"Opioid" is another word for "_____".

opiate

18.2% of unemployed persons report ________ drug use compared to only 7.9% of those with full time jobs and 10.7% of part time employees. illicit 95% pure alcohol is called _____________ spirits grain neutral ___ involves using electric shock to induce convulsions in mental patients. ECT Electroconvulsive therapy ___ is normally ineffective when taken orally and is usually snorted, smoked, or taken by injection. DMT ___ is sometimes known as angel dust. PCP

___ was originally used as a surgical anesthetic and has hallucinogenic effects different from LSD and mescaline (peyote cactus). PCP ____, also known as Ecstasy, produces both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. MDMA ____-acting barbiturates or benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed to prevent Alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Long _____ _______ studied cocaine for its potential as a treatment for a variety of ailments including depression and morphine dependence. Sigmund Freud _____ drug use refers to using a drug with a specific functional purpose--not for recreation Instrumental ______ causing chemicals contained in tobacco are called nitrosamines. Cancer

______ cocaine is not water soluble but can be converted to a water soluble cocaine salt if it is dissolved in citric acid ( for example, vinegar or lemon juice). Crack ______ factors refer to how the drug actually affects the body. Pharmacological

______ is an antipsychotic medication used for treating psychotic disorders including Tourette's syndrome. Haldol ______ is the brand name for naloxone. Narcan 20

_______ % of all US deaths are tobacco-related.

_______ drugs are illegal to own or use. Some examples are cocaine, LSD and marijuana. Illicit

_______ is absorbed most quickly through smoking and intravenous injection.

Cocaine

_______ is drinkable, is the psychoactive ingredient in alcoholic beverages, and is also known as grain alcohol. Ethanol _______ professionals and their staff are the most likely to abuse nitrous oxide. Medical

_______ withdrawal often lacks the severe physical symptoms that occur with heroin or alcohol withdrawal. Cocaine ________ _______ is another term for alcohol withdrawal symptoms, especially fever, trembling and hallucinations. Delirium tremens ________ _________ is the biological name for marijuana. Cannabis sativa ________ antipsychotics are effective at reducing both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Atypical ________ brought tobacco to Europe after his voyage to the Americas. ________ can be found in many over-the-counter drugs. Caffeine Columbus

________ drugs are developed to eliminate the illegality of a drug by modifying a drug into a new compound. Designer ________ is a drug used for treating alcoholics. It makes them extremely sick if they drink even a small amount of alcohol. Antabuse ________ is a substance that is responsible for more adverse health consequences and death than any other. Nicotine ________ is used primarily in conjunction with surgical anesthesia and is approximately a hundred times as potent as morphine.Fentanyl ________ symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior. Positive ________ the proof number is the percentage of alcohol by volume. one half Alcohol

________, benzodiazepines and opioid narcotics are also used for this purpose. ________, tobacco and marijuana are commonly called gateway drugs.

Alcohol

_________ ________ occurs after using a nasal spray regularly for longer than the recommended period. Congestion rebound

_________ are the oldest stimulants known. They are found in tea, coffee, soft drinks and chocolate. Xanthines _________ drugs produce wakefulness and a sense of energy and well-being. Stimulant

_________ is a neurotransmitter associated with aggression and regulation of body weight. Serotonin _________ is an effective antipsychotic drug with the unfortunate side effect of inhibiting white blood cell production. Clozapine _________ is often referred to as the brain's major excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamate

__________ is the generic name for THC in capsule form and is approved by the FDA for stimulating appetite in AIDS patients. Dronabinol ___________ and Chondroitin are both herbal dietary supplements that contribute to joint strength and are used to used to relieve the discomfort of arthritis. Glucosamine ___________ disease is a degenerative neurological disease involving damage to dopamine neurons. Parkinson's ___________ is a precancerous lesion caused by chewing tobacco. Leukoplakia ___________ is considered the fifth and final stage of drug addiction. Withdrawal

____________ drugs are drug compounds (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter consciousness and/or perceptions. Psychoactive ____________ is the process by which sugar is converted into alcohol through the biochemical action of yeast. Fermentation _____________ are drugs which cause hallucinations. They alter the way a user perceives reality and can affect emotions. Hallucinogens _____________ classified as Phantastica are not very toxic and allow the user to remain in communication with the present world. Hallucinogens _____________ Syndrome is a collection of physical and behavioral abnormalities that seems to be caused by the presence of alcohol during development of the fetus. Fetal Alcohol ______________ and antipsychotics are two groups of drugs used to treat the symptoms associated with psychosis. Phenothiazines ______________ and antipsychotics are two groups of drugs used to treat the symptoms associated with psychosis.

The _________ policy of the FDA concerns taking some prescription medications and removing the prescription requirement and making the drug available via OTC. switching ______________ are significantly better than placebo treatments in reducing psychotic behaviors. Phenothiazines ______________ are unhealthy because they interfere with REM sleep. Sleeping pills

______________ do not cure mental illnesses but they do control the symptoms sufficiently to permit patients to live and work in society. Antipsychotics _______________ and Ritalin are two drugs commonly used to treat ADHD. Methylphenidate _______________ are the most widely prescribed types Sedative-Hypnotics. Benzodiazepines _______________ is a highly addictive stimulant that is cheaper and much longer lasting than cocaine. Methamphetamine _________________ are commonly prescribed for anxiety disorders. Benzodiazepines

__________________ is the most serious side effect of long term antipsychotic drug treatment. Tardive dyskinesia ___________________ are not regulated as OTC drugs. They don't have to be shown to be effective, and the amount of supposed active ingredient varies extensively. Dietary supplements ___________________ syndrome (NAS) is a group of problems that occur in a newborn who was exposed to addictive, illegal or prescription drugs while in the mother's womb. Neonatal abstinence A _______ drug is capable of passing the blood-brain barrier and influencing the brain's activity. psychoactive A ________ book written in 2737 BC by Chinese emperor Shen Nung contains the earliest reference to Cannabis.pharmacy A BAC of 0.05 results in lowered alertness and a BAC of ____ results in death (lethal dose). 0.4 A common lung disease caused by smoking is _________. emphysema

