i 547.64 j
arctan
547.64
692.53
38.34.
38.34 North of West.
u v 692.532 547.642 882.9 kmhr.

93. F1 F2 F3 0
3600j T2cos 35i sin 35 j T3cos 92i sin 92j 0
T2 cos 35 T3 cos 92 0
T2 cos 35 T3 sin 92 3600
T3 cos 92
T cos 92
3
sin 35 T3 sin 92 3600 and T30.97495 3600 T3 3692.48
cos 35
cos 35
Finally, T2 157.32
T2
95. Let the triangle have vertices at 0, 0, a, 0, and b, c.
Let u be the vector joining 0, 0 and b, c, as indicated
in the figure. Then v, the vector joining the midpoints, is
v
(b, c)
a 2 b a2 i 2c j
( a +2 b , 2c (
u
v
b
1
c
1
i j bi cj u
2
2
2
2
(0, 0)
( 2a , 0(
(a, 0)
97. w uv vu

u
v cos v i v sin v j v
u cos ui u sin u j u v
cos u cos vi sin u sin v j
2u v cos

cos
tan w
v
u v
cos
2
2
u v
tan
u v
2
u v
cos
2
2

sin
u v
u v
u v
u v
cos
i sin
cos
j
2
2
2
2
Thus, w u v2 and w bisects the angle between u and v.

99. True
101. True
103. False

a i bj 2 a
Section 10.2
1.
Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space
(2, 1, 3)
3.
z
6
5
4
3
(5, 2, 2) 2
(1, 2, 1)
4
1
4
x
3
2
1
2 3
4
x
y
(5, 2, 2)
1
3
2
2
3
1 2
3
Section 10.2
5. A2, 3, 4
7. x 3, y 4, z 5: 3, 4, 5
233
9. y z 0, x 10: 10, 0, 0
B1, 2, 2
11. The z-coordinate is 0.
13. The point is 6 units above the xy-plane.
15. The point is on the plane parallel to the yz-plane that

passes through x 4.
17. The point is to the left of the xz-plane.
19. The point is on or between the planes y 3 and y 3.
21. The point x, y, z is 3 units below the xy-plane, and below
either quadrant I or III.
23. The point could be above the xy-plane and thus above quadrants II or IV,
or below the xy-plane, and thus below quadrants I or III.
25. d 5 02 2 02 6 02
27. d 6 12 2 22 2 42
25 4 36 65
29. A0, 0, 0, B2, 2, 1, C2, 4, 4
25 0 36 61
31. A1, 3, 2, B5, 1, 2, C1, 1, 2
AB 4 4 1 3
AC 4 16 16 6
BC 0 36 9 35
BC2 AB2 AC2
AB 16 4 16 6
AC 4 16 16 6
BC 36 4 0 210
Since AB AC, the triangle is isosceles.
Right triangle
33. The z-coordinate is changed by 5 units:
0, 0, 5, 2, 2, 6, 2, 4, 9
37. Center: 0, 2, 5
x 02 y 22 z 52 4

x
y2
z2
5 22, 92 3, 7 2 3 32, 3, 5

2, 0, 0 0, 6, 0
1, 3, 0
2
Radius: 10
39. Center:
Radius: 2
35.
4y 10z 25 0
x 12 y 32 z 02 10
x2 y2 z2 2x 6y 8z 1 0
41.
x2 2x 1 y2 6y 9 z2 8z 16 1 1 9 16

x 12 y 32 z 42 25
Center: 1, 3, 4
Radius: 5
x2 y 2 z2 2x 6y 0
234
Chapter 10
43.
9x2 9y2 9z2 6x 18y 1 0
45. x2 y2 z2 36
Solid ball of radius 6 centered at origin.
2
1
x 2 y2 z2 x 2y 0
3
9
x
2
1
1 1
x
y2 2y 1 z2 1
3
9
9 9
x 31
y 12 z 02 1
13, 1, 0
Center:
Radius: 1
47. (a) v 2 4 i 4 2 j 3 1k
49. (a) v 0 3 i 3 3 j 3 0k
2i 2j 2k 2, 2, 2
(b)
3i 3k 3, 0, 3
(b)
3, 0, 3
2, 2, 2
2
2
1
2
2
3
53. 5 4, 3 3, 0 1 1, 0, 1
51. 4 3, 1 2, 6 0 1, 1, 6

1, 1, 6 1 1 36 38
1
6
1
1, 1, 6

,
,
38
38 38 38
Unit vector:
55. (b) v 3 1i 3 2j 4 3k

4i j k 4, 1, 1
1, 0, 1 1 1 2
12, 0, 12
Unit vector:
57. q1, q2, q3 0, 6, 2 3, 5, 6

Q 3, 1, 8
(a) and (c).

z
5
4
(3, 3, 4)
(1, 2, 3)
(0, 0, 0) 2
2
(4, 1, 1) 2
2
4
59. (a) 2v 2, 4, 4
(b) v 1, 2, 2

z
z
5
2, 4, 4
1
2
3
2
3
4
x
CONTINUED
1, 2, 2
2
3
Section 10.2
235
59. CONTINUED
(c)
3
2
v
32 , 3, 3
(d) 0v 0, 0, 0
z
z
3
3
2
3
2
3
,
2
0, 0, 0
1
2
3
2
3
3, 3
61. z u v 1, 2, 3 2, 2, 1 1, 0, 4

63. z 2u 4v w 2, 4, 6 8, 8, 4 4, 0, 4 6, 12, 6
67. (a) and (b) are parallel since 6, 4, 10 23, 2, 5
2
and 2, 43 , 10
3 3 3, 2, 5.
65. 2z 3u 2z1, z2, z3 31, 2, 3 4, 0, 4

2z1 3 4 z1
7
2
2z2 6 0 z2 3
2z3 9 4 z3 52
z
72 , 3, 52
69. z 3i 4j 2k
71. P0, 2, 5, Q3, 4, 4, R2, 2, 1

\
(a) is parallel since 6i 8j 4k 2z.
PQ 3, 6, 9
\
PR 2, 4, 6
3, 6, 9 32 2, 4, 6
\
Therefore, PQ and PR are parallel. The points are

collinear.
73. P1, 2, 4, Q2, 5, 0, R0, 1, 5
75. A2, 9, 1, B3, 11, 4, C0, 10, 2, D1, 12, 5
PQ 1, 3, 4
AB 1, 2, 3
PR 1, 1, 1
\
CD 1, 2, 3
AC 2, 1, 1
Since PQ and PR are not parallel, the points are not

collinear.
BD 2, 1, 1
\
Since AB CD and AC BD , the given points form the

vertices of a parallelogram.
77. v 0
79.
v 1, 2, 3

v 1 4 9 14
u 2, 1, 2
83.
u 4 1 4 3
(a)
1
u
2, 1, 2
u 3
(b)
u
1
2, 1, 2
u
3
u 3, 2, 5
85.
u 9 4 25 38
(a)
1
u

