WiSe 2012 15.11.

2012
Prof. Dr. A.-S. Smith
Dipl.-Phys. Ellen Fischermeier
Dipl.-Phys. Matthias Saba
am Lehrstuhl fr Theoretische Physik I
Department fr Physik
Friedrich-Alexander-Universitt
Erlangen-Nrnberg
Theoretische Physik 2: Elektrodynamik
(Prof. A.-S. Smith)
Home assignment 5
Problem5.1 Quadrupole moment
A nucleus with quadrupole moment Q nds itself in a cylindrically symmetric electric eld with a
gradient (E
z
/z)
0
along the z axis at the position of the nucleus.
a) Show that the energy of quadrupole interaction is
W =
e
4
Q
_
E
z
z
_
0
.
b) If it is known that Q = 2 10
24
cm
2
and that W/h is 10 MHz, where h is Plancks constant,
calculate (E
z
/z)
0
in units of e/a
3
0
, where a
0
=
2
/me
2
= 0.529 10
8
cm is the Bohr radius
in hydrogen.
c) Nuclear-charge distributions can be approximated by a constant charge-density throughout a
spheroidal volume of semimajor axis a and semiminor axis b. Calculate the quadrupole moment
of such a nucleus, assuming that the total charge is Ze. Given that Eu
153
(Z = 63) has a
quadrupole moment Q = 2.5 10
24
cm
2
and a mean radius
R = (a + b)/2 = 7 10
13
cm,
determine the fractional dierence in radius (a b)/R.
Problem5.2 Hollow cylinder
a) A hollow right circular cylinder of radius b has its axis coincident with the z axis and its
ends at z = 0 and z = L. The potential on the end faces is zero, while the potential on the
cylindrical surface is given as V (, z). Using the appropriate separation of variables in cylindrical
coordinates, nd a series solution for the potential anywhere inside the cylinder.
b) For the cylinder in part (a) the cylindrical surface is made of two equal half-cylinders, one at
potential V and the other at potential V , so that
V (, z) =
_
V ;

2
< <

2
V ;

2
< <
3
2
.
(i) Find the potential inside the cylinder.
(ii) Assuming L b, consider the potential at z = L/2 as a function of and and compare
it with the two-dimensional case from Tutorial 5.3.
Problem5.3 Spherical cap
A spherical surface of radius R has charge uniformly distributed over its surface with a density
Q/(4R
2
), except for a spherical cap at the north pole, dened by the cone .
a) Show that the potential inside the spherical surface can be expressed as
=
Q
2

l=0
1
2l + 1
[P
l+1
(cos ) P
l1
(cos )]
r
l
R
l+1
P
l
(cos )
where, for l = 0, P
l1
(cos ) = 1. What is the potential outside?
b) Find the magnitude and the direction of the electric eld at the origin.
c) Discuss the limiting forms of the potential (from part a) and electric eld (from part b) as the
spherical cap becomes (1) very small, and (2) so large that the area with charge on it becomes
a very small cap at the south pole.
Problem5.4 Hemispherical boss
A large parallel plate capacitor is made up of two plane conducting sheets with separation D, one of
which has a small hemispherical boss of radius a on its inner surface (D a). The conductor with the
boss is kept at zero potential, and the other conductor is at a potential such that far from the boss the
electric eld between the plates is E
0
.
a) Calculate the surface-charge densities at an arbitrary point on the plane and on the boss, and
sketch their behavior as a function of distance (or angle).
b) Show that the total charge on the boss has the magnitude 3E
0
a
2
/4.
c) If, instead of the other conducting sheet at a dierent potential, a point charge q is placed
directly above the hemispherical boss at a distance d from its center, show that the charge
induced on the boss is
q

= q
_
1
d
2
a
2
d

d
2
+ a
2
_
.
Due date: Tuesday, 20.11.12
WiSe 2012 15.11.2012
Prof. Dr. A.-S. Smith
Dipl.-Phys. Ellen Fischermeier
Dipl.-Phys. Matthias Saba
am Lehrstuhl fr Theoretische Physik I
Department fr Physik
Friedrich-Alexander-Universitt
Erlangen-Nrnberg
Theoretische Physik 2: Elektrodynamik
(Prof. A.-S. Smith)
Solutions to Home assignment 5
Solution of Problem5.1 Quadrupole moment
a) In the nucleus the charge distribution has cylindrical symmetry (refer Classical Electrodynamics, by
J. D. Jackson, pages 142-143). If we choose the z-axis in the direction of the azimuthal symmetry, the
only non-vanishing terms of the quadrupole moment are the diagonal ones
Q
11
= Q
22
=
Q
33
2
To see that we will write the non-diagonal terms of quadrupole moment in cylindrical coordinates
Q
ij
=
_
3x

i
x

e
(

, z

dz

e
=
e
(

, z

) is charge density, and

is coordinate.
Every one of the quadrupole moments inviolves integration with respect to

from 0 to 2 and sine

or cosine are the functions inside the integral. That is the reason why we get 0 as solution. Diagonal
terms of quadrupole moments are:
Q
11
= Q
xx
=
_
(3