A drug is categorized as Schedule _ if it has a low potential for abuse, a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and its abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence. V A drug is FDA approved for OTC (Over the Counter) sales only after an advisory panel agrees it can be used safely when following the __________ on the label. directions A key belief of Alcoholics Anonymous is that alcohol dependence is an _________, progressive disease characterized by a loss of control over drinking. incurable A person suffering from ________________ will exhibit symptoms of both depression and mania. bipolar disorder A person under the influence of CNS depressants will appear drunk. Intoxicating effects include drowsiness, slurred speech, and ___________. staggering A person who has narcolepsy falls ______ as often as 50 times a day. asleep

A recent study indicated that persons aged 26 to __ were most likely to have used marijuana sometime during their life. 34 A single shot of heroin lasts ___ hours. 4-6

A situation where repeated administration of the same dose of a drug results in gradually ___________ effects is called tolerance. diminishing A substance that has less potential for abuse than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II, has a currently accepted medical use in the US, and whose abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence is listed under Schedule ___. III A typical progression of drug use starts with ___________ and alcohol, and then marijuana before moving on to the stronger drugs, which is why these drugs are often called "gateway" drugs. cigarettes According to a 1997 report, alcohol is involved in more than ___ thousand deaths in the US each year. 100 According to a recent study, men and women from ______ backgrounds are more likely to smoke and less likely to quit the habit. poorer According to a recent survey, __% of Americans have used marijuana in their lifetime. 41

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the typical narcotic habit costs $100 per ___. day

Acne and baldness in men, decreased breast size and facial hair in women are some of the side effects associated with ________________ use. anabolic steroid Adopted sons whose __________ fathers were alcohol dependent have a much greater than average chance of becoming alcohol dependent than adopted sons of non-alcoholic fathers. biological Advertising restrictions, smoke-free indoor air, _____ on tobacco products and limiting youth access to tobacco are all examples of tobacco control laws. taxes After a patient receives their first dose of lithium it takes at least __ days to see results. Age ___ and older showed sharp drop in use. 26 10

Alcohol ______, is the tendency for someone under the influence of alcohol to focus on the here and now and to pay less attention to long term consequences. myopia Alcohol dependence as a disease is also known as disease model of alcohol dependence and this concept did not become really popular until ______________________ began to have a major influence in the 1940s and 1950s Alcoholics Anonymous Alcohol is the drug most often associated with _______ crimes; in many cases, it is present in both the assailant and the victim. violent Alcohol is the second leading substance abuse related cause of premature death among Americans (________ is first). tobacco Alcohol withdrawal seizures may occur 6 to __ hours after the last drink. 48 Alcohol withdrawal symptoms are more severe and more likely to cause death than withdrawal from _______.heroin Alcohol, barbiturates, inhalants, and sleeping pills and sedatives are all ___________. depressants Alcohol, cigarettes, and _________ are called gateway drugs because their use is often believed to lead to the use of other stronger drugs. marijuana Alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic _________, and cirrhosis are all liver disorders associated with heavy use of alcohol. hepatitis Alcoholics, who experience mild to _________ alcohol withdrawal symptoms, can usually be treated on an outpatient basis by a healthcare professional. moderate All reinforcing drugs (drugs that reinforce their use) stimulate dopamine neurons in the __________ system. mesolimbic

Almost ___ % of 8th graders have abused an inhalant sometime in their life.

20

Almost all alcoholics suffering from withdrawal symptoms (about __%) can be treated in outpatient programs. 95 Almost all of the ______________ and other conventional antipsychotics produce pseudoparkinsonism. phenothiazines Also known as narcotics, _______ are a group of analgesic drugs that cause a dreamlike state; high doses can induce sleep. opioids Also known as synthetic drugs or synthetic ________, these are designed to get around existing drug laws. Often they involve modifying the molecular structure of an existing drug. Ecstasy is an example of a designer drug (today it's illegal and is an illicit drug). opioids Although they were originally called _____________, antipsychotics are drugs used to treat psychosis without producing drowsiness. tranquilizers American _______ / Alaska Natives are the racial ethnic group that report the highest illicit drug use for the past month. Indians Amnesiac and anesthesia effects are common among hypnotics when used in _____ doses. high Amphetamine abusers often use ___________, such as barbiturates to counteract the hyperactive feelings associated with high doses of amphetamines. depressants Amphetamines can be taken orally, intravenously or by _______. smoking An increase in the heart rate and reddening of the ____ are the two most consistent physiological effects of smoking marijuana.eyes An interesting effect of LSD use is that of ___________, a "mixing of senses." An irregular _____ _____ is called arrhythmia. heart beat synesthesia

Anabolic steroids are _________ drugs designed to build muscle mass while minimizing masculinizing effects attributed to testosterone. synthetic Anabolic steroids build muscle mass by stimulating the conversion of _________ into tissue. nutrients Another principal factor that affects drug use is __________. Another way of saying placebo effect is ___________ effect. contextual nonspecific

Another word for _________ is painkiller.

analgesic intoxicating hallucinogen

Another word for ____________ is euphorigenic. Another word for ____________ is psychedelic.

Antipsychotic drugs are grouped into two categories--conventional antipsychotics and ________ antipsychotics.atypical any substance that modifies mind or body function by distorting enhancing, or inhibiting them drug Approximately 20 years ago, heroin was replaced by _______ as the most abused illicit drug in the US (other than marijuana). cocaine Approximately _% of alcoholics, who experience alcohol withdrawal symptoms, must be treated in a hospital or in an alcohol rehabilitation facility that specializes in detoxification. 5 Approximately __% of people who use marijuana become addicted to it. 10 Aspirin is one of the most popular OTC drugs in the US. It is used for its analgesic, anti____________and antipyretic effects. inflammatory At first, tobacco was almost universally accepted as a ________. medicine