3, 2, 5
u 38
(b)
u
1

3, 2, 5
u
38
81.
v 0, 3, 5
v 0 9 25 34
236
Chapter 10
c v 2c, 2c, c
89.
91. v 10
c v 4c 2 4c 2 c 2 5
0,
9c2 25
c
93. v
u
1
1
10 0,
,
u
2 2
,
10
5
3

3 u
3 2 2 1
1

,
,
1, 1,
2 u 2 3 3 3
2
95. v 2
cos 30j sin 30k
v 3, 6, 3
97.
3 j k 0, 3, 1
2
3v
2, 4, 2
4, 3, 0 2, 4, 2 2, 1, 2
0,
10
2 2
3, 1
1
1
y
2
x
0,
3, 1
99. (a)
(b) w au bv ai a bj bk 0
a 0, a b 0, b 0
1
Thus, a and b are both zero.

v
1
y
(c) ai a bj bk i 2j k
(d) a i a bj bk i 2j 3k
a 1, b 1
a 1, a b 2, b 3
wuv
Not possible
101. d x2 x12 y2 y12 z2 z12
103. Two nonzero vectors u and v are parallel if u cv

for some scalar c.
105. (a) The height of the right triangle is h L2 182.

The vector PQ is given by
Q (0, 0, h)
PQ 0, 18, h.

L
The tension vector T in each wire is

24
T c0, 18, h where ch
8.
3
8
Hence, T 0, 18, h and
h
(0, 18, 0)
(0, 0, 0)
18
8
8L
8
182 L2 182
T T 182 h2
h
L2 182
L2 182
(b)
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
18.4
11.5
10
9.3
9.0
8.7
8.6
CONTINUED
Section 10.2
30
v cos i cos j cos k
L = 18
v 3 cos 1
cos
T=8
0
3
1

3
3
100
0
v
x 18 is a vertical asymptote and y 8 is a

horizontal asymptote.
3
i j k
z
0.6
8L
(d) lim

L18 L2 182
0.4
3
,
3
3
,
3
8L
8
lim
8
L L2 182
L 1 18L2
0.2
0.6
x
109. AB 0, 70, 115, F1 C10, 70, 115

\
AC 60, 0, 115, F2 C2 60, 0, 115

\
AD 45, 65, 115, F3 C3 45, 65, 115

F F1 F2 F3 0, 0, 500
Thus:
60C2 45C3
65C3
C2 C3 500
104
28
112
Solving this system yields C1 69 , C2 23, and C3 69 . Thus:
F1 202.919N
F2 157.909N
F3 226.521N
111. dAP 2dBP
x2 y 12 z 12 2x 12 y 22 z 2
x2 y2 z2 2y 2z 2 4x2 y2 z2 2x 4y 5
0 3x2 3y2 3z2 8x 18y 2z 18
6
16
1
8
16
2
1
9 x2 x
y2 6y 9 z2 z
9
9
3
9
3
9
4
44
x
9
3
Sphere; center:
(
y
0.4
0.4
(e) From the table, T 10 implies L 30 inches.
115C1
3
3
0.2
lim
70C1
237
107. Let be the angle between v and the coordinate axes.
105. CONTINUED
(c)
43, 3, 31 , radius: 2 311

y 32 z
1
3
3
1, 1, 1
238
Chapter 10
Section 10.3
The Dot Product of Two Vectors
1. u 3, 4, v 2, 3
3. u 2, 3, 4, v 0, 6, 5
(a) u v 32 43 6
(a) u
(b) u u 33 44 25
(b) u u 22 33 44 29
(c)
u2
25
(c) u2 29
(d) u vv 62, 3 12, 18

(e) u
(a) u v 21 10 11 1
(e) u 2v 2u

7.
v 22 4
u 3240, 1450, 2235

v 2.22, 1.85, 3.25
(b) u u 22 11 11 6
u v $17,139.05
(c) u2 6
This gives the total amount that the person earned on his
products.
(d) u v v v i k
(e) u 2v 2u
9.
(d) u v v 20, 6, 5 0, 12, 10
2v 2u v 26 12
5. u 2i j k, v i k
v 20 36 45 2
v 2
uv
cos
u v
11. u 1, 1, v 2, 2
u v 85 cos

20
3
cos

13. u 3i j, v 2i 4j
cos
uv
2
1

u v 1020 52
arccos
98.1
52
17. u 3i 4j, v 2j 3k

cos
uv
8
813

u v 513
65
arccos
21. u 4, 3, v
813
116.3
65
12, 32
u cv not parallel
u v 0 orthogonal
25. u 2, 3, 1, v 1, 1, 1
u cv not parallel
u v 0 orthogonal
uv
0

0
u v 28

2
15. u 1, 1, 1, v 2, 1, 1

cos
2
uv
2

u v 36
3
arcos
2
61.9
19. u 4, 0, v 1, 1

u cv not parallel
u v 4 0 not orthogonal
Neither
23. u j 6k, v i 2j k
u c v not parallel
u v 8 0 not orthogonal
Neither
Section 10.3
27. u i 2j 2k, u 3
cos

29. u 0, 6, 4, u 52 213

cos
0
1
3
13
cos
2
cos
3
cos
2
cos
3
cos2
The Dot Product of Two Vectors
cos2
31. u 3, 2, 2
cos2
1 4 4
1
9 9 9
u 17
cos2
cos2 cos2 0
33. u 1, 5, 2
cos

3

0.7560 or 43.3
17
cos

cos
2

1.0644 or 61.0
17
cos
cos
2

2.0772 or 119.0
17
cos
35. F1: C1
50
4.3193
F1
F2: C2
80
5.4183
F2
2
13
1
30
5
30
u 30

1.7544 or 100.5

0.4205 or 24.1
2

1.1970 or 68.6
30
37. Let s length of a side.

v s, s, s
v s3
F F1 F2
cos
cos cos
4.319310, 5, 3 5.418312, 7, 5

F
124.310 lb
108.2126

29.48
F
14.1336

96.53
F
39. OA 0, 10, 10

cos

1
2
s
s
x
41. w2 u w1 6, 7 2, 8 4, 1
02 102 102
cos cos
59.5246

61.39
cos
F
cos
s
1

s3 3
13
54.7
arccos
108.2126, 59.5246, 14.1336
cos

9
4

1
13 13
02
0
90
10
102 102
45
43. w2 u w1 0, 3, 3 2, 2, 2 2, 1, 1
45. u 2, 3, v 5, 1

(a) w1
13
5 1
5, 1 ,
uv v v 26
2 2
2
1 5
(b) w2 u w1 ,
2 2
239
240
Chapter 10

49. u v u1, u2, u3
47. u 2, 1, 2, v 0, 3, 4

(a) w1
v1, v2, v3 u1v1 u2v2 u3v3
uv v v
2
11
33 44
0, 3, 4 0, ,
25
25 25
(b) w2 u w1 2,
8 6
,
25 25

2
51. (a) Orthogonal,
(b) Acute, 0 < <

2
53. See page 738. Direction cosines of v v1, v2, v3 are
cos

v1
v
v
, cos 2 , cos 3 .
v
v
v
(c) Obtuse,
uv v v u u cv u and v are parallel.
55. (a)
uv v v 0 u v 0 u and v
(b)
, , and are the direction angles. See Figure 10.26.