2
cos
2

2
+ z

2
))
e
(

, z

dz

=
_
(3

2
sin
2

2
+ z

2
))
e
(

, z

dz

= Q
22
= Q
yy
Q
11
+ Q
22
+ Q
33
= 0
The relation betwwen the quadrupole moment Q
33
and the quadrupole moment of nucleus is given by
the relation (Jackson, page 143)
Q
33
= eQ
Quadrupole part of potential energy of the nucleus is
W =
1
6

ij
Q
ij
(
E
j
x
i
)
0
=
1
6
Q
11
((
E
1
x
1
)
0
+ (
E
2
x
2
)
0
) + Q
33
(
E
3
x
3
)
0

=
1
6
Q
11
(
E
3
x
3
)
0
+ Q
33
(
E
3
x
3
)
0

=
1
4
Q
33
(
E
3
x
3
)
0
=
e
4
Q(
E
z
z
)
0
where we have used the equation

E = 0.
b)
[(
E
z
z
)
0
[ = 4
[W[
h
h
Q
a
3
e
2
e
a
3
o
= 4 10
7
6.626 10
27
(0.529 10
8
)
3
e
2 10
24
(4.8 10
10
)
2
a
3
0
= 0.085
e
a
3
0
c) We calculate quadrupole moment Q
33
with the help of spherical coordinates
x = a cos sin
y = a sin sin
z = b cos
The variable takes values in the interval [0,1]. The Jacobian for spherical coordinates is
J(
x, y, z
, ,
) = a
2
b
2
sin
Quadrupole moment Q
33
for constant charge density
e
is
Q
33
=
e
_
(3z
2
r
2
)dV
=
e
_
(2b
2

2
cos
2
a
2

2
sin
2
)a
2
b
2
sin ddd
_
1
0

4
d
_

0
cos
2
sin d =
2
15
_
1
0

4
d
_

0
sin
3
d =
4
15
Q
33
=
8a
2
b
3

e
15

8a
4
b
e
15
=
8a
2
b
e
15
(b
2
a
2
)
Volume of spheroid is
V =
4
3
a
2
b
2
so for charge density we get

e
=
Ze
V
=
3Ze
4a
2
b
For quadrupole moment and quadrupole moment of nucleus we get
Q
33
=
2Ze
5
(b a)(b + a)
Q =
4Z
5
R(b a)
If we set a > b, the quadrupole moment of the nucleus is negative Q < 0
a b
R
=
5
4
[Q[
ZR
2
=
5 2.5 10
24
4 63 (7 10
13
)
2
= 0.101 10%
Solution of Problem5.2 Hollow cylinder
a) Boundary conditions for the potential (Figure 1) are
(z = L) = (z = 0) = 0
( = a) = V (, z) . (1)
Fig. 1: Upright cylinder, the bases of which are on the zero potential, whereas its sheet is on the potential
V (, z)
We are going to nd the solution of the Laplace equation using the method of separation of
variables
(x) = R()Q()Z(z) . (2)
Upon insertion of the (2) in the Laplace equation we obtain
_
d
2
R
d
2
+
1

dR
d
_
1
R
+
1

2
d
2
Q
d
2
1
Q
+
1
Z
d
2
Z
dz
2
= 0 . (3)
Coordinate z is appearing only in the last term so we set
1
Z
d
2
Z
dz
2
= k
2
, (4)
3
where the constant k 0. The general solution of the (4) is
Z(z) = Asin kz + Bcos kz . (5)
If we insert the boundary conditions (z = L) = (z = 0) = 0 in (5) we obtain
Z(z) = Asin k
p
z
k
p
=
p
L
, p 1 because by denition k
p
0 . (6)
We can nd the solution for the function Q if we set
d
2
Q
d
2
1
Q
= m
2
, (7)
where the constant m 0. Uniqueness of the function Q implies that m can assume only
discrete values
Q() = C sin m + Dcos m , m = 0, 1, 2, ... (8)
Thus, the variable has to satisfy the following equation
d
2
R
d
2
+
1

