Central Places in the Migration and the Merovingian Periods, s. 185-196.

Regional Settlement Patterns and Central Places on Late Iron Age Zealand, Denmark
Per Ole Rindel
Abstract Analyses of 3241 recorded sites from Zealand (Sjlland) from the Iron Age and Early Middle Ages (500 BC - AD 1200) indicate significant changes within the regional settlement pattern. In the Late Iron Age a number of different kinds of central places types can be observed. The topographical situation of these central places is evaluated in relation to the general settlement patterns on Zealand in the same period. Gammel Lejre, Tiss, Toftegrd, and Trelleborg are all situated close to large watercourse systems, 2,5-7 kilometres from the coast. Even if the general settlement pattern of the Late Iron Age shows a positive preference for the zones very close to the coast, the central places are thus situated some kilometres from the coast, but often very close to the large watercourse systems, which not only seem to have been of importance for over regional communication but for local communication, as well, as these watercourses seem to have been of increasing general importance in this period. The situation of some of the Late Iron Age central places in areas with clayey sand soil should not only be explained from agricultural needs, as more clayey soils generally seem to have been preferred for the contemporary rural settlement, but also as a result of the choice of placement from aspects such as communication, protection and control. Per Ole Rindel, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vandkunsten 5, DK-1467 Copenhagen K Denmark, rindel@hum.ku.dk

Introduction
As part of the research programme Fortid og Flora (Land-Use History and Plant Diversity) funded by the Research Councils 1995-2000 (Aaby et al. 1999; Bruun et al. 2001), a project dealing with the Iron Age settlement patterns and land use of the island of Zealand, Denmark, has been carried out by Ulla Lund Hansen and me. At the Sachsensymposium in Bederkesa in 1999 we presented some preliminary results from a restricted primary investigation area in the northern part of Zealand. Now more final results based on analyses of the whole of Zealand are available. Furthermore the project has developed into a new project, running in 2000-2001 within the frames of the co-ordinating institution resundsuniversitetet (resund University). This new project is carried out as a collaboration between the archaeological institutes at the universities in Lund and Copenhagen and deals with settlement patterns and land use in the Iron Age and Early Middle Ages (500 BC AD 1200) within Scania and Zealand. An important task has been to establish a common data base structure and the incorporation of this
185

REGIONAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND CENTRAL PLACES ON LATE IRON AGE ZEALAND, DENMARK

into GIS (MapInfo), making total analyses of the region around resund possible. As a part of these projects systematic recording and up-to-date evaluation of finds and file informations at the Danish National Museum in Copenhagen and at the regional archaeological museums on Zealand has been carried out. This means that the already existing record within the frames of the National Archaeological Record (Det Kulturhistoriske Centralregister) (Jarl Hansen 1994) has been updated and supplemented considerably. By the end of the recording process in 1999, a record of 3241 archaeological sites, including settlements, cemeteries, hoards, field systems, stray finds etc. from the period 500 BC 1200 AD has been established for further analyses. What the settlements concerns, only rural settlements, which are archaeologically documented, are included in the analyses. This means, that early medieval cities, or rural settlements known from written sources only, are not included. In this way the results in relation to the later parts of the period in question should be comparable to the results in relation to the earlier periods. So far, our analyses have focussed on the relation between settlement and three main elements in the landscape: the coast, the watercourses and the different soil types. In order to understand the central places of the Late Iron Age in their context it might be useful to compare the topographical situation of the Late Iron Age central places on Zealand with the contemporary general settlement patterns and land use of this region. Some of the main results of the projects mentioned above will be presented in the following, including the earlier parts of the Iron Age as well as the Early Middle Age, in order to see the settlement patterns of the Late Iron Age within a larger chronological framework. Finally the
186
PER OLE RINDEL

relation between the general settlement patterns and the situation of some of the central places will be discussed. It must be stressed, that the reliability of such analyses depends very much on a sufficient number of sites and should be evaluated against source criticism (Rindel 1998:34 pp.). In the present case, certain formation processes evidently have had important influence on the present number and distribution of the recorded sites. Here only some of the most important will be mentioned. Even if the number of sites allows statistically significant results, the evidence of such statistical analyses of the regional settlement patterns and land use should always be interpreted carefully and only seen as a supplement to other sorts of information on this matter, such as pollen diagrams and detailed analyses of the specific sites and their topographic, economic, and social context. The methods used in the present analyses are not appropriate for description of particular sites on the local level, but only for statistical analyses of a large number of sites to elucidate tendencies and changes in the general settlement pattern within a major region. Nevertheless, I think that such results can be of great importance and point to some facts, which can be further analysed and explained by other and more detailed methods.