< <
2
are orthogonal.
61. Because u appears to be perpendicular to v, the projection of u onto v is 0. Analytically,

projv u
uv
2, 3 6, 4
v
6, 4 06, 4 0.
v2
6, 42
1
2
63. u i j. Want u v 0.
2
3
v 8i 6j and v 8i 6j are orthogonal to u.
67. (a) Gravitational Force F 48,000 j

v cos 10 i sin 10 j
w1
65. u 3, 1, 2. Want u v 0.

v 0, 2, 1 and v 0, 2, 1 are orthogonal to u.
(b) w2 F w1 48,000 j 8335.1cos 10 i sin 10 j

8208.5 i 46,552.6 j
Fv
v F vv 48,000sin 10v
v2
w2
47,270.8 lb
8335.1cos 10 i sin 10 j

w1
8335.1 lb
12 i
69. F 85
3
71. PQ 4, 7, 5
v 1, 4, 8
v 10i
W F v 425 ft
lb
W PQ
v 72
73. False. Let u 2, 4, v 1, 7 and w 5, 5. Then u v 2 28 30 and u w 10 20 30.
75. In a rhombus, u v. The diagonals are u v and u v.
u v u v u v u u v v
uuvuuvvv
u2 v2 0
Therefore, the diagonals are orthogonal.
uv
u
u+v
v
Section 10.4
The Cross Product of Two Vectors in Space
77. u cos , sin , 0, v cos , sin , 0

The angle between u and v is . Assuming that > . Also,
cos
uv
cos cos sin sin

cos cos sin sin .
u v
11
79. u v2 u v u v
81. u v2 u v u v
u v u u v v
u v u u v v
uuvuuvvv
uuvuuvvv
u2 u v u v v2
u2 2u v v2
u2 v2 2u v
u 2 2u v v 2 from Exercise 66

u v2
Therefore, u v u v.
Section 10.4

i j k
1. j i 0 1 0 k
1 0 0

i j k
3. j k 0 1 0 i
0 0 1
i j k
5. i k 1 0 0 j
0 0 1
j
1

1
y
i j k
7. (a) u v 2 3 4 22, 16, 23
3 7 2

i
j
3
9. (a) u v 7
1 1
1
1
k
2 17, 33, 10
5
(b) v u u v 22, 16, 23
(b) v u u v 17, 33, 10
i j k
(c) v v 3 7 2 0
3 7 2
(c) v v 0
11. u 2, 3, 1, v 1, 2, 1

i
j
u v 2 3
1 2
k
1 i j k 1, 1, 1
1
u u v 21 31 11 0 u u v

v u v 11 21 11 0 v u v
241
242
Chapter 10
13. u 12, 3, 0, v 2, 5, 0
15. u i j k, v 2i j k

i
j
12 3
2
5
uv

i
uv 1
2
k
0 54k 0, 0, 54
0
u u v 12 13 11
u u v 120 30 054
0 uuv
0 uuv
v u v 22 13 11
v u v 20 50 054
0 vuv
0 vuv
17.
19.
z
6
5
4
3
2
1
z
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
4
j k
1
1 2i 3j k 2, 3, 1
1 1
u
4
23. u 3i 2j 5k
21. u 4, 3.5, 7

v 1, 8, 4
u v 70, 23,
57
2
1
3
1
v i j k
2
4
10
140
46
57
uv

,
,
u v
24,965 24,965 24,965
uv
71 11 5
, ,
20
5 4
uv
20
71 11 5

, ,
u v 7602
20
5 4

71
7602
,
44
25
7602 7602

27. u j
29. u 3, 2, 1
vjk
v 1, 2, 3
i j k
uv 0 1 0 i
0 1 1
i
uv 3
1
A u v i 1
A u v 8, 10, 4 180 6 5

31. A1, 1, 1,, B2, 3, 4, C6, 5, 2, D7, 7, 5

\
AB 1, 2, 3, AC 5, 4, 1, CD 1, 2, 3,

BD 5, 4, 1
\
Since AB CD and AC BD , the figure is a parallelogram. AB and AC are adjacent sides and
\

i j k
AB AC 1 2 3 10i 14j 6k.
5 4 1
\
A AB AC 332 2 83
j k
2 1 8, 10, 4
2
3
33. A0, 0, 0, B1, 2, 3, C3, 0, 0

\
AB 1, 2, 3, AC 3, 0, 0

\
AB AC

i
1
3
j
2
0
k
3 9j 6k
0
1
1
3
A AB AC 117 13
2
2
2
\
Section 10.4
35. A2, 7, 3, B1, 5, 8, C4, 6, 1
\
243
37. F 20k
AB 3, 12, 5, AC 2, 13, 4

1
PQ cos 40 j sin 40 k
2
i
j
k
PQ F 0 cos 40 2 sin 40 2 10 cos 40 i
0
0
20
\
i
j k
AB AC 3 12
5 113, 2, 63
2 13 4
\
1
1
Area AB AC 16,742
2
2
\
PQ F 10 cos 40 7.66 ft lb

\
PQ
1
ft
2
40
F
3
OA k
2
\
39. (a)
F 60sin
j cos
k
100
OA
1.5 ft
i
j
k
OA F 0
0
32
90 sin
i
0 60 sin
60 cos
OA F 90 sin
180
0
22 45
(b) When
45 : OA F 90
(c) Let T 90 sin
.
2 63.64.
dT
90 cos
0 when
90 .
d
This is what we expected. When

90 the pipe wrench is horizontal.

1
41. u v w 0
0
0
1
0
0
0 1
1

2
43. u v w 0
0
0
3
0
1
0 6
1

1
45. u v w 0
1
1
1
0
0
1 2
1
V u v w 2
47. u 3, 0, 0
v 0, 5, 1
w 2, 0, 5

3
u v w 0
2
0
5
0
0
1 75
5
V u v w 75
49. u v u1, u2, u3
v1, v2, v3 u 2v3 u 3v2 i u 1v3 u 3v1j u 1v2 u 2v1k
51. The magnitude of the cross product will increase by a

factor of 4.
55. True
53. If the vectors are ordered pairs, then the cross product
does not exist. False.
244
Chapter 10
57. u u1, u2, u3 , v v1, v2, v3 , w w1, w2, w3

u v w
i
u1
v1 w1
j
u2
v2 w2
k
u3
v3 w3
u2v3 w3 u3v2 w2 i u1v3 w3 u3v1 w1 j u1v2 w2 u2v1 w1k
u2v3 u3v2i u1v3 u3v1j u1v2 u2v1k u2w3 u3w2i
u1w3 u3w1j u1w2 u2w1k

u v u w
59. u u1, u2, u3

i j
u u u1 u 2
u1 u2
k
u3 u2u3 u3u2 i u1u3 u3u1j u1u2 u2u1k 0
u3
u v u2v3 u3v2i u1v3 u3v1j u1v2 u2v1k
61.
u v u u2v3 u3v2u1 u3v1 u1v3u2 u1v2 u2v1u3 0

u v v u2v3 u3v2v1 u3v1 u1v3v2 u1v2 u2v1v3 0
Thus, u v u and u v v.
63. u v u v sin
If u and v are orthogonal,
2 and sin 1. Therefore, u v u v .
Section 10.5
Lines and Planes in Space
1. x 1 3t, y 2 t, z 2 5t
(a)
(b) When t 0 we have P 1, 2, 2. When t 3 we have

Q 10, 1, 17.
\
PQ 9, 3, 15

The components of the vector and the coefficients of t are
proportional since the line is parallel to PQ .
\
x
y
(c) y 0 when t 2. Thus, x 7 and z 12.