BAC level in an individual is influenced by drinkers body type, food in the stomach, concentration of alcohol, and ____ of consumption. rate Because _______ is lipid soluble, it is easily absorbed by the liver, heart, brain, lungs and reproductive organs. toluene Because drug use can be found in all parts of society regardless of income, education, occupation, social class, and age, it is called an ________ ________ affliction. equal opportunity Because heroin is more _______ ________, it is more potent and faster acting than morphine even though the effects of the two substances are identical. lipid soluble Because inhalants are so readily _________, they present a special problem for prevention. available Because of cross tolerance, methadone is effective at reducing the severity and delaying symptoms associated with heroin withdrawal. Methadone is a __________ opioid.synthetic Because their effect varies depending on the dose, CNS depressants are said to be _____ ________. dose dependent

Beer is created by adding ______ malt to cereal grains.

barley

Benzodiazepines are classified by their ________ of action. duration Both barbiturates and _______________ affect the neurotransmitter GABA. benzodiazepines Both tricyclics and MAO inhibitors interfere with the reuptake of the neurotransmitters ______________, dopamine, and serotonin. norepinephrine Bupropion is an ________________ used to reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms. antidepressant By the 1850s, the temperance movement supported not only a ban on distilled spirits but also a ban on all __________ beverages. alcoholic Caffeine is the world's most popular drug and frequently used _________. stimulant Cannabis (marijuana), Anabolic Steroids, Inhalants/Organic Solvents and narcotics are also found to be among the most ________ abused drugs. commonly Cannabis addiction is ______ harmful than addiction to tobacco, prescription drugs or alcohol. less Cannabis sativa originated in Asia but now grows worldwide. _____ ____ is made from the fibers of this plant. hemp rope Cannabis was declared illegal in the US in the year ____. 1937

Cannabis withdrawal syndrome (is or is not) listed in the Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Is Not Cardiac arrhythmia is a condition that occurs during ________ ________ ________ syndrome (SSDS) sudden sniffing death Cause of death with opioid overdose is usually suppressed __________. breathing

Chemicals in the brain that produce effects similar to morphine and other opium derived drugs are called __________. endorphines Cirrhosis is a _____ disease which results from alcohol abuse and is the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S.. liver Clonidine can be administered by a _____________ ______, which gradually releases the drug over a seven day period. transdermal patch

Clonidine is an opioide agonist drug (similar to methadone) used in heroin ______________. detoxification Clove cigarettes contain ___% more tobacco as well as more tar and nicotine than regular cigarettes. 60 CNS ___________ that cause drowsiness and promote sleep are called hypnotics. depressants CNS ___________, including barbiturates, inhalants and benzodiazepines all have effects similar to alcohol. depressants CNS depressants include: alcohol, ______________, opioids, benzodiazepines and barbiturates. antihistamines CNS depressants that promote relaxation and relieve anxiety are called _________. sedatives Cocaine ___ (Hydrochloride) is water soluble and can easily be injected intravenously. Cocaine is a ___________ controlled substance. Schedule II HCL

Cocaine is absorbed so well into ________ __________ that it remains in use for surgery in the nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal regions. mucous membranes Cocaine is derived from the ____ plant. coca

Cocaine is used for _________ ___________ and vasoconstriction for surgery of the mouth, nose, and throat. topical anesthesia College _________ had the lowest rate of current use of illicit drugs. graduates

Columbus was presented tobacco by natives of ____ __________ in 1492 and he brought it with him back to Spain. San Salvador Common opioids include morphine, codeine, _____ and methadone. heroin

Commonly called "_______ _____", nitrous oxide is a gaseous anesthetic first used in the early 1800s in medicine and surgery. laughing gas Considerable evidence supports the idea that some degree of vulnerability to alcohol dependence might be _________. inherited Contextual factors refer to how physical ______________ affect drug use; i.e. being at home vs. being in a rock concert or in a dance club. surroundings Crack is also known as "_____". rock

Crack is obtained by mixing cocaine with simple _________ chemicals, including baking soda and water, and then drying it--resulting in a lump of smokable cocaine. household Cronic malnutrition causes _______ damage. tissue

Cross tolerance exists between LSD, mescaline and __________. psilocybin Current medical applications for cocaine are as a local __________ for ear, nose, and throat procedures. anesthetic CYP450 enzymes ______ toxic chemicals once they are eaten. eliminate

Damage to the neurotransmitter _____________ is associated with Alzheimer's disease. acetylcholine Depressants _________ the rate of various vital physiological activities, especially those of the central nervous system. decrease Despite popular belief to the contrary, heroin is not __________ addictive. instantly Diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine and promethazine are examples of OTC and prescription ______________ used as CNS depressants. antihistamines Dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, and endorphins are all _________________ associated with the actions of the psychoactive drugs. neurotransmitters Drug _____ is to use a drug in a situation, manner or amount that it causes social, psychological, physical or occupational problems. abuse Drug ____________ occur when a drug enhances or inhibits the effect of another drug. interactions Drug assistance programs for drug-dependent employees are called _________. Assitance Programs Employee

Drug dependence is made up of both ________ and psychological factors. Physical drug detoxification often relies upon ___________ substitution Drug induced respiratory depression is also called _______________ and is a common type of drug overdose death. hypoventilation Drug misuse is the inappropriate use of OTC or ____________ medications. Drug testing in sports began in the ____s. 1960 prescription

Drug use can be detected in urine for up to 5 days, in saliva for up to 1 day and in hair samples for up to ___ days. 90 Drugs are more likely to produce psychological dependence if they have a _____ onset. rapid Drugs are said to be ______ ________ when tolerance to one reduces the effectiveness of each of the others. cross tolerant Drugs designed to treat _________ _________. are being used as effective mood stabilizers. epileptic seizures Drugs include any substances which can impair a person's ability to _______ function in society. safely Drugs prescribed to control symptoms associated with ______ problems are called psychotherapeutics. mental Drugs that block the action of morphine, heroin, or other opioids are called opioid ___________. antagonists Drugs used to relieve _______ are called anxiolytics. anxiety