Late Iron Age Central Places on Zealand

It must be stressed, that the term central places in the case of Late Iron Age Zealand covers a wide range of sites with very different characteristics (cf. Nsman 1998:1 pp.). Gammel Lejre, with the large hall houses (Christensen 1997; Jrgensen 2001:78) and the neighbouring stone ship and rich cremation

grave in the barrow Grydehj (Andersen 1960; Christensen 1991), and Tiss, with large hall houses, as well, and rich and unusual artefacts (Jrgensen 1998, 2001:79 p.), both seem to have been important political centres during the Late Germanic Iron Age and Viking Age, probably within the royal level of the societies. The large farmstead and the precious finds at Toftegrd at Strby no doubt represents a high social level, too, most likely a series of local magnates during the same period (Tornbjerg 1997, 1998). The ring fortress at Trelleborg probably played a role for royal control of the region in the late 10th century (Andersen 1991). Recently indications of trade and handicrafts in the Late Germanic Iron Age and Viking Age have been found in the vicinity of Trelleborg (Johannesen 2001). The precious ring knob sword in the 7th century grave at Kyndby, indicates the presence of a person with high social status, probably a military leader related to the king, on the peninsula between Roskilde Fjord and Isefjord at this time (rsnes-Christensen 1955; Nrgaard Jrgensen 2001:111).

Fig. 1. Zealand showing the different buffer zones used in the analyses of the relation between the settlement and distance from the coast. The broken line marks the boarder between the hinterland of the open coasts and the hinterland of the large inlet system of Isefjord and Roskilde Fjord.

The Relation between Settlement and Coast

In the following analyses of the relation between settlement and coast it is important to distinguish between the hinterlands related to the open coasts at the waters surrounding Zealand and the hinterlands of the protected coast in relation to the widely ramified inlet system which covers a major part of Northern Zealand, that is the inlets of Roskilde Fjord and Isefjord (Fig. 1). The coastline of Zealand seems to have changed to some degree during the Iron Age, partly caused by minor changes in the general sea level within this period. In

the Early Roman Iron Age and Late Germanic Iron Age the sea level seems to have been about 1 metre lower than the present, while it was about the present level in the Early Germanic Iron Age and the Viking Age, and about 1 metre higher in the Early Middle Ages (Holmberg & Skamby Madsen 1998:212 p.). Much work has to be done to get a more precise knowledge of the prehistoric coastlines. So far, historical maps from about 1800 (Videnskabernes Selskabs kort) have been used in the present analyses to have a rough approximation of the coastline of the Iron Age and Early Middle Ages. By use of GIS the distribution of sites in buffer zones with different distances from the coasts are compared to the size of the same buffer zones. Similar analyses of the distance of sites with Late Iron Age graves or single finds from the coast have been carried out, as well. It should be noted,
187

REGIONAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND CENTRAL PLACES ON LATE IRON AGE ZEALAND, DENMARK

that the very intensive excavation activity in the area around Hje Tstrup during the last two decades (Mahler (ed.) 1999) has a very strong influence on the number of recorded Iron Age settlements in the zone between 5 and 10 kilometres from the coast, which causes a considerable artificial overrepresentation of this zone. This fact has no influence on the analyses of the hinterland of the inlet system of northern Zealand, as this region does not include the Hje Tstrup area. As regards the hinterland of the open coasts, the analyses have been carried out in two ways, including and excluding the Hje Tstrup area, respectively. The zones closest to the coast, that is less than 1 kilometre from the coast, generally seem to have had a negative preference during most of the Iron Age (Fig. 2). This can not be explained by changes in the sea level. Such a negative preference does not count for the zones at the open coasts during the Late Roman Iron Age, however. From the Late Germanic Iron Age this pattern is changed to a positive preference for the zones within 500 meters from the coasts, both as regards the protected coasts in the inlet system (Fig. 3) and the open coasts. This obviously has a close relation to the emergence of numerous landing places and certain economically specialised settlements at the Danish coasts in the Late Germanic Iron Age and Viking Age (Ulriksen 1998; Mller-Hansen 2000). The total lack of recorded settlements from the Early and Late Germanic Iron Age in the innermost part of Zealand, that is more than 20 kilometres from the coast, should not be overestimated, as several graves and single finds from this time span are known in the same region (Fig. 4). Nevertheless this part of Zealand generally seems to have had a negative preference for settlement in all periods of the Iron Age, as the number of settlements is less
188
PER OLE RINDEL