Point: 7, 0, 12
0, 73, 13
2
1 12
z 0 when t . Point: , , 0
5
5 5
1
x 0 when t . Point:
3
3. Point: (0, 0, 0
5. Point: 2, 0, 3
Direction vector: v 1, 2, 3
Direction vector: v 2, 4, 2
Direction numbers: 1, 2, 3
(a) Parametric: x t, y 2t, z 3t
(a) Parametric: x 2 2t, y 4t, z 3 2t
z
y
(b) Symmetric: x
2 3
(b) Symmetric:
y
z3
x2

2
4
2
Section 10.5
9. Points: 5, 3, 2,
7. Point: 1, 0, 1
Direction vector: v 3i 2j k
23, 23, 1
11
17
i
j 3k
3
3
Direction vector: v
(a) Parametric: x 1 3t, y 2t, z 1 t
(b) Symmetric:
y
z1
x1

3
2
1
(a) Parametric: x 5 17t, y 3 11t, z 2 9t

(b) Symmetric:
x5 y3 z2

17
11
9
13. Point: 2, 3, 4
11. Points: 2, 3, 0, 10, 8, 12

Direction vector: 8, 5, 12
Direction vector: v k
(a) Parametric: x 2 8t, y 3 5t, z 12t
Parametric: x 2, y 3, z 4 t
(b) Symmetric:
x2 y3
z

8
5
12
15. Point: (2, 3, 1
17. Li: v 3, 2, 4
Direction vector: v 4i k
Parametric: x 2 4t, y 3, z 1 t
Symmetric:
x2 z1

,y3
4
1
6, 2, 5 on line
L 2: v 6, 4, 8
6, 2, 5 on line
L 3: v 6, 4, 8
6, 2, 5 not on line
L 4: v 6, 4, 6
not parallel to L1, L 2, nor L 3
Hence, L1 and L 2 are identical.
(a) On line
L1 L 2 and L 3 are parallel.
(b) On line
(c) Not on line y 3
(d) Not on line
6 4 2 21 1
19. At the point of intersection, the coordinates for one line equal the corresponding coordinates for the other line. Thus,
(i) 4t 2 2s 2, (ii) 3 2s 3, and (iii) t 1 s 1.
From (ii), we find that s 0 and consequently, from (iii), t 0. Letting s t 0, we see that equation (i) is satisfied
and therefore the two lines intersect. Substituting zero for s or for t, we obtain the point (2, 3, 1.
u 4i k
(First line)
v 2i 2j k
(Second line)
cos
u v
u v
7
7 17
81

51
17 9
3 17
21. Writing the equations of the lines in parametric form we have

x 3t
y2t
z 1 t
x 1 4s
y 2 s
z 3 3s.
17
11
For the coordinates to be equal, 3t 1 4s and 2 t 2 s. Solving this system yields t 7 and s 7 .
When using these values for s and t, the z coordinates are not equal. The lines do not intersect.
23. x 2t 3
245
x 2s 7
y 5t 2
ys8
z t 1
z 2s 1
Point of intersection: 7, 8, 1
z
4
10
2
2
(7, 8, 1)
10
246
Chapter 10
25. 4x 3y 6z 6
(a) P 0, 0, 1, Q 0, 2, 0, R 3, 4, 1
\
PQ 0, 2, 1, PR 3, 4, 0

i
j
(b) PQ PR 0 2
3
4
\
k
1 4, 3, 6
0
The components of the cross product are proportional

to the coefficients of the variables in the equation. The
cross product is parallel to the normal vector.
27. Point: 2, 1, 2
29. Point: 3, 2, 2
n i 1, 0, 0
Normal vector: n 2i 3j k
1x 2 0y 1 0z 2 0
2x 3 3y 2 1z 2 0
x20
2x 3y z 10
31. Point: 0, 0, 6
33. Let u be the vector from 0, 0, 0 to 1, 2, 3:

u i 2j 3k
Normal vector: n i j 2k
Let v be the vector from 0, 0, 0 to 2, 3, 3:

v 2i 3j 3k
1x 0 1y 0 2z 6 0

x y 2z 12 0
Normal vector: u v
x y 2z 12

i
1
2
j
2
3
k
3
3
3i 9j 7k
3x 0 9 y 0 7z 0 0
3x 9y 7z 0
35. Let u be the vector from 1, 2, 3 to 3, 2, 1: u 2i 2k
Let v be the vector from 1, 2, 3 to 1, 2, 2: v 2i 4j k
Normal vector:
12 u v

i
1
2
j k
0 1 4i 3j 4k
4
1
4x 1 3y 2 4z 3 0

4x 3y 4z 10
37. 1, 2, 3, Normal vector: v k, 1z 3 0, z 3
39. The direction vectors for the lines are u 2i j k,

v 3i 4j k.

i
Normal vector: u v 2
3
j k
1
1 5i j k
4 1
Point of intersection of the lines: 1, 5, 1
x 1 y 5 z 1 0
xyz5
41. Let v be the vector from 1, 1, 1 to 2, 2, 1: v 3i j 2k
Let n be a vector normal to the plane 2x 3y z 3: n 2i 3j k

Since v and n both lie in the plane p, the normal vector to p is

i
j
1
vn 3
2 3
k
2 7i j 11k
1
7x 2 1y 2 11z 1 0

7x y 11z 5
Section 10.5
43. Let u i and let v be the vector from 1, 2, 1 to
2, 5, 6: v i 7j 7k
247
45. The normal vectors to the planes are

n1 5, 3, 1, n2 1, 4, 7, cos
Since u and v both lie in the plane P, the normal vector to

P is:

n1 n2 0.
n1 n2
Thus,
2 and the planes are orthogonal.
i j k
u v 1 0 0 7j 7k 7j k
1 7 7
y 2 z 1 0
y z 1
49. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 1, 5, 1
and n2 5, 25, 5. Since n2 5n1, the planes are
parallel, but not equal.
47. The normal vectors to the planes are

n1 i 3j 6k, n2 5i j k,
n1 n2 5 3 6 4 138 .
cos
n1 n2
46 27
414
4 414138 83.5
.