dR
d

_
k
2
+
m
2

2
_
R = 0 . (9)
The general solution contains modied Bessel functions of the rst I
m
(k
p
) and of the second
K
m
(k
p
) kind
R() = EI
m
(k
p
) + FK
m
(k
p
) . (10)
When 0, the function K
m
(k
p
) . To prevent the singularity of the potential inside of
the cylinder, we set F = 0. Solution for the R() is then
R() = EI
m
(k
p
) . (11)
The general solution for the potential inside of the cylinder is
(, , z) =

m=0

p=1
(A
mp
sin m + B
mp
cos m)I
m
(k
p
) sin k
p
z . (12)
Over the cylinder sheet ( = b) the potential is equal to V (, z). Using this condition we can
determine the coecients A
mp
and B
mp
.
( = b, , z) = V (, z) =

m=0

p=1
(A
mp
sin m + B
mp
cos m)I
m
(k
p
b) sin k
p
z . (13)
By multiplying the equation (13) with sin k
p
z cos m

, then with sin k

p
z sin m

, and by sub-
sequent integration we obtain
B
0p
=
1
LI
0
(k
p
b)
_
L
0
dz
_
2
0
dV (, z) sin k
p
z
A
mp
=
2
LI
m
(k
p
b)
_
L
0
dz
_
2
0
dV (, z) sin k
p
z sin m
B
mp
=
2
LI
m
(k
p
b)
_
L
0
dz
_
2
0
dV (, z) sin k
p
z cos m , m > 0 , (14)
4
where we used the orthogonality relations
_
L
0
dz sin k
p
z sin k
p
z =
L
2

p
_
2
0
dsin m

sin m =
m

m
_
2
0
dcos m

cos m =
m

m
_
2
0
dsin m

cos m = 0 . (15)
By determining the coecients in (14) the problem is solved.
b) (i) In the part a) of the problem we calculated the potential inside of the cylinder of the length
L, where both bases are grounded and the cylinder sheet is on the potential V (, z)
(, , z) =

m=0

p=1
(A
mp
sin m + B
mp
cos m)I
m
(k
p
) sin k
p
z
B
0p
=
1
LI
0
(k
p
b)
_
L
0
dz
_
2
0
dV (, z) sin k
p
z
A
mp
=
2
LI
m
(k
p
b)
_
L
0
dz
_
2
0
dV (, z) sin k
p
z sin m
B
mp
=
2
LI
m
(k
p
b)
_
L
0
dz
_
2
0
dV (, z) sin k
p
z cos m , m > 0 , (16)
where k
p
= p/L, p = 1, 2, ...
Fig. 2: Distribution of the potential over the cylinder.
Before we start to calculate the coecients, observe that the distribution of the potential
on the cylinder is an even function for the transformation (Figure 2). Then the
potential also possesses the same symmetry, in other words, the potential is also the even
function in , so the coecients A
mp
= 0. Coecients B
mp
are equal to
B
0p
=
V
LI
0
(k
p
b)
__
L
0
dz sin k
p
z
_
_
_
/2
/2
d
_
3/2
/2
d
_
= 0 (17)
5
B
mp
=
2V
LI
m
(k
p
b)
__
L
0
dz sin k
p
z
_
_
_
/2
/2
cos md
_
3/2
/2
cos md
_
=
2V
LI
m
(k
p
b)
_

1
k
p
(cos k
p
L 1)
_ _
2
m
sin
_
m
2
_

1
m
_
sin
_
3m
2
_
sin
_
m
2
_
__
=
2V

2
I
m
(k
p
b)
1
mp
[1 (1)
p
]
_
3 sin
_
m
2
_
sin
_
3m
2
__
. (18)
Using the relations for the transformation of the sum and dierence of the sine function
into product we obtain
3 sin
_
m
2
_
sin
_
3m
2
_
= 2 sin
_
m
2
_
+
_
sin
_
m
2
_
sin
_
3m
2
__
= 2 sin
_
m
2
_
2 sin
_
m
2
_
cos m
= 2 sin
_
m
2
_
[1 (1)
m
] . (19)
Coecient B
mp
is (for m > 0) equal to
B
mp
=
4V