Drugs which cause a loss of ______ are called Amnesiacs. memory Drugs which enhance the sense of touch are called ___________. Entactogens Drugs which suppress the appetite are called ___________. anorexiants Drugs with a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in the US, and declared unsafe are listed under Schedule _. I Drugs with a high potential for abuse, with a currently accepted _______ use in the US, whose abuse may lead to severe physical or psychological dependence are listed under Schedule II. medical Drugs with a long half life stay in the body for a very long time without significantly diminishing in strength, for example, ________ ________. blood thinners During the 1800s, opium and morphine were the active ingredients found in many American ________ ________. patent medicines Ecstasy falls under the category of synthetic or _________ drugs. designer Employee Assitance Programs or EAPs can also be known as _____ of Assistance programs. cost

Ethylene glycol alcohol is poisonous and is a primary ingredient of __________. antifreeze Even the newest ______________ drugs are only a little better than placebo. antidepressant

Examples of damage to the cardiovascular system caused by medical doses of amphetamines include increased heart rate, raised _______ _________, and damage to veins and arteries. blood pressure Examples of licit drugs, include alcohol, tea, coffee, _______ and over the counter (OTC) drugs. tobacco Examples of opioid antagonists are _________, nalorphine and naltrexone.naloxone Examples of Schedule I drugs include _______, LSD, and marijuana. heroin cocaine steroids

Examples of Schedule II drugs include ________, opium, and amphetamines. Examples of Schedule III substances include anabolic _________ and GHB. Excessive use of caffeine is called _________. caffenism

Excessive use of either cocaine or amphetamine can result in paranoid psychosis in which the individual loses touch with reality and experiences auditory ______________. hallucinations Family and friends of controlled users are often completely unaware of this person's drug use. Controlled users place ___________ constraints on their drug use, for example never on a workday, never around children, etc. artificial Fast acting drugs are the most likely to produce _____________ dependence. FDA approved THC in capsule form is called _______. Marinol psychological

Federal laws which prohibited the sale of alcohol from 1920 to ____ are called prohibition. 1933 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a condition affecting children born to alcoholic mothers, characterized by facial deformities, growth deficiency, and ____________________. mental retardation Flashbacks are the recurrence of certain aspects of the drug experience weeks or months after an individual has taken ___. LSD Floaters (chippers) usually don't maintain their own supply of drugs but prefer to use other's drugs.

Experimenters primarily restrict drug usage to ______________ settings and are motivated by peer pressure and curiosity. recreational Fluoxetine (_______) is safer than tricyclic antidepressants as it is less likely to lead to overdose death. Prozac For a drug to be ____________, its molecules must be capable of passing through the bloodbrain barrier. psychoactive For a given class of ___ drug, all the competing brands contain the same few active ingredients. OTC For many years, ___________ sleeping pills were the drug of choice for people wishing to commit suicide. barbiturate For some drugs, the dependence is mostly _______________, whereas for others, a user may develop a heavy physical dependence on the drug with just a few uses. psychological GABA is a very widespread inhibitory neurotransmitter and ________ tends to have widespread inhibitory effects on neurons in the brain. alcohol Gender affects BAC because the average female has a higher proportion of _________ and therefore, for a given weight has less volume in which to distribute the alcohol. body fat Generally _________ refers to the psychological attachment to a drug. Generally addiction refers to the ______ attachment to a drug. addiction

psychological date rape

GHB is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid associated with _____ ____.

GHB is most well-known for its use in substances that disable users and make them vulnerable to sexual assault. _________ is another drug of this type. Rohypnol Glaucoma is a leading cause of ______ and its treatment is one of the possible medical uses of marijuana. blindness Half life refers to how long a drug is ______ in the body. Hashish comes from the concentrated ______. resin active

Hashish is the most ______ cannabis preparation, it's THC level can be as high as 28%. potent Headaches, nosebleeds, nausea, drunken appearance and ______ eyes are all signs of inhalant abuse. watery

Heart rate and blood pressure are two of the many functions regulated by the _________ nervous system. autonomic Herbs and _________ were used by early Greeks in Olympic games to enhance their performance. mushrooms Heroin illegally imported from Mexico is called _____ ____. Heroin is classified as a schedule __________ drug. Schedule I High School ____ had the highest rate of current use of illicit drugs (9%). dropouts higher tolerance to heroin also results in higher tolerance to morphine and ________. codeine Historically, as _______ use declined, amphetamine use increased. cocaine Hormones and _________________ are two types of chemical signals important for maintaining homeostasis. neurotransmitters Ice is a form of methamphetamine that can be ______. Ice is also known as "______________". crystal meth smoked Black Tar

If all of the following consumed the same amount of alcohol at the same speed, which one would have the highest BAC? (120 pound woman, 135 pound woman, 150 pound man, 170 pound man). 120 pound woman illicit drug use, cocaine, marijuana, etc Illegal Recreational Use

In 1970, the FDA limited the legal use of ____________ to three medical conditions: narcolepsy, ADHD, and short term weight reduction programs. amphetamines In a double blind procedure, neither the patient nor the doctor know whether the subject is receiving a _______ or an experimental drug. placebo In a recent study, 65.6% of full time employees reported _______ use within the past month. alcohol In a recent survey, __ percent of high-dose marijuana users reported some withdrawal symptoms upon quitting, most commonly nervousness and sleep disturbance. 16 In addition to vitamins and minerals, the FDA defines dietary supplements as substances such as herbs, extracts of herbs, ___________ and concentrates. amino acids

In high doses or if combined with alcohol, barbiturates can stop a person's __________. breathing In laboratory studies, the balanced placebo design is used to separate the pharmacological effects of alcohol from the alcohol __________ effects. expectancy In order to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in pharmacologically significant amounts, the drug must be lipid soluble and have a molecular weight ____ than 400 Daltons. less In the 1960s and 1970s an ergogenic drug commonly used by American ________ players was amphetamines. football In the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use, only 1.6 percent of U.S. adults reported ever having used Heroin in their lifetimes, with 0.1 percent reporting use in the past ____. year In the late 1800s the typical ______ user was a middle aged white woman who functioned well and was adjusted to her life as a wife and mother. opioid In the relief stage, a user experiences satisfaction by _________ from negative feelings such as boredom, anger, stress, fatigue and loneliness. escaping In the US, _______ was first used in psychiatry and as a local anesthetic. cocaine Ingesting too much caffeine can result in nervousness, irritability, _______________ and insomnia, etc. muscle spasms Inhalant abuse can begin as early as __________. preschool hypoxia

