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Eyeball (2.5 cm) Eyelid = lid () Eyelash () Puntum () Medial & lateral canthus () Fornix () Iris () & pupil () Cornea () (1 cm) Limbus () (Bulbar) conjunctiva () Sclera ()
Cornea () Limbus () Conjunctiva () Anterior chamber () Iris () Posterior chamber () Lens () Vitreous () Iridocorneal angle () Ciliary body ()
Bony Orbit:
Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Maxillary bone Ethomoidal bone Sphenoid bone Lacrimal bone Palatine bone
Orbital floor: MaxillaPalatine Zygomatica Orbital roof: Frontal, lesser wing of sphenoid b.
Vision: II (optic nerve) Sensation: V1 (ophthalmic nerve) Motor: III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), VI (abducens) Pupil dilation: sympathetic Pupil constriction: parasympathetic Motor: VII (facial) not through the orbital apex -- orbicularis muscle
Frontal, lacrimal, nasocilliary
Sensory root form nasocilary branch of CN V1 Motor root form the inf. Division of CN III Sympathetic root form the internal carotid artery Parasympathetic axons form post-ganglionic fibers
(light reflex)
1, 2 functions
Muscle
Innervation
Origin
Insertion
Primary function
Superior rectus
Superior branch Annulus of Zinn of oculomotor from tendinous nerve ring Annulus of Zinn from tendinous ring
Elevation
eye (anterior, Depression Extorsion inferior surface) eye (anterior, Abduction lateral surface) eye (anterior, Adduction medial surface)
Adduction 6.5mm
Annulus of Zinn Lateral rectus Abducens nerve from tendinous ring Inferior branch Medial rectus of oculomotor nerve Annulus of Zinn from tendinous ring
6.9mm
5.5mm
Superior oblique
Annulus of Zinn via the Trochlea of superior Trochlear nerve oblique which forms a 'pulley system'.
Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve
Depression Abduction
Inferior oblique
Maxillary bone
Elevation
Abduction
Outside to inside:
Skin Subcutaneous tissue Orbicularis oculi Orbital septum & tarsal plates M ller muscle (upper eyelid) Palpebral conjunctiva
Puntum (punta; ) Upper & lower calaniculus (canaliculi; ) Common calaniculus (90%) Lacrimal sac () Nasolacrimal duct ()
a. Lacrimal gland b. Superior lacrimal punctum c. Superior lacrimal canal d. Lacrimal sac e. Inferior lacrimal punctum f. Inferior lacrimal canal g. Nasolacrimal duct
where the inner part of the eyelids and the eyeball meet, the palpebral conjunctiva is reflected at the superior fornix and the inferior fornix to become the bulbar conjunctiva. It is loose and flexible, Fornix conjunctiva allowing the free movement of the lids and eyeball. An ophthalmologist or optometrist can insert eye drops into the lower eyelid space. The substance works its way up the surface of the eyeball and diffuse into the internal eye.
Bulbar or ocular conjunctiva covers the eyeball, over the sclera. This region of the conjunctiva is bound tightly and moves with the eyeball movements.
Lens () Aperture
Pupil Cornea Lens ()
Film
Retina
Dark room
Sclera, choroid
Contribute most refractive power: 43D Central cornea is thinner (0.5 mm) than periphery (0.7 mm)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Cover the posterior 4/5 of the surface of the globe Anterior opening: cornea Posterior opening: optic nerve
Thinnest (0.3mm): just behind the insertions of rectus muscles Thickest (1.0mm): posterior pole around the optic nerve head
Conjunctiva and limbal palisades Tenons capsule Episclera Corneoscleral stroma Aqueous outflow apparatus
Ciliary process: zonule (lens suspension) Ciliary epithelium: aqueous secretion (Trabecular meshwork: absorption) Ciliary muscle: lens thickening (accommodation; near vision) Ciliary vessels: nutrition
Ciliary epithelium
Biconvex structure Contribute 20D of focusing power Accommodation ability: deceased by aging
Adolescents: 12-16D Age 50: 2D
2 functions:
As a transparent gel occupying the major volume of the globe As a route of nutrition to lens
5 6 7 8 9 10
Macula (lutea)
Phtoreceptors:
Rods + 3 types of cones
Bipolar cells:
Rod on bipolars Cone on- and offbipolars
Interneurons
Horizontal and amacrine cells
Ganglion cells
Forming optic nerve
3 parts:
Iris Ciliary body (located in the anterior uvea) Choroid ( located in the posterior uvea)
Sphincter muscle
Parasympathetic innervation
Ciliary muscle
Longitudinal Radial Circular
3 layers
Choriocapillaries (innermost) Small vessels (middle) Large vessels (outer)
25 4-10
3-4
Intraneural branches of central retinal artery; pial branches from CRA and choroid Ophthalmic artery
Intracranial
10
4-7
Internal carotic artery Ophthalmic artery 7 anterior ciliary a. (ACA) (4 rectus m., anterior segment) 20 short posterior ciliary a. (SPCA) (choroid, outer 1/3 retina, anterior segment) 2 long posterior ciliary a. (LPCA) (the same as above) 1 central retinal a. 4 branches (inner 2/3 retina)
Surface Ectoderm
Epithelium, glands, cilia of skin of eyelids and carnucle Conjunctival epithelium Lens Lacrimal gland Lacrimal drainage system Vitreous
Mesoderm
Fibers of extraocular muscles Endothelial lining of all orbital and ocular blood vessels Temporal portion of sclera Vitreous