Therefore, arccos
51. 4x 2y 6z 12
53. 2x y 3z 4
55. y z 5
z
6
z
6
4
6
6
6
57. x 5
59. 2x y z 6
z
3
6
2
4
6
y
5
x
61. 5x 4y 6z 8 0
y
Generated by Maple
63. P1: n 3, 2, 5

P2: n 6, 4, 10
1, 1, 1 on plane

1, 1, 1 not on plane
P3: n 3, 2, 5
P4: n 75, 50, 125
P1 and P4 are identical.
P1 P4 is parallel to P2.
1, 1, 1 on plane
Generated by Maple
65. Each plane passes through the points
c, 0, 0, 0, c, 0, and 0, 0, c.
248
Chapter 10
67. The normals to the planes are n1 3i 2j k and

n2 i 4j 2k. The direction vector for the line is

i
j k
2 7 j 2k.
n2 n1 1 4
3
2 1
Now find a point of intersection of the planes.
6x 4y 2y 14
x
2
3
1
t, y
t, z 1 2t
2
2
12 t 232 t 1 2t 12, t 23
Substituting t 3
2 into the parametric equations for the
line we have the point of intersection 2, 3, 2. The line
does not lie in the plane.
x 4y 2z 0
14
7x
69. Writing the equation of the line in parametric form and

substituting into the equation of the plane we have:
x 2
Substituting 2 for x in the second equation, we have
4y 2z 2 or z 2y 1. Letting y 1, a point
of intersection is 2, 1, 1.
x 2, y 1 t, z 1 2t
71. Writing the equation of the line in parametric form and
substituting into the equation of the plane we have:
x 1 3t, y 1 2t, z 3 t
21 3t 31 2t 10, 1 10, contradiction
Therefore, the line does not intersect the plane.
73. Point: Q0, 0, 0

Plane: 2x 3y z 12 0
Normal to plane: n 2, 3, 1
Point in plane: P6, 0, 0
\
Vector PQ 6, 0 0
PQ n 12 6 14

D
\
75. Point: Q2, 8, 4

Normal to plane: n 2, 1, 1
P 10, 0, 0 is a point in x 3y 4z 10.

Q 6, 0, 0 is a point in x 3y 4z 6.
Point in plane: P0, 0, 5
PQ n1
PQ 4, 0, 0, D
Vector: PQ 2, 8, 1

D
PQ n
n
11
6
n1
11 6
6
79. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 3, 6, 7 and

n2 6, 12, 14. Since n2 2n1, the planes are
parallel. Choose a point in each plane.
P 0, 1, 1 is a point in 3x 6y 7z 1.
Q
\
256, 0, 0 is a point in 6x 12y 14z 25.
PQ
256, 1, 1
\
n1
94
x x1 at, y y1 bt, z z1 ct.

x x1 y y1 z z1

.
a
b
c

i
PQ u 3
4
\
j k
2 3 2, 9, 8
0 1
PQ u 149 2533

u
17
17
27
27 94

2 94
188
83. The parametric equations of a line L parallel to v a, b, c,

and passing through the point Px1, y1, z1 are
The symmetric equations are
4
2 26

13
26
81. u 4, 0, 1 is the direction vector for the line.

Q1, 5, 2 is the given point, and P2, 3, 1 is on the
line. Hence, PQ 3, 2, 3 and
D
PQ n1 27
2
D

77. The normal vectors to the planes are n1 1, 3, 4 and
n2 1, 3, 4. Since n1 n2, the planes are parallel.
Choose a point in each plane.
Plane: 2x y z 5
14
85. Solve the two linear equations representing the planes

to find two points of intersection. Then find the line
determined by the two points.
Section 10.6
Surfaces in Space
249
(b) Parallel planes
87. (a) Sphere
x 3 y 2 z 5 16
x2 y2 z2 6x 4y 10z 22 0
2
4x 3y z 10 4n 10 426
89. (a) z 28.7 1.83x 1.09y

Year
1980
1985
1990
1994
1995
1996
1997
z (approx.)
16.16
14.23
9.81
8.60
8.42
8.27
8.23
(b) An increase in x or y will cause a decrease in z. In fact,

any increase in two variables will cause a decrease in the third.
z
(c)
30
(0, 0, 28.7)
(15.7, 0, 0)
(0, 26.3, 0)
30
x
30
91. True
Section 10.6
Surfaces in Space
1. Ellipsoid
3. Hyperboloid of one sheet
Matches graph (c)
5. Elliptic paraboloid
Matches graph (f)
7. z 3
9. y2 z2 9
Plane parallel to the

xy-coordinate plane
Matches graph (d)
The x-coordinate is missing so we have a cylindrical

surface with rulings parallel to the x-axis. The generating
curve is a circle.
2
3
x
4
y
11. y x2
7 6
13. 4x2 y2 4
The z-coordinate is missing so we have a cylindrical surface with rulings parallel to the z-axis. The generating
curve is a parabola.
z
4
x2 y 2
1
1
4
The z-coordinate is missing so we have a cylindrical
surface with rulings parallel to the z-axis. The generating
curve is an ellipse.
z
3
2
3
4
3
2
3
x
250
Chapter 10
15. z sin y
z
2
The x-coordinate is missing so we have a cylindrical

surface with rulings parallel to the x-axis. The generating
curve is the sine curve.
3
4
x
17. x x2 y2
(a) You are viewing the paraboloid from the x-axis: 20, 0, 0
(b) You are viewing the paraboloid from above, but not on the z-axis: 10, 10, 20
(c) You are viewing the paraboloid from the z-axis: 0, 0, 20
(d) You are viewing the paraboloid from the y-axis: 0, 20, 0
19.
x2 y 2 z2

1
1
4
1
2
Ellipsoid
2
xz-trace: x 2 z 2 1 circle
y2
4x 2
y2
x
xy-trace:
1 ellipse
1
4
yz-trace:
21. 16x 2 y 2 16z 2 4
z2
1
1 ellipse
y2
4
xy-trace: y
xy-trace: y x
point 0, 0, 0
yz-trace: y z 2
y 1:
z2
xy-trace: point 0, 0, 0

xz-trace: z x
yz-trace: z y 2
1
yz-trace: z
z 1: x2
y2
1
4
z
x
3 2
2 3
1
3
2
2
29.
y2
4
Elliptic Cone
27. z 2 x2
y 1: z 1 x 2
y 2
4z 2 1 hyperbola
4
xz-trace: z x2
xz-trace: 4x 2 z 2 1 circle
Hyperbolic paraboloid
xz-trace: x2 z 2 0,
16x2 9y2 16z2 32x 36y 36 0
16x2 2x 1 9y2 4y 4 16z2 36 16 36
2
1
16x 12 9y 22 16z2 16
x 12 y 22 z2

1
1
169
1
Ellipsoid with center 1, 2, 0.
y2
1 hyperbola
4
25. x2 y 2 z 0
x2
2
2
xy-trace: 4x 2
Elliptic paraboloid
x2
4z 2 1
Hyperboloid on one sheet