Inhalant abuse can cause _______, a state of oxygen deficiency in the body. Inhalant abuse is usually a problem among children and ___________. Injecting an illegal drug intravenously is called __________.

adolescents

mainlining

Introduced as a ____ law, the Harrison Narcotic Act (1914) was not meant to be punitive and it made no reference to users of narcotics. tax It is possible to estimate an individual's blood alcohol content (BAC) by knowing their ______, gender, and amount of alcohol consumed. weight It was also revealed that seventy five percent of the _____________ in major cities are addicted to drugs. prostitutes Its believed that antipsychotic drugs work by blocking D2 ________ receptors. dopamine

Its believed that both cocaine and amphetamines interact with a number of _________________, including dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. neurotransmitters Jimsonweed a potent hallucinogenic plant and is also known as ____ _____. loco weed

Kava Kava and St John's Wort are both _______ _______, often used to treat mild depression. medicinal herbs Kava Kava and St John's Wort are both medicinal herbs, often used to treat mild depression Ketamine is sometimes known as "_________", has effects similar to PCP and is commonly used in veterinary hospitals as an anesthetic. Special K King ______ of England wrote a antitobacco pamphlet and he taxed tobacco to attempt to limit its use. James Legal _______ drugs, ranked by amount of money spent each year: Alcohol ($104 billion) Tobacco ($51.9 billion) Coffee, Tea and Cocoa ($5.7 billion) social Legal instrumental, illegal instrumental, legal recreational and illegal recreational use are the 4 types of drug use according to ___________. Erich Goode licit drug use, alcohol, tobacco, caffeine Legal Recreational Use dependence

LSD and other hallucinogens typically do not produce physical __________.

LSD is a synthetic substance and is the most ______ and notorious of the hallucinogens. potent LSD is one of the most potent ____________ drugs.psychoactive LSD, PCP and mescaline are _____________. hallucinogens

Many ________ remedies have been used for anxiety disorder and depression. These include Kava Kava (also known as Kava Root) and St John's Wort. natural Many _________ drugs act by enhancing GABA inhibition. sedative

Many drug users are "controlled" users and their drug use is _______ to those around them. unknown

Many plant-produced chemicals have effects on the intestines or muscles; others alter ______ biochemistry. brain MAO inhibitors, tricyclics and selective reuptake inhibitors are three types of ______________ drugs. antidepressant Marijuana (Cannabis) and hashish are both __________ controlled substances. Schedule I

Marijuana is known to lower intraocular (within the eye) pressure associated with ________. glaucoma Marijuana is the most commonly used ________ drug. Marinol is a ____________ controlled substance. illicit

Schedule III

Marinol is used to relieve nausea/vomiting experienced by _______ patients and to help restore appetite to AIDS patients. cancer MDMA, popularly known as ecstasy, is a drug popular at clubs and "_____" since the 1980s. raves Medical science has used opium as a pain reliever and also to treat _________ and dehydration caused by dysentery. diarrhea Medical uses of _______________ include muscle relaxants, sleeping pills, treatment for convulsive disorders (epilepsy), alcohol detoxification, and preoperative anesthesia (amnesiac). benzodiazepines Men are _____ likely to use illicit drugs than women and pregnant women are less likely to use drugs than women who are not pregnant. more Metabolites refer to the substances that are produced or left over when the body metabolizes (_______ ______) the drugs that have been consumed. breaks down Methamphetamine is also known as "______". speed hair

Methods of drug testing include urine, ____, and saliva.

Methyl alcohol is added to grain alcohol for industrial use to prevent _________. drinking Methyl alcohol is made from ____. wood Methylphenidate and Ritalin are both ______________. amphetamines gateway

Millions of marijuana users never go beyond the _______ drugs.

Molecules that assist in either the metabolism (breaking down) or synthesis (creation) of another molecule are called _______. enzymes Most drugs are derived directly or indirectly from ______. plants Most heroin users need 3 or 4 injections a ___ to avoid withdrawal.day Most illicit _______________ consumed in the United States is produced in small laboratories which might exist for only a few days in a remote area before moving on. methamphetamine Most illicit drugs cause an addiction in both the mother and the infant because drugs (cocaine, barbiturates, heroin, etc) pass through the _________ and reach the baby. placenta Most of the integration of information, learning and ______ occur in the central nervous system. memory Most psychoactive drugs are taken by one of three basic routes: by mouth, _________, or inhalation. injection Most psychoactive drugs can be categorized as stimulants, depressants, opioids, hallucinogens, or _________________ agents. psychotherapeutic Most studies show that alcohol is involved in about ____ _____ of all suicides. one-third

Naloxone or __________ is used to reverse the depressed respiration resulting from an opioid overdose. Nalorphine Naltrexone is used to block opioid effects so that a user doesn't feel any of the reinforcing _____________ effects of using an opioid. pleasurable National Prohibition of alcohol was successful in _________ alcohol consumption and alcoholrelated problems, but also led to a loss of alcohol taxes and increased law breaking. reducing Natives of the ______ mountains in Bolivia and Peru today still use coca as their ancestors did thousands of years ago. Andes Nicotine _______ are also known as transdermal nicotine systems. patches Nicotine affects the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the reward/________ pathways of the brain. pleasure Nicotine is exceptionally _____ and has been used as an insecticide. toxic

Nicotine is often thought of as being a mild _________, but it also seems to have some of the relaxant properties of a low dose of a depressant. stimulant

Nicotine nasal spray, nicotine inhalers and _________ are smoking cessation aids which require a doctor's prescription. bupropion Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include craving for tobacco, ____________, restlessness, and anxiety. irritability Nitrites are sometimes called "________" and come in small vials or tubes. poppers

Nitrous oxide is used by _________ for light anesthesia and can be found as a propellant in whipped cream dispensers. dentists No prescription is required when purchasing ________________ drugs. Not everyone praised the use of tobacco; many _______ it. opposed Occasionally drugs can have ___________ effects--an opposite effect to what is normally expected. paradoxica One of the most common opioid side effects is ____________. constipation over the counter