2
I
m
(k
p
b)
1
mp
sin
_
m
2
_
[1 (1)
p
][1 (1)
m
] . (20)
If either of the indices p and m is even, then B
mp
= 0. Solution for the potential, using the
following substitutions
m 2m1
p 2p 1 (21)
becomes
(, , z) =
16V

m=1

p=1
(1)
m1
(2m1)(2p 1)
I
2m1
_
(2p 1)
L

_
I
2m1
_
(2p 1)
L
b
_ sin
_
(2p 1)
L
z
_
cos [(2m1)],
(22)
where we used sin [(2m1)/2] = (1)
m1
.
(ii) Consider the sum over p in (22) for z = L/2 and for L b >

p=1
1
(2p 1)
I
2m1
_
(2p 1)
L

_
I
2m1
_
(2p 1)
L
b
_(1)
p1
. (23)
If
(2p 1)
L
<
(2p 1)
L
b 1 , (24)
then (here Labinac refers to Jackson, page 108, equation 3.102, even though this depends
on the version of the Jackson he used)
I
2m1
_
(2p 1)
L

_

1
(2m)
_
(2p 1)
L

_
2m1
I
2m1
_
(2p 1)
L
b
_

1
(2m)
_
(2p 1)
L
b
_
2m1
. (25)
6
Sum over the index p becomes
_

b
_
2m1

p=1
(1)
p1
(2p 1)
=
_

b
_
2m1
_
1
1
3
+
1
5
...
_
=

4
_

b
_
2m1
. (26)
In other words, sum over p gives the result (26) when L because then for every nite
p the condition (24) is satised. In this limit the potential is
(, , z) =
4V

m=1
(1)
m1
(2m1)
_

b
_
2m1
cos [(2m1)] . (27)
If in the Tutorial 5.3 we put V
2
= V
1
= V , we obtain exactly this expression for the
potential.
Solution of Problem5.3 Spherical cap
a) The conguration is shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3: Conguration in the problem.
From the given conditions we know that the
charge-density is azimuthaly symmetric and
satises
() =
_
0 , 0
Q/(4R
2
) ,
and we expect that the potential has the forms

in
(r, ) =

l=0
A
l
r
l
P
l
(cos ) inside the sphere

out
(r, ) =

l=0
B
l
r
(l+1)
P
l
(cos ) outside the sphere .
The boundary conditions for the sphere r = R are

in
(r, ) =
out
(r, ) (28)
(

E
out

E
in
)n

r=R
= 4() (29)
From the boundary condition (28) we get

l=0
A
l
R
l
P
l
(cos ) =

l=0
B
l
R
(l+1)
P
l
(cos )
A
l
R
l
= B
l
R
(l+1)
.
The secondary boundary condition gives
n = e
r
(

E
out

E
in
)

r=R
= 4() (30)
7
For the L.H.S. in (30) we can write
_

out
r
+

in
r
_

r=R
=

l=0
_
(l + 1)B
l
R
(l+2)
+ lA
l
R
l1
_
P
l
(cos )

l=0
_
(l + 1)B
l
R
(l+2)
+ lA
l
R
l1
_
P
l
(cos ) = 4()
_
P
l
(cos ) sin
_
_

0
d

l=0
_
(l + 1)B
l
R
(l+2)
+ lA
l
R
l1
_
_

0
P
l
(cos )P
l
(cos ) sin d = 4
_

0
()P
l
(cos ) sin d
From the orthogonality relation we know
_

0
P
l
(cos )P
l
(cos ) sin d =
2
2l + 1

l
.
Second integral
_

0
()P
l
(cos ) sin d =
Q
4R
2
_

P
l
(cos ) sin d (31)
Changing the variable cos = x and using the relation
dP
l+1
dx

dP
l1
dx
(2l + 1)P
l
= 0 , l 1
the integral (31) becomes
_

0
()P
l
(cos ) sin d =
Q
4R
2
1
2l + 1
_
cos
1
_
dP
l+1
(x)
dx

dP
l1
(x)
dx
_
dx , l 1
=
Q
4R
2
1
2l + 1
[P
l+1
(cos ) P
l1
(cos )]
(l + 1)B
l
R
(l+2)
+ lA
l
R
l1
=
Q
2R
2
[P
l+1
(cos ) P
l1
(cos )] (32)
For l = 0
_