2
yz-trace:
23. x2 y z 2 0
z
3
1
2
2
x
2
Section 10.6
31. z 2 sin x
33. z 2 x 2 4y 2
35. x2 y2
z x2 4y2
Surfaces in Space
y
z
3
251
2z
z4 x
z
4
1
2
y
4
4
37. z 4 xy
39. 4x 2 y 2 4z 2 16
z
y4 x
2
41. z 2x2 y 2
z2
4
2x2 y 2 2
x2 y2 1
8
5
3
3
6
4
8
3
2
8
2
4
6
2
2
y
2
2
2
43. x2 y2 1
4
z0
45. x2 z 2
ry2 and z r y 2y; therefore,
xz2
x2 z 2 4y.
3
x
z
47. x2 y 2
rz2 and y rz ; therefore,
2
z2
x2 y 2 , 4x2 4y 2 z 2.
4
2
49. y 2 z 2
rx2 and y r x ; therefore,
x
2 2 2
4
2
2
2
y z
, y z 2.
x
x
51. x 2 y 2 2z 0
53. Let C be a curve in a plane and let L be a line not in a

parallel plane. The set of all lines parallel to L and
intersecting C is called a cylinder.
x2
y2
2z

Equation of generating curve: y 2z or x 2z
55. See pages 765 and 766.
57. V 2
x4x x2 dx
2
4x3 x4

3
4
4
0
128
3
3
2
h ( x)
x
1
p ( x)
252
Chapter 10
59. z
x2 y2

2
4
(a) When z 2 we have 2
x2 y2
x2 y2
, or 1
2
4
4
8
(b) When z 8 we have 8
x2 y 2
y2
x2
, or 1
.
2
16 32
4
Major axis: 28 42
Major axis: 232 82
Minor axis: 24 4
Minor axis: 216 8
c2
a2
b2,
c2
4, c 2
c 2 32 16 16, c 4
Foci: 0, 2, 2
Foci: 0, 4, 8
61. If x, y, z is on the surface, then
63.
y2
z2
x2

1
2
2
3963
3963
39422
y 22 x2 y 2)2 z2
y2
4y 4 x y 4y 4 z
2
2
4000
x2 z2 8y
Elliptic paraboloid
4000
Traces parallel to xz-plane are circles.
4000
x
65. z
y2
x2
2 , z bx ay
2
b
a
bx ay
67. The Klein bottle does not have both an inside and an
outside. It is formed by inserting the small open end
through the side of the bottle and making it contiguous
with the top of the bottle.
y2
x2
2
2
b
a
a4b2
1
a2b4
1 2
x a2 bx
2 y2 ab2y
a2
4
b
4
x a2b y ab2
2
a2
2 2
y
b2
a2b
ab2
b
x

a
2
2
Letting x at, you obtain the two intersecting lines

x at, y bt, z 0 and x at, y bt ab2
z 2abt a2b2.
Section 10.7
1. 5, 0, 2, cylindrical
x 5 cos 0 5
y 5 sin 0 0
z2
5, 0, 2, rectangular
Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

3.
2, 3 , 2, cylindrical
5.
4, 76, 3, cylindrical
x 2 cos

1
3
x 4 cos
7
23
6
y 2 sin

3
3
y 4 sin
7
2
6
z2
z3
Section 10.7
9. 1, 3, 4, rectangular

r 02 52 5
z1
r 22 22 22
arctan3

3
arctan1

4
z 4
z4
13. x2 y2 z2 10 rectangular equation

r2
r 1 3 2
5

0
2
arctan
15. y x2
rectangular equation
r sin r cos
z 10 cylindrical equation
2
sin r cos2
r sec
19.
17. r 2
x2
y2
2
z
y
1

x
3
x 3 y
3
2
3
r 2 2r sin
x2 y2 2y
x2 y2 2y 0
2
x
cylindrical equation
21. r 2 sin
y
tan
6
x
x2 y 2 4

6
tan
x2 y 12 1
2
y
2
x 3 y 0
2
3
y
2
2
x
1
2
23. r 2 z 2 4
x
2
y2
z2
4
42 02 02 4
arctan 0 0
1
2
x
2
2
1
1
arccos 0

2
4, 0, 2 , spherical
22 23 2 42 42

arctan 3
arccos

4
2
3
2
2
42, , , spherical
3 4
29. 3, 1, 23 , rectangular
3 1 12 4
arctan
1
3
arccos
3

6

6
4, 6 , 6 , spherical
253
254
Chapter 10
31.
x 4 sin

cos 6
4
6
y 4 sin

sin 2
4
6
z 4 cos

22
4
33.
12, 4, 0, spherical

x 12 sin 0 cos
0
4

y 12 sin 0 sin
0
4
z 12 cos 0 12
6, 2, 22 , rectangular
5, 4 , 34, spherical
35.
x 5 sin
3
5
cos
4
4
2
y 5 sin
3
5
sin
4
4
2
z 5 cos
3
52

4
2
52, 52, 5 2 2 , rectangular

39. x2 y2 z2 36 rectangular equation
37. (a) Programs will vary.

(b) x, y, z 3, 4, 2
2 36
spherical equation
, , 5.385, 0.927, 1.190

43. 2
41. x2 y2 9 rectangular equation
x
2
2 sin2 cos2 2 sin2 sin2 9
y2
z2
4
2 sin2 9
1
2
sin 3
2
2
3 csc spherical equation
45.

6
47. 4 cos
z
2
z
x2 y2 z2
3
z

2
x2 y2 z2
z2
3
2
4 x y2 z2
cos
x2 y2 z2
2
1
x
4z
x2 y2 z2
4
3
x2 y2 z2 4z 0
z
5
x2 y2 z 22 4
1
2
y
x
3x 2 3y 2 z 2 0
49. csc
51.
sin 1

42 02 4
x2 y2 1
x2 y2 1

1
2
x
2
2
1
2

42 42 42

arccos 0

4
53.

2

4, , , spherical
4 2

2
4 4 2 4
arccos
Section 10.7
55.
57. 12, , 5, cylindrical
42 62 213
2
13,
122
52
13
5
13
z 10 cos

3
, arccos
,
6
13
36, , 2 , spherical
r sin 36 sin
63.

36
2
r 6 sin

z cos 36 cos

0
2
8, 76, 6 , spherical
65.

33
3
r 8 sin

6
z 6 cos
36, , 0, cylindrical

3
3
Spherical
7.810, 0.983, 1.177
69. 4.698, 1.710, 8
7.211, 0.983, 3

5, , 8
9
71. 7.071, 12.247, 14.142
14.142, 2.094, 14.142
20, 23, 4
73. 3, 2, 2
3.606, 0.588, 2
4.123, 0.588, 1.064
2.833, 0.490, 1.5
3.206, 0.490, 2.058
77. 3.536, 3.536, 5
5, 34, 5
7.071, 2.356, 2.356
79. 2.804, 2.095, 6
3.5, 2.5, 6
6.946, 5.642, 0.528
52, 43, 32
83

6
2
Cylindrical
67. 4, 6, 3

4
6
7
6
z 8 cos
Rectangular
75.

0
2
spherical
61.

6

13, , arccos 135 , spherical
13

10
2
r 10 sin
arccos
255
59.

