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Atomic Structure
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Contents
Atomic Structure
Introducing atoms
Summary activities
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X3,000,000,000
If a football was enlarged by the same amount it would stretch from the UK to the USA.
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Inside an atom
Where are the electrons and nucleus found in an atom?
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Contents
Atomic Structure
Introducing atoms
Summary activities
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The element carbon is the atom that the mass of all other atoms is compared to. Carbon has a RAM of 12.
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CC
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nucleus
electron
neutron
proton
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Particle
proton neutron
Mass
1 1
Charge
+1 0
electron
almost 0
-1
The atoms of an element contain equal numbers of protons and electrons and so have no overall charge.
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sodium
iron
tin
fluorine
11
26
50
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Mass number
Electrons have a mass of almost zero, which means that the mass of each atom results almost entirely from the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus is the mass number. It is the larger of the two numbers shown in most periodic tables.
Atom hydrogen lithium aluminium
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Protons 1 3 13
helium
copper cobalt
2
29 27
2
35 32
4 64 59
127 73
iodine
germanium
53
32
74
41
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uranium
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238
92
Building a nucleus
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