One of the most important factors which determine the potency of CNS drugs is the ________________ of the molecules. lipid solubility Only lipid-soluble substances can pass the _____________ barrier. blood-brain Onset of drug effects via inhalation is quite rapid because the capillary walls are very accessible in the _____, and the drug thus enters the blood quickly. lungs Opiates are drugs that contain _____ or one of its derivatives. opium

Opioid overdose can be diagnosed on the basis of the opioid triad: coma, depressed respiration, and ________ pupils. pinpoint Opioids ________ the central nervous system (CNS). Opioids are also known as _________. narcotics depress

Opioids such as morphine and _______ are the drugs most often used for acute pain, such as short-term pain after surgery. codeine Opium has been used for approximately ____ years for both medical and recreational reasons. 6,000 Oral ingestion can be compared to intranasal administration (snorting) in that it is absorbed much more _______ than smoking or IV injection. slowly

Originally it was believed that the occurrences of paranoid psychosis in cocaine and amphetamine users was caused by a pre-existing _______ condition or due to sleep deprivation. mental Originally marketed as a non-habit-forming substitute for codeine, ______ is derived from opium and is about three times as potent as morphine. heroin Originally, the __________ movement supported the drinking of beer and wine but was strongly opposed to distilled spirits. temperance Other alcohols and oils contained in alcoholic beverages are called _________. Over the counter drugs are often simply referred to as ____ drugs. OTC Perceived risk refers to the perceived ______________ of using the drug. consequences Permanent brain damage, loss of muscle control, damage to the liver, heart, blood, and bone marrow are all possible consequences of _____ abuse. inhalant Pharmacodynamic tolerance occurs when the brain attempts to maintain _____________ by altering the nervous system's sensitivity. homeostasis Pharmacological factors refer to how the drug actually affects the ____. body congeners

Physical dependence involves the need to continue using the drug to avoid __________ symptoms which include sickness and discomfort. withdrawal Physical dependence is related to _______________ tolerance. pharmacodynamic

Physiological effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) include ________ in body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure, sweating and dilation of eye pupils. increase Poisonous alcohols include methyl, ethylene glycol and _________. isopropyl

Precursors are the raw materials from which _________________ are made and are found circulating in the blood supply and generally in the brain. neurotransmitters Prior to 1965, the most common medical use of amphetamines was for the treatment of _______. obesity Prior to the 1980s, ________ was a popular way to smoke cocaine. It involved extracting cocaine into a volatile organic solvent, such as ether. freebase Prodrugs are inactive in the original form and become active only after they are altered by the liver _______. enzymes

Prozac is the brand name for the antidepressant drug __________. It inhibits the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin. fluoxetine Psilocybin is the active psychoactive ingredient in _______________. magic mushrooms

Psychological dependence develops most rapidly when the drug hits the ______ quickly. brain Psychological dependence is closely related to the concept of _________ reinforcement, which states that if a behavior is reliably followed by a stimulus, it leads to an increase in the behavior. positive Psychotic behavior resulting from a known ________ cause is called an organic disorder. physical Psychotic behavior when there is no known ________ cause refers to functional disorders. phyiscal REM sleep is the sleep phase associated with _______. dreams

Respiratory depression is the most common type of drug _________ death--people simply stop breathing. overdose Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse, no current ________ use in the US and have been declared unsafe. medical Schedule IV drugs have a slightly higher chance of abuse than the Schedule V drugs. What most specifically distinguishes Schedule V drugs from the other schedules is that the drugs are regulated but don't require a ______________. prescription Several studies have found a lower incidence of _____________ in moderate drinkers than in abstainers heart attacks Severe alcoholism often results in ____________ as a result of decreased caloric intake by alcoholics. malnutrition Short acting drugs are used as __________ to treat insomnia and long acting drugs are used as sedatives to give prolonged relief from anxiety. hypnotics Since 1956, the leaf tobacco content in cigarettes has been reduced by approximately __ percent. 25 Small doses of ______________ help narcoleptics stay alert. Smokers die _____ years earlier than nonsmokers. 13-14 Smokers often report ________ _____ when they quit smoking. weight gain amphetamines

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with miscarriage, reduced birth weight, differences in body size and negative effects on physical / ______ development of the child. mental Smoking is involved in about ___ percent of deaths from cardiovascular disease. 30 Smoking tends to inhibit hunger contractions up to ____ ____ one hour

Social factors refer to things such as _____, family background, subculture, etc. that can influence drug use. Cultural factors refer to broader customs and traditions within the society-i.e. in certain cultures, there may be a culture that encourages or promotes the use of alcohol or other substances. peers Some alcohol withdrawal symptoms can last for up to several ______. weeks amphetamines clove

Some examples of stimulants include cocaine, ______________, and caffeine. Some smokers believe that _____ cigarettes are safer than tobacco cigarettes.

Some studies have reported both behavioral improvement and noticeable regrowth of _____ ______ in long term alcoholics after several months of abstinence. brain tissue Specialized nerve endings that recognize neurotransmitter molecules and cause a change in the electrical activity of the neuron when activated are called _________. receptors Stimulants can maintain wakefulness, give a user a sense of increased energy, decrease ________ and temporarily elevate the mood.appetite Stimulants include cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, caffeine, and ________. nicotine Studies have shown that it typically takes at least 2 or 3 ______ for a heroin user to become addicted. months Synthetic drugs which result from the altered chemical structures of illicit drugs are called __________________. structural analogs taking prescribed or over the counter (OTC) drugs for illness Legal Instrumental Use

The "cold turkey" method, in which the addict suffers the symptoms of withdrawal until the cravings for the drug are no longer felt, is the most ______ method of heroin detoxification. common The 1914 Harrison Act regulated sales of opiates and _______. cocaine

The 3 groups of inhalants include volatile substances, ___________ and Nitrites. anesthetics

The 66 unique chemicals found in cannabis are called ____________. The _____ ____ of heroin is 15-30 minutes. half life

cannabinoids

The ______ ______ ______ company was responsible for the smuggling of opium into China during the 1800s. British East India The ________ the amount needed to get a particular effect, the more potent the drug. smaller

The __________ of alcohol by the liver occurs at a constant rate that is not much influenced by body size. metabolism The _____________ curve is a graph comparing the size of response to a drug to the amount of a drug taken. dose response The active ingredient found in OTC stimulants is ________. caffeine 200

The active ingredients for half of the prescriptions filled consist of only ____ drugs.