6
arccos
9.434, 0.349, 0.559
[Note: Use the cylindrical coordinates 3.5, 5.642, 6

83. 5
81. r 5
85. r 2 z, x 2 y 2 z
Cylinder
Sphere
Paraboloid
Matches graph (d)
Matches graph (c)
Matches graph (f)
87. Rectangular to cylindrical: r 2 x2 y2

tan
y
x
zz
Cylindrical to rectangular: x r cos
y r sin
zz
89. Rectangular to spherical: 2 x2 y2 z2

tan
y
x
arccos
z
x2 y2 z2
Spherical to rectangular: x sin cos

y sin sin
z cos
256
Chapter 10
91. x2 y2 z2 16
93. x2 y2 z2 2z 0
(a) r 2 z 2 16
(a) r 2 z 2 2z 0, r 2 z 12 1
(b) 2 16, 4
(b) 2 2 cos 0, 2 cos 0,
2 cos
95. x2 y 2 4y
97. x2 y2 9
(a) r 2 4r sin , r 4 sin
(a) r 2 cos2 r 2 sin2 9,
(b) 2 sin2 4 sin sin ,
r2
sin sin 4 sin 0,

(b) 2 sin2 cos2 2 sin2 sin2 9,
4 sin
, 4 sin csc
sin
2 sin2
2
99. 0
9
cos2 sin2

2
9
,
cos2 sin2
9 csc2
cos2 sin2
101. 0 2
103. 0 2
0 r a
0 r 2
r z a
0 z 4

6
0
0 a sec
z
z
z
a
a
a
30
2
1
x
2
3
y
y
105. Rectangular
107. Spherical
0 x 10
4 6
10
0 y 10
0 z 10
8
8
10
10
x
8
109. z sin , r 1
z
y
y
y
r
1
The curve of intersection is the ellipse formed by the intersection of the plane z y and the cylinder r 1.
Review Exercises for Chapter 10

1. P 1, 2, Q 4, 1, R 5, 4
\
(a) u PQ 3, 1 3i j,

\
v PR 4, 2 4i 2j
(b) v 42 22 25
(c) 2u v 6, 2 4, 2 10, 0 10i
3. v v cos i v sin j 8 cos 120 i 8 sin 120 j

4i 43j

5. 120 cos 100
arccos
tan
y
2 ft
56
y
2
2
y
y
tan
120 lb
100 lb
10
2
2

3.015 ft
tan
arccos5 6
11 5
11
7. z 0, y 4, x 5: 5, 4, 0
11. x 32 y 22 z 62
9. Looking down from the positive x-axis towards the yz-plane,

the point is either in the first quadrant y > 0, z > 0 or in
the third quadrant y < 0, z < 0. The x-coordinate can be
any number.
152
13. x2 4x 4 y 2 6y 9 z 2 4 4 9
15. v 4 2, 4 1, 7 3 2, 5, 10
x 22 y 32 z 2 9
Center: 2, 3, 0
Radius: 3
(2, 1, 3) 3
2
1
z
5
4
3
2
1 2
3
5
4 5
6
(4, 4, 7)
17. v 1 3, 6 4, 9 1 4, 2, 10
19. Unit vector:
w 5 3, 3 4, 6 1 2, 1, 5
u
2
3
5
2, 3, 5

,
,
u
38
38 38 38
Since 2w v, the points lie in a straight line.

21. P 5, 0, 0, Q 4, 4, 0, R 2, 0, 6
23. u 7, 2, 3, v 1, 4, 5
(a) u PQ 1, 4, 0 i 4j,
Since u
v 0, the vectors are orthogonal.
v PR 3, 0, 6 3i 6k
(b) u
v 13 40 06 3
(c) v
v 9 36 45
3
3
52
i sin
j
i j
4
4
2
2
2
i sin
j i 3 j
3
3
25. u 5 cos
v 2 cos
u
v
27. u 10, 5, 15, v 2, 1, 3

u 5v u is parallel to v and in the opposite
direction.

52
1 3
2
u 5
v 2
cos
257
u
v 52 2 1 3 2 6
52
u v
arccos
2 6
15
258
Chapter 10
29. There are many correct answers. For example: v 6, 5, 0.
<
>
<
>
<
>
In Exercises 3139, u 3, 2, 1 , v 2, 4, 3 , w 1, 2, 2 .

31. u
u 33 22 11

14 14 u
2
uu
w u
33. projuw

5
3, 2, 1
14

15 10
5
, ,
14 14 14
15 5
5
, ,
14 7 14

35. n v w
n 5
i
2
1
j
4
2
k
3 2i j
2

v w
3, 2, 1
2, 1, 0 4 4
37. V u
1
n

2i j
n 5
39. Area parallelogram u v 102 112 82 (See Exercises 36, 38)
285
41. F ccos 20 j sin 20 k
PQ 2k
i
PQ F 0
0
\
PQ
j
k
0
2
2c cos 20 i
c cos 20 c sin 20
200 PQ F 2c cos 20
2 ft
70
100
c
cos 20
F
100
cos 20 j sin 20 k 100 j tan 20 k
cos 20
F 1001 tan2 20 100 sec 20 106.4 lb

43. v j
(a) x 1, y 2 t, z 3
(b) None
45. 3x 3y 7z 4, x y 2z 3
Solving simultaneously, we have z 1. Substituting z 1
into the second equation we have y x 1. Substituting
for x in this equation we obtain two points on the line of
intersection, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1. The direction vector of
the line of intersection is v i j.
(a) x t, y 1 t, z 1
(b) x y 1, z 1

49. Q 1, 0, 2
47. The two lines are parallel as they have the same direction
numbers, 2, 1, 1. Therefore, a vector parallel to the
plane is v 2i j k. A point on the first line is
1, 0, 1 and a point on the second line is 1, 1, 2.
The vector u 2i j 3k connecting these two points
is also parallel to the plane. Therefore, a normal to the
plane is
i
v u 2
2
j
1
1
259
2x 3y 6z 6
A point P on the plane is 3, 0, 0.
\
PQ 2, 0, 2
n 2, 3, 6
PQ
n 8
D

\
k
1
3
n
2i 4j 2i 2j.