than should be expected if the settlements of the periods in question were evenly distributed on Zealand. In the Early Pre Roman Iron Age (500-200 BC) the inner part of Zealand may even have been uninhabited as no finds are recorded from this period.

The Relation between Settlement and Watercourses

The major watercourse systems on Zealand are all to be found on the southern and to some degree the north eastern part of the island. The northern and north western parts are totally dominated by the large inlet system, with only minor watercourse systems in the hinterlands. Similar to the analyses of the relation between settlement and coasts, the settlement patterns have been analysed in relation to a number of zones with different distances from the watercourses, and the distribution of settlements on the different zones has been compared to the area distribution of the same zones. So far, the present analyses have been carried out on the basis of modern topographical charts in the scale 1:100.000, which of course represents a source of error. The exact positions of the different watercourses have no doubt changed to some degree both during and since the Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages. Especially the high sea level during the Early Middle Ages may have caused more water rich watercourses in this period than later on (Holmberg & Skamby Madsen 1998: 212 p.). Another source of error is the many regulations of the watercourses, which have taken place since the periods in question, and the fact, that the watercourses are treated as a simple line in the analyses even if the width of such a watercourse can be many metres.

Fig. 2. The relation between settlements, and the distance from the coast on Zealand 500 BC AD 1200. The histogram in the top left shows the distribution of area of the different distance zones (see Fig. 1) and is used as a reference for the other histograms showing the relation between recorded settlements, divided into different periods, and distance from the coast. Dark grey signature indicates values in excess of what should be expected, if the distribution of recorded settlements of the period in question was evenly distributed, corresponding to the area distribution of the distance zones. Similarly light grey signature indicates values corresponding to or inferior to what should be expected. White signature indicates shortfalls in this connection.

REGIONAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND CENTRAL PLACES ON LATE IRON AGE ZEALAND, DENMARK

189

Fig. 3. The relation between settlements and the distance from the coast within the hinterland of the large inlet system of Zealand AD 775-1200. Signatures as in fig. 2.

Fig. 4. The relation between stray finds and distance from the coast on Zealand AD 3751200. Signatures as in fig. 2.

The number of settlements in the zone situated nearest to the watercourses, that is less than 250 metres, is for all periods except the Early Middle Age less than expected if the recorded settlements were evenly distributed on Zealand, but there is a clear tendency towards an increasing part of settlements in this zone already in the Viking Age (Fig. 5), especially in relation to the major watercourse systems (here defined as the watercourses, which rise more than 15 kilometres from the mouth, as the crow flies). The most obvious explanation seems to be, that the major watercourses became of increasing importance as a means of frequent communication and transportation of goods during the Late Iron Age and Early Middle Age. Such changes in the relation between the settlement patterns
190
PER OLE RINDEL

and the watercourses would be in good line with the establishment of numerous landing places at the coasts in this period. A particular high sea and water level during the Early Middle Ages may have been of great importance in this connection. The introduction of water mills might have played a role for this development in the settlement pattern, too. More detailed analyses of the placement of the settlements in relation to the different parts of the watercourses have to be done to get more detailed information on this matter. In the Early Iron Age and Early Germanic Iron Age there seems to have been a much stronger negative preference for the zones close to the watercourses, which especially as regards the Early Pre Roman and Early Roman Iron Age is quite opposite to what seems to be the

Fig. 5. The relation between settlements and distance from watercourses on Zealand 500 BC AD 1200. The histogram in the top left shows the distribution of area of the different distance zones, and is used as a reference for the other histograms showing the relation between recorded settlements on Zealand, divided into different periods, and distance from the coast. Signatures as in fig. 2.

REGIONAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND CENTRAL PLACES ON LATE IRON AGE ZEALAND, DENMARK

191

case in the southern and western parts of Jutland (Rindel 1998:44 pp.; Rindel 1999: 94 p.).

The Relation between Settlement and Soil Classes

The most widely distributed soil classes on Zealand are clayey sand, sandy clay and clay. Clayey sand is the dominating soil type in north eastern Zealand, while the rest of the island is dominated by sandy clay and clay. This analysis has been made on the basis of the soil maps of the Ministry of Agriculture. Unfortunately some parts of Zealand, typically areas covered by present urban areas or forests, have not been included in the geological survey used for this analysis. As a consequence settlements within these areas are excluded from this analysis. This counts for among others a larger part of the area around Hje Tstrup, which means that the over representation of recorded Iron Age settlements in this area does not influence the analysis essentially. Settlements from all parts of the Iron Age have been recorded in relation to all of the most common soil classes on Zealand, but the distribution of settlements on the different soil classes shows considerable chronological differences (Fig. 6). Generally a gradual displacement from the clayey sand soils towards the sandy clay soils seems to have taken place during the Pre Roman, Roman and Early Germanic Iron Age; in the Late Roman and Early Germanic Iron Age supplemented by a displacement towards the clay soils, as well (Fig. 8). A similar increasing use of the sandy clay and clay soils during the Pre Roman and Early Roman Iron Age seems to have taken place in other parts of the country, such as the young moraine landscape in the south eastern part of Jutland (Rindel 1998:46
192
PER OLE RINDEL

p.). In the Late Iron Age the clay soils seem to have been the most preferred soil type for settlement. Of course, on the local level different soil types may have been preferred for settlement and cultivation, respectively. To elucidate this aspect, analysis of the composition of soil types within a range of 1 kilometre from each recorded settlement are carried out as a part of the ongoing project, but this has not been completed yet. The analysis of the settlement pattern of the Late Iron Age and Early Middle Ages shows a relatively high number of settlements situated on clayey sand soil. This seems to be caused by the presence of a number of sites quite close to the coasts, that is less than 250 metres, typically sites, which can be interpreted as landing places or other types of sites, which had specialised economic functions, which meant that not only aspects related to agriculture were important in the choice of topographical situation. The Late Iron Age settlements at Tiss and Ns (Mller-Hansen & Hier 2000) are both situated on clayey sand, but in these cases the need to be situated close to the coast or a major watercourse and lake, respectively, may have been of greater importance than the soil type in the closest surroundings. If settlements situated closer than 250 metres from the coasts are excluded from this analysis, the pattern is almost unaltered in comparison to the pattern in the Late Roman Iron Age and Early Germanic Iron Age, that is with a clear preference for the clay soils, and the sandy clay soils as an attractive soil type, too (Fig. 7). The number of recorded settlements from the Early Pre Roman Iron Age on Zealand is still rather small, even if it has been increased considerably during the last decade, but the impression of a clear preference for the clayey sand soils is supported by the distribution of

Fig. 6. The relation between settlements and different soil classes on Zealand 500 BC AD 1200. The histogram in the top middle shows the distribution of the area of the different soil classes (some parts of Zealand have not been classified), and is used as a reference for the other histograms showing the relation between recorded settlements on Zealand, divided into different periods, and soil classes. Signatures as in fig. 2.

Fig. 7. The relation between settlements and different soil classes on Zealand AD 525-1200. Settlements situated less than 250 metres from the coast are omitted.

Fig. 8. Simplified model of the changes in preferred soil classes on Zealand during the Iron Age.

REGIONAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND CENTRAL PLACES ON LATE IRON AGE ZEALAND, DENMARK

193

the even more restricted number of sites with graves and single finds from the same period. A relatively high number of sites from the Early Pre Roman Iron Age has been recorded within north eastern Zealand, which means that this region may have had a relatively high population density in this period, compared to other parts of Zealand, which seem to have been preferred later on in the Iron Age. If so, the many deforestations in north eastern Zealand in the Viking Age and Middle Ages, which are reflected in the place names, may to a large extent represent a recolonisation of areas, which had been settled and cultivated in the earliest part of the Iron Age.