The addiction rate for tobacco is 20 to 30%, for alcohol the rate is 15%, and for cocaine its __%. 20 The amount of alcohol that can be metabolized by the liver is about 0.25 to 0.30 _______ per hour. ounces The amount of drug that must be given to obtain a particular response is called _______. potency The antidepressant drug __________ was originally used to treat tuberculosis. Iproniazid

The autonomic nervous system, also referred to as the ANS, regulates the _____________ functions of the body and is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. involuntary The basic __________ skeleton of an illicit drug is modified to form a new compound. PCP and Ecstasy are probably the most well known examples of synthetic drugs. molecular The BBB is very tight and excludes the brain uptake of all ______ molecule drugs and greater than 98% of small molecule drugs. large The blood-brain barrier is a semipermeable structure that protects the brain from potentially ______ chemicals circulating in the blood. toxic The branch of the _________ system involved in flight or fight reactions is called the sympathetic branch. autonomic

The buildup of a drug in the body after multiple doses taken at short intervals is called __________ effect. cumulative The caffeine that is taken out of coffee to make it decaffeinated is used mostly in _____ ______. soft drinks The category of volatile substances includes adhesives (glues), aerosols (hair spray, spray paint), fuels (gasoline, propane), and office supplies (____ ____ markers). felt tip The CNS consists of the brain and _____________. spinal cord The combination of amphetamine or cocaine with an opioid narcotic--often heroin--is called a _________. speedball The concentration of _______ found in the blood is called the BAC. alcohol federal

The DEA is the primary _______ agency responsible for enforcing U.S. drug laws.

The dosage difference between an acceptable level of effectiveness and the lowest _____ dose is called the safety margin. toxic The dried crushed leaves, flowers, stems and seeds of the cannabis sativa plant is called _______. Marijuana The DSM-IV-TR is a manual which provides criteria for classifying mental disorders into hundreds of specific __________ categories. diagnostic The effective dose (ED50) for LSD is many __________ of times smaller than that of other psychoactive drugs. thousands The exact mechanism by which alcohol exerts its effects in the ______ _______ _______ is unknown, but it is believed that its interactions with the GABA receptor are important. central nervous system The FDA restricted amphetamine use to _____ ______ weight reduction programs in 1970. short term The first stage of drug addiction is ______. relief The forming of a neurotransmitter by the action of _______ on precursors is called synthesis. enzymes The four stages of alcohol withdrawal are _______, hallucinations, delusions and seizures. tremors

The four ways to administer heroin are sniffing, _______ injection (intramuscular), smoking, and intravenous injection (mainlining). muscle The fourth stage of drug addiction is __________. dependency The freebase method of smoking cocaine can be very dangerous because the combination of fire and ether fumes is extremely __________. explosive The half life of _______ is 60 to 90 minutes. cocaine The hallucinogenic effects of psilocybin are similar to those of LSD and __________. mescaline The human body strives to maintain its internal environment within a certain range (temperature, blood pressure, etc); this ___________ is called homeostasis. equilibrium The idea that alcohol dependence is a _______ goes back at least to the 1700s. disease

The important Xanthine varieties are caffeine, theophylline, and _____________. theobromine The introduction of antipsychotic drugs have caused a dramatic ________ in the population of mental hospitals. decrease The leading cause of death in the US is _____________. Heart Disease

The legal opioid methadone, is used to treat heroin dependence by reducing severity of __________ symptoms. withdrawal The most _________ form of alcohol withdrawal is called delirium tremens and occurs in about 5 percent of people who have withdrawal symptoms. dangerous The most common active ingredients contained in OTC sleep aids are ______________. antihistamines The most common age group to report the most illicit drug use is 18 to __. 25 The most common antidepressants used today are ____s. Inhibitors SSRI - Selective Serotonin Reuptake

The most commonly abused types of drugs include _______, tobacco, stimulants, hallucinogens and depressants. alcohol The most important drug-metabolizing enzymes found in the liver belong to a group known as the ______ family of enzymes. CYP450 The most widely used __________ is alcohol. depressant

The most widely used licit social drug is _______. alcohol The names of barbiturates all end in __. al

The Native American Church's use of ______ has been controversial throughout the twentieth century. Peyote The neurotransmitter ____ is found in most areas of the CNS and exerts generalized inhibitory functions. GABA The neurotransmitter that is believed to be important for regulating waking and appetite is ______________. norepinephrine The opioid antagonist __________ selectively blocks opioid effects, preventing the user from experiencing the reinforcing effects of the abused drug (for example, heroin). naltrexone The opium plant contains both morphine and _______. codeine

The parasympathetic branch of the autonomic system stimulates digestion, slows the heart, and has other effects associated with a _______ physiological state. relaxed The part of the brain which controls ___________ is called basal ganglia. muscle tone The pharmacological term for alcohol is _______. ethanol The predominant style of tobacco use went from pipes to snuff to _______ to cigars to cigarettes. chewing The preoccupation phase is characterized by _________ concern about the drug. constant The primary active ingredients contained in cough suppressants are ____________ and expectorants. antitussives The primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana and hashish is ___. The primary psychoactive ingredient in tobacco is ________. THC

nicotine

The primary purpose for the creation of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was ___________. drug safety The process where the body rids itself of drugs and alcohol is called ______________. detoxification The psychoactive ingredient found in the _____________ is mescaline. peyote cactus

The psychological effects of LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin can be blocked with ________. chlorpromazine The ratio of LD50 to ED50 is one indication of the relative safety of a drug for a particular use or effect and this is called the ___________ index. theraputic The remaining two principal factors affecting drug use are ______ and cultural. social

The second stage of drug addiction is increased use, in which the user starts to take increased amounts of the drug. This is followed by _____________, the third stage of drug addiction. preoccupation The shorter the drug half life, the more __________ it is. addictive