Equation of the plane: x 1 2y 0
x 2y 1
51. Q3, 2, 4 point
53. x 2y 3z 6
Plane
P5, 0, 0 point on plane
Intercepts: 6, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 2
n 2, 5, 1 normal to plane
PQ 2, 2, 4
PQ
n
\
D
n
(0, 0, 2)
30
10

30
3
(0, 3, 0)
6
x
1
55. y z
2
57.
(6, 0, 0)
x2
y2
z2 1
16
9
2
xy-trace:
z
2
y2
x2
z 2 1
16
9
z
2
Hyperboloid of two sheets

x2
y2
xy-trace:

1
4
16
xz-trace: None
y2
z2 1
9
y2
x2
1
16
9
xz-trace:
x2
z2 1
16
yz-trace:
y2
z2 1
9
yz-trace:
Ellipsoid
Plane with rulings parallel to the x-axis
59.
2
5
x
4
4
x
260
Chapter 10

z
x2 y 2
rz2
61. (a)

2z 1
x 2 y 2 2z 2 0
2
1

2
(b) V 2
x 3
2
12 x
1
dx
3
1
2x x 3 dx
2
2 x 2
x4
8
0
x
4 12.6 cm3

2
(c) V 2
x 3
1 2
2
2
1 2
1
dx
1
2x x 3 dx
2
2 x 2
4
12 x
x4
8
2
1 2
31 225

11.04 cm 3
64
64

(a) r 22 22 4, arctan1
2
(b) 22 22 22 25,

2
65.
3
, z 2,
4
3
2
1
, arccos
arccos
,
4
5
25
100, 6 , 50 , cylindrical
67.
1002 502 505

5050 5 arccos 15 63.4

505, 6 , 63.4 , spherical
25, 34, arccos 55 , spherical


r 2 25 sin

6
arccos
4, 34, 2 , cylindrical

34
r 25
2

4
z cos 25 cos
25
2
2
3
25
4
2
252
, ,
, cylindrical
4
2
69. x2 y 2 2z
(a) Cylindrical: r 2 cos2 r 2 sin2 2z, r 2 cos 2 2z
(b) Spherical: 2 sin2 cos2 2 sin2 sin2 2 cos , sin2 cos 2 2 cos 0, 2 sec 2 cos csc2

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C H A P T E R 1 0

Vectors and the Geometry of Space

Section 10.2 Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space . . . . . . . . . . 232

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Vectors in the Plane

Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises

v 9 3, 5 10 6, 5

11. (b) v 6 10, 1 2 4, 3

(a) and (c).

(a) and (c).

13. (b) v 6 6, 6 2 0, 4

(a) and (c).

17. (a) 2v 4, 6

(b) 3v 6, 9

Vectors and the Geometry of Space

(b) v u 2, 5 4, 9 2, 14

27. v 2i j 2i 2j

31. v 16 9 5

33. v 36 25 61

37. u 32 122 153

33434, 53434 unit vector

41. u 1, 1, v 1, 2

(b) v 4 9 13

Vectors in the Plane

uu 22 1, 1

v 41 6.403

51. v 3cos 0 i sin 0 j 3i 3, 0

uu 13 3, 3

53. v 2cos 150i sin 150j

Vectors and the Geometry of Space

u 2cos 4i 2sin 4j

59. A scalar is a real number. A vector is represented by a

v cos 2i sin 2j

For Exercises 6367, au bw ai 2j bi j a bi 2a bj.

65. v 3i. Therefore, a b 3, 2a b 0. Solving

67. v i j. Therefore, a b 1, 2a b 1. Solving

(b) m 13 . Let w 3, 1, then

75. Programs will vary.

77. F1 2, F1 33

R F1 F2 F3 132.5

Magnitude: 430.882 902 440.18 newtons

(b) M 275 180 cos 2 180 sin 2

Vectors in the Plane

(e) M decreases because the forces change from acting in

R F1 F2 F3 228.5 lb

R F1 F2 F3 71.3

(b) The forces cancel out each other.  180.

(c) No, the magnitude of the resultant can not be greater

87. u CB ucos 30 i sin 30 j

v CA vcos 130 i sin 130 j

Vectors and the Geometry of Space

38.34 North of West.

u v 692.532 547.642  882.9 kmhr.

97. w uv vu

2u v cos

Thus, w u v2 and w bisects the angle between u and v.

Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space

Space Coordinates and Vectors in Space

13. The point is 6 units above the xy-plane.

15. The point is on the plane parallel to the yz-plane that

17. The point is to the left of the xz-plane.

19. The point is on or between the planes y 3 and y 3.

27. d 6 12 2 22 2 42

33. The z-coordinate is changed by 5 units:

27. v 2i j 2i 2j

31. v 16 9 5

33. v 36 25 61

37. u 32 122 153

33434, 53434 unit vector

41. u 1, 1, v 1, 2

(b) v 4 9 13

uu 22 1, 1

v 41 6.403

51. v 3cos 0 i sin 0 j 3i 3, 0

uu 13 3, 3

53. v 2cos 150i sin 150j

u 2cos 4i 2sin 4j

v cos 2i sin 2j

For Exercises 6367, au bw ai 2j bi j a bi 2a bj.

77. F1 2, F1 33

R F1 F2 F3 132.5

Magnitude: 430.882 902 440.18 newtons

(b) M 275 180 cos 2 180 sin 2

R F1 F2 F3 228.5 lb

R F1 F2 F3 71.3

(b) The forces cancel out each other. 180.

87. u CB ucos 30 i sin 30 j

v CA vcos 130 i sin 130 j

38.34 North of West.

u v 692.532 547.642 882.9 kmhr.

Thus, w u v2 and w bisects the angle between u and v.

27. d 6 12 2 22 2 42

0, 0, 5, 2, 2, 6, 2, 4, 9

37. Center: 0, 2, 5

x 02 y 22 z 52 4

5 22, 92 3, 7 2 3 32, 3, 5

x 12 y 32 z 02 10

x2 2x 1 y2 6y 9 z2 8z 16 1 1 9 16

49. (a) v 0 3 i 3 3 j 3 0k

53. 5 4, 3 3, 0 1 1, 0, 1

51. 4 3, 1 2, 6 0 1, 1, 6

55. (b) v 3 1i 3 2j 4 3k

57. q1, q2, q3 0, 6, 2 3, 5, 6

59. (a) 2v 2, 4, 4

(b) v 1, 2, 2

61. z u v 1, 2, 3 2, 2, 1 1, 0, 4

65. 2z 3u 2z1, z2, z3 31, 2, 3 4, 0, 4

71. P0, 2, 5, Q3, 4, 4, R2, 2, 1

v 1, 2, 3

c v 2c, 2c, c

4, 3, 0 2, 4, 2 2, 1, 2

101. d x2 x12 y2 y12 z2 z12

PQ 0, 18, h.

v cos i cos j cos k

109. AB 0, 70, 115, F1 C10, 70, 115

AC 60, 0, 115, F2 C2 60, 0, 115

AD 45, 65, 115, F3 C3 45, 65, 115

107. Let be the angle between v and the coordinate axes.

43, 3, 31 , radius: 2 311

1. u 3, 4, v 2, 3

3. u 2, 3, 4, v 0, 6, 5

(a) u v 32 43 6

(b) u u 33 44 25

(b) u u 22 33 44 29

(d) u vv 62, 3 12, 18

(a) u v 21 10 11 1

u 3240, 1450, 2235

(b) u u 22 11 11 6

(d) u v v 20, 6, 5 0, 12, 10

v 20 36 45 2

11. u 1, 1, v 2, 2

17. u 3i 4j, v 2j 3k

21. u 4, 3, v

15. u 1, 1, 1, v 2, 1, 1

19. u 4, 0, v 1, 1

29. u 0, 6, 4, u 52 213

31. u 3, 2, 2

4.319310, 5, 3 5.418312, 7, 5

39. OA 0, 10, 10