P
l
(cos ) sin d = cos + 1 . (33)
If we require that (32) is also valid for l = 0 and in the accordance with (33) we take as the
denition P
1
(cos ) = 1. The coecients A
l
and B
l
are then equal to
A
l
=
Q
2R
l+1
1
2l + 1
[P
l+1
(cos ) P
l1
(cos )] (34)
B
l
=
Q
2
R
l
2l + 1
[P
l+1
(cos ) P
l1
(cos )] . (35)
Finally, the potential solution reads

in
=
Q
2

l=0
1
2l + 1
[P
l+1
(cos ) P
l1
(cos )]
r
l
R
l+1
P
l
(cos ) (36)

out
=
Q
2

l=0
1
2l + 1
[P
l+1
(cos ) P
l1
(cos )]
R
l
R
l+1
P
l
(cos ) . (37)
8
b) The electric eld inside the sphere is

E
in
=

in
r
e
r

1
r

in

=
Q
2

l=1
1
2l + 1
[P
l+1
(cos ) P
l1
(cos )]R
(l+1)
_
P
l
(cos )lr
l1
e
r
+ r
l1
sin P

l
(cos )e

_
.
where P

l
(cos ) = dP
l
(cos )/d(cos ). At the origin all terms vanish except the term l = 1

E
in
(r = 0) =
Q
6R
2
[P
2
(cos ) P
0
(cos )][P
1
(cos )e
r
+ sin P

1
(cos )e

]
P
1
(cos ) = cos ; P

1
(cos ) = 1 ; P
2
(cos ) =
1
2
(3 cos
2
1)

E
in
(r = 0) =
Q
4R
2
sin
2
(cos e
r
sin e

) =
Q
4R
2
sin
2
e
z
.
c) When 0, the nonvanishing terms are those for which l = 0

in

Q
R
;
out

Q
r
In that case electrical eld at the origin of the sphere is

E
in
(r = 0) 0. In this limit the
charge distribution mimics the uniform charge distibution in a sphere. For we will expand
the expression
I(x) = P
l+1
(x) P
l1
(x)
in a Taylor series around x = cos = 1
I(x) = I(x)[
x=1
+
I(x)
x
[
x=1
(x + 1) + ...
= P
l+1
(1) P
l1
(1) +
P
l+1
(x)
x
[
x=1

P
l1
(x)
x
[
x=1
(x + 1) + ...
= (2l + 1)P
l
(x)[
x=1
(x + 1) + ...
(2l + 1)(1)
l
(x + 1)
For the potential we now get

in

Q
2
(cos + 1)

l=0
(1)
l
r
l
R
l+1
P
l
(cos )

out

Q
2
(cos + 1)

l=0
(1)
l
R
l
r
l+1
P
l
(cos )
And electrical eld at the origin

E
in
(r = 0) =
Q
4R
2
sin
2
e
z
=
Q
4R
2
(1 cos )(1 + cos ) e
z

Q
2R
2
(1 + cos ) e
z
The sum term in the expression for potentals can be summed

l=0
(1)
l
r
l
R
l+1
P
l
(cos ) =
1

r
2
+ R
2
+ 2rRcos
In this limit the charge density is like having one single charge Q/2(1 + cos ) at z = R
9
Solution of Problem5.4 Hemispherical boss
a) Our aim will be to nd a potential which satises all the boundary conditions, as that will indeed
be the potential for the given problem. To nd this potential, we will rst nd the potential for
a somewhat easier problem, and then tweak it until it satises all the boundary conditions of
the original problem.
So, let us look at the following auxiliary problem: a charge q is positioned at a distance R
on the z-axis from the origin in front of the conducting sheet which has a small hemispherical
boss of radius a. Let us calculate the potential in the part of the space where r a and /2
(Figure 1), where r and are as in the usual spherical coordinates.
Since such a sheet containing a spherical boss is suggestive of a hemi-sphere stuck on to
a plane, we can try to solve this problem by combining the approaches using the method of
images for the case of a plane and for that of a sphere. So let us rst consider the plane, and
position the image charge q

= q at the point z

= R. Then the plane is at zero potential.

However, the boss is not. So let us now position a second image charge q

= qa/R at the point

z

= a
2
/R. Now the plane is not at zero potential anymore, so let us position another image
charge q

= q

= qa/R at the point z

= z

= a
2
/R. The total potential is equal to
the sum of the potentials of the charge q and the three image charges
Fig. 4: A point charge near a grounded, conducting sheet with a hemispherical boss.

s
(r) =
q
(r
2
+ R
2
+ 2rRcos )
1/2

q
(r
2
+ R
2
2rRcos )
1/2
+
aq
R
_
r
2
+
a
4
R
2
+
2a
2
r
R
cos
_
1/2
+
aq
R
_
r
2
+
a
4
R
2