The somatic system carries sensory information into the CNS and carries ______ (movement) information back out. motor The Soviets were the first to use ________ to build up their athletes. steroids

The SSRI Fluoxetine is the most widely prescribed ______________ drug.antidepressant The substitution method of drug detoxification involves _________ the abused substance with a new, less-addicting drug. replacing The symptoms for withdrawal from any _________________ is similar to symptoms for alcohol withdrawal. sedative hypnotic The theory that the popularity of marijuana increases when the risk associated with its use decreases is called _________ _____. perceived risk The three components of the nervous system are the central nervous system, the _______ system, and the autonomic system. somatic The three types are drug disposition tolerance, behavioral tolerance, and _________________ tolerance. pharmacodynamic The three types of drug users include: experimenters, compulsive users and ________. floaters

The three types of names that are applied to drugs are the _______ name, the chemical name, and the brand name. generic The time course of a drug's action depends on many things, including how the drug is administered, how quickly it is ______, and how it is eliminated from the body. absorbed The time from the patient receiving their first dose of antipsychotic medication until the first result is seen is at least __ days. 10

The timing of the onset, duration, and termination of a drug's effect is called the ___________. time course The two categories of psychoactive drugs are ______ (legal) and illicit (illegal). licit

The two main side effects of therapeutic doses of amphetamines are drug abuse and damage to the ______________ system. cardiovascular The two major ________ pathways damaged in Parkinson's disease are acetylcholine and the nigrostriatal pathways. dopamine The two ways psychoactive drugs achieve their effect is either by altering availability of the ___________ or by acting directly on the receptor. transmitter The unemployed are _____ likely to use illicit drugs than those who are employed. more

The use of alcohol has decreased since ____ and its consumption varies greatly in different regions of the US and among different cultural groups. 1980 The use of alcohol is statistically associated with homicide, assault, _______ violence and suicide family The white powder that you generally associate with cocaine is the _____ form of cocaine known as cocaine hydrochloride. salt The withdrawal symptoms for a ______ user whose drug usage has consisted of a low daily dose resemble a mild case of intestinal flu.heroin There are approximately __ analogs of PCP. 30 There are currently no FDA approved OTC drugs for ______________. weight control

There are more than one ________ products currently abused as inhalants. thousand There are now more than 40 million former smokers in the United States, and about 90 percent of them report that they quit smoking _______ formal treatment programs. without There are several FDA approved prescription drugs used to treat ________, but only Lunesta has been approved for long term use. insomnia These drugs alter perceptions of reality. They can affect sense of taste, smell, hearing and vision. Sometimes they are called ______________. psychedelics This type of alcohol can be added to gasoline to reduce pollution, used in cleaners and _________, as well as in medical research. solvents

Three derivatives of the cannabis plant are __________, hashish, and ganja.

sinsemilla

Three stimulants used by athletes in the early 1800s and 1900s were __________, cocaine, and caffeine. strychnine Through fermentation, the alcohol concentration is limited to ___%. 15

Timothy Leary was a well known psychologist and proponent for the use of ___ in the 1960s. LSD To make coca paste, coca leaves are mixed with _________ or gasoline and then filtered to form the paste. kerosene To remove the caffeine, unroasted coffee beans are soaked in an organic ________. Tobacco is responsible for ___ thousand US deaths each year. 440 solvent

Toluene is the psychoactive chemical found in many commonly abused inhalants such as glues, paints, thinners and _____ ______. nail polish Traffic fatalities involving alcohol have _________ since 1980. decreased

Tranquilizers, sedatives, pain medicines, and amphetamines are abused most often by _____. women Transdermal literally means "through the _____". skin

Tremors and rigidity are two symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Similar damage to the dopamine neurons can occur as a side effect of some ______________ drugs. psychoactive Two brain imaging techniques are ___ and MRI. PET

Two consequences of illicit drug use are lost productivity and increased ___________ costs. healthcare Two forms of cocaine which can be smoked are _____ and coca paste. Two major illicit stimulants are _______ and amphetamines. crack

cocaine

Two OTC smoking _________ aids are nicotine gum and patches. cessation Urine drug tests are relatively ___________ screening tests that detect a variety of abused substances or their metabolites in urine. inexpensive Users of cocaine _____________ either "snort" (sniff) or inject the drug intravenously. hydrochloride

using drugs to achieve some goal other than the prescribed use, for example taking pills to stay awake and drive all night. Illegal Instrumental Use Usually it takes approximately ___ years of heavy drinking of the equivalent of a pint or more of whiskey a day to develop cirrhosis of the liver. 10 Varenicline (_______) is a prescription drug used for smoking cessation. Chantix Volatile substances will __________ at low temperatures. evaporate When alcohol is heated and the vapors are condensed into liquid form again, the process is called ____________. distillation When an alcoholic learns to modify his behavior to compensate for motor impairments associated with being intoxicated this is called _____ _____. behavioral tolerance When cocaine use is suddenly stopped, a "crash" follows almost instantaneously that is characterized by an intense ________ for more cocaine. craving When given ____-nicotine cigarettes, smokers adjust by taking more puffs and inhaling more deeply.low When nonsmokers inhale cigarette smoke from their ___________ it is called passive smoking. environment When someone overdoses on opiates (heroin, codeine, morphine, etc) Narcan can be injected into a muscle to get the victim __________ again. breathing When using snuff or chewing tobacco, nicotine is absorbed through the ______ lining of the mouth. mucous Whiskey, Scotch, and Brandy are examples of distilled beverages. They are also called "________". spirits With _______ parodoxical effects include bizarre uninhibited behavior, rage, hostility and paranoia. benzodiazepines With sales exceeding $160 billion a year, the legal ______________ industry is one of the largest and most profitable industries in the United States. pharmaceutical Withdrawal symptoms are more likely to develop with drugs that _____ the system quickly. leave Withdrawal symptoms for marijuana include: irritability, restlessness, _________ appetite, weight loss and abnormal sleep. decreased

Withdrawal symptoms may begin within hours or days after the smoker quits and may continue for several _______. months Women are more likely to have problems with ______________ medicines. prescription