The preference of the areas situated less

General Characteristics of the Late Iron Age Settlement Pattern on Zealand

The main results of the analyses of the Late Iron Age general settlement patterns on Zealand can be summarised as follows: The areas situated less than 500 metres from the coasts seem to have had a positive preference for settlement in the Late Iron Age. This counts for the open coast as well as the protected coasts in the large inlet systems. It should be stressed, that the sites situated at the coast seem to represent very different aspects of the settlement pattern, varying from landing places with no permanent settlement to real settlements (like Ns), but no distinction on this matter has been made in this analysis. The innermost part of Zealand seems to have had a negative preference for settlement in the Late Iron Age, even if there are indications of a scattered settlement in this area.
194
PER OLE RINDEL

than 500 metres from the watercourses seems to have had increased substantially during the Late Iron Age and especially in the Early Middle Ages, compared to the previous part of the Iron Age, even if it is only in the Early Middle Age, that the number of sites is in excess of what should be expected from the area of this zone, if the settlements had been evenly distributed on Zealand. As to the soil classes, there seems to have been a positive preference for the sandy clay and clay soils in the Late Iron Age. This is the result of a gradual displacement from the clayey sand soils towards the sandy clay and clay soils which seems to have taken place during the Early Iron Age.

The Relation between Late Iron Age Central Places and general Settlement Patterns
The topographical situation of some of the important Late Iron Age central places on Zealand can now be evaluated in relation to the characteristics of the general settlement patterns of the same period. The situations of Gammel Lejre, Tiss, Toftegrd, and Trelleborg to a high degree have the same characteristics: close to one of the large watercourse systems, 2,5-7 kilometres from the coast (Fig. 9). Even if the general settlement pattern of the Late Iron Age shows a positive preference for the zones very close to the coasts, the central places are thus situated some kilometres from the coast, but often very close to the large watercourse systems, which not only seem to have been of importance for over regional communication but for local com-

Fig. 9. Central Zealand. Important Late Iron Age central places (open circles) and watercourses are shown. The mouths of the large watercourse systems rising more than 15 kilometres from the mouth in question, are marked with crosses. 1. Tiss. 2. Trelleborg. 3. Gammel Lejre. 4. Toftegrd.

munication, as well, as these watercourses seem to have been of increasing general importance in this period. The situation of some of the Late Iron Age central places in areas with clayey sand soil should not only be explained from agricultural needs, as more clayey soils generally seem to have been preferred for the contemporary rural settlement, but also as a result of the choice of placement from aspects such as communication, protection and control.

Acknowledgements
This is publication no. 35 from the inter-disciplinary project Land-Use History and Plant Diversity (Fortid og Flora) funded by the Danish Research Councils 1995-2000. As a part of this, an archaeological project dealing with the settlement patterns and land use on Zealand during the Iron Age has been carried out by Ulla Lund Hansen and the author, both Institute of Ethnology and Archaeology at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. A similar project dealing with Himmerland in

northern Jutland has been carried out by Sren Diinhoff and Jrgen Lund, Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology at the University of rhus. In relation to the new project by resundsuniversitetet 2000-2001 the work on Scania is carried out by Birgitta Hrdh, Lars Larsson and Mimmi Tegnr, Institute of Archaeology at the University of Lund, while Ulla Lund Hansen and the author have continued the work on Zealand. resundsuniversitetet (resund University) is a consortium of eleven universities and university colleges on both sides of the Sound (resund) in the Swedish province of Skne (Scania) and the Danish province of Zealand (Sjlland).

References
Aaby, B., Jessen Graae, B., Lund Hansen, U., Rindel, P.O. & Hjort Caspersen, O. 1999. Fortid og Flora. Nyt fra Nationalmuseet 82, marts 1999:16-19. Andersen, H. 1960. Hovedstaden i riget. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1960:13-35. Andersen, S.W. 1995. Vikingeborgen Trelleborg. Slagelse.

REGIONAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND CENTRAL PLACES ON LATE IRON AGE ZEALAND, DENMARK

195

Bruun, H.H., Fritzbger, B., Rindel, P.O. & Lund Hansen, U. 2001. Plant species richness in grasslands: the relative importance of contemporary environment and land-use history since the Iron Age. Ecography 24(5):569-578. Christensen, T. 1991. Lejre beyond Legend. The Archaeological Evidence. Journal of Danish Archaeology 10:163-185. 1997. Hallen i Lejre. Callmer, J. & Rodengren, E. (eds.),Gick Grendel at ska det hga huset Arkeologiska kllor till aristokratiska miljer i Skandinavien under yngre jrnldern. Halmstad, pp. 47-54. Holmberg, B. & Skamby Madsen, J. 1998. Da kom en snekke Havnepladser fra 1000- og 1100-tallet? Kuml 1997-98:197-225. Jarl Hansen, H. 1994. Den elektroniske sognebeskrivelse. Landsdkkende arkologi p computer. Mark og Montre 1994:54-58. Johannessen, K. 2001. Naboskab. Skalk 2001, nr. 5:13-17. Jrgensen, L. 1998. En storgrd fra vikingetid ved Tiss, Sjlland en forelbig prsentation. Larsson, L. & Hrdh, B. (eds.), Centrala platser Centrala Frgor. Samhllsstrukturen under Jrnldern. En Vnbok till Berta Stjernquist. Uppkrastudier 1. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Series in 8, No. 28. Stockholm, pp. 233-248. 2001. From tribute to estate system, 3rd-12th century. Arrhenius, B. (ed.), Kingdoms and Regionality. Transactions from the 49th Sachsensymposium 1998 in Uppsala. Stockholm, pp. 73-82. Lund Hansen, U. 1995. Himlingje Seeland Europa. Ein Grberfeld der jngeren rmischen Kaiserzeit auf Seeland, seine Bedeutung und internationalen Beziehungen. Nordiske Fortidsminder Serie B, Band 13. Kbenhavn. Mahler, D.L. (ed.) 1999. Hje Tstrup fr buerne. Glimt af 6000 rs historie. Kbenhavns Amts Museumsrd. Kbenhavn. Mller-Hansen, K. & Hier, H. 2000. Ns en vikingetidsbebyggelse med hrproduktion.

Kuml 2000:59-89. Nsman, U. 1998: Sydskandinavisk samhllsstruktur i ljuset av merovingisk och angelsaxisk analogi eller i vad r det som centralplatserna r centrala? Larsson, L. & Hrdh, B. (eds.), Centrala platser Centrala Frgor. Samhllsstrukturen under Jrnldern. En Vnbok till Berta Stjernquist. Uppkrastudier 1. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Series in 8, No. 28. Stockholm, pp. 1-26. Nrgaard Jrgensen, A. 2001. The Martial Society? Arrhenius, B. (ed.), Kingdoms and Regionality. Transactions from the 49th Sachsensymposium 1998 in Uppsala. Stockholm, pp. 103-113. Rindel, P.O. 1998. ldre jernalders bebyggelsesmnstre i Snderjylland. Bebyggelsehistorisk Tidskrift 33 (1997):31-52. 1999. Development of the village community 500 BC-100 AD in west Jutland, Denmark. Fabech, Ch. & Ringtved, J. (eds.), Settlement and Landscape. Proceedings of a conference in rhus, Denmark, May 4-7 1998, Jysk Arkologisk Selskab. rhus, pp. 79-99. Srensen, S.A. 2000. Hrup en sjllandsk vrkstedsplads fra romersk jernalder. Museet Frgegrden. Jgerspris. Tornbjerg, S.. 1997. Toftegrd ved Strby. Arkologiske udgravninger 1995-98 af en stormandsbebyggelse. rbog for Kge Museum 1997:5-19. 1998. Toftegrd en fundrig grd fra sen jernalder og vikingetid. Larsson, L. & Hrdh, B. (eds.), Centrala platser Centrala Frgor. Samhllsstrukturen under Jrnldern. En Vnbok till Berta Stjernquist. Uppkrastudier 1. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Series in 8, No. 28. Stockholm, pp. 217-232. Ulriksen, J. 1998. Anlbspladser. Besejling og bebyggelse i Danmark mellem 200 og 1100 e.Kr. Vikingeskibshallen i Roskilde. rsnes-Christensen, M. 1955. Kyndbygravpladsen: rige fund fra en fundfattig tid. Fra Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1955:74-81.

196

PER OLE RINDEL