2a
2
r
R
cos
_
1/2
.
At last, the boundary coditions for this auxiliary problem are satised: for both the planar
and the boss part of the sheet,
s
(r) = 0 (as can easily be veried).
This potential
s
(r) is not the solution to the original problem, as it does not satisfy the
condition that far away from the sheet, the electric eld is constant at E
0
(in other words, the
10
condition that lim
r
(r) = E
0
z = E
0
r cos ). So now we try to tweak
s
(r) a bit. So let
R . Then,
s
(r) can be expanded as

s
(r) =
q
R
_
1
r
2
2R
2

r
R
cos 1 +
r
2
2R
2

r
R
cos
_
+ ...

qa
rR
_
1
a
4
2r
2
R
2

a
2
rR
cos 1 +
a
4
2r
2
R
2

a
2
rR
cos
_
+ ...

s
(r)
2qr
R
2
cos +
2qa
3
r
2
R
2
cos =
2q
R
_
1
a
3
r
3
_
r
R
cos = E
0
_
r
a
3
r
2
_
cos
where E
0
:=
2q
R
2
= constant.
Hence, as r ,
s
(r) E
0
r cos , as desired. Therefore,
s
(r) = (r) = E
0
_
r
a
3
r
2
_
cos
is the desired potential.
Note that, physically, E
0
=
2q
R
2
is the magnitude of an electric eld between two innite hemi-
spherical (of radius R ) sheets over which a surface charge =
q
2R
2
has been smeared
(because, as R , these hemi-spherical sheets together form a parallel plate capacitor,
between the plates of which we know the electric eld to be E
0
= 4 =
2q
R
2
). Thus, having
found the potential, we can now calculate the electric eld

E =

r
e
r

1
r

= E
0
cos
_
1 + 2
a
3
r
3
_
e
r
E
0
sin
_
1
a
3
r
3
_
e

.
Now, nally, we can calculate the surface charge density on the planar and the boss part

p

planar
=
1
4

E e
z

=/2
=
E
0
4
_
1
a
3
r
3
_
sin e

e
z

=/2
=
E
0
4
_
1
a
3
r
3
_
because in the planar part of the surface of interest e
r
e
z
= 0 and e

e
z
= 1.

b

boss
=
1
4

E e
r

r=a
=
3
4
E
0
cos .
The surface charge densities on the boss and the planar part are shown in the gures 3 and 4,
respectively.
Note: The surface charge density on the boss part is the same as the one found for the sphere
in the uniform eld (see homework, Problem 4.2 b).
Fig. 5: Surface charge density on the boss. Fig. 6: Surface charge density on the planar part.
11
b) The total charge on the boss is
Q
b
=
_
2
0
d
_
/2
0
d sin a
2

b
=
3E
0
a
2
2
_
/2
0
d sin cos =
3E
0
a
2
4
.
c) We have already found the potential for this conguration in the auxiliary problem of part a),
with the only dierence being that here q and R are replaced by q and d, respectively. So,
making the following changes in
s
(r) from part a),
q q
R d,
we get

s
(r) =
q
(r
2
+ d
2
+ 2rd cos )
1/2
+
q
(r
2
+ d
2
2rd cos )
1/2
+
aq
d
_
r
2
+
a
4
d
2
+
2a
2
r
d
cos
_
1/2

aq
d
_
r
2
+
a
4
d
2

2a
2
r
d
cos
_
1/2
.
The surface charge density on the boss is
=
1
4

E e
r

r=a
=
1
4

r=a
=
q
_
d
2
a
2
_
4a
_
1
(a
2
+ d
2
+ 2ad cos )
3/2

1
(a
2
+ d
2
2ad cos )
3/2
_
.
In the calculation of the induced charge on the boss, integrals of the following form appear
_
/2
0
sin d
(a
2
+ d
2
2ad cos )
3/2
=
1
ad
_
1
d a

1
(a
2
+ d
2
)
1/2
_
.
The induced charge on the boss is then
q

=
_
2
0
d
_
/2
0
d sin a
2
()
=
qa
_
d
2
a
2
_
2
_
1
ad
_
1
d + a

1
(a
2
+ d
2
)
1/2
_
+
1
ad
_
1
d a

1
(a
2
+ d
2
)
1/2
__
=
q
_
d
2
a
2
_
2d
_
2d
d
2
a
2

2
(a
2
+ d
2
)
1/2
_
= q
_
1
d
2
a
2
d (d
2
+ a
2
)
1/2
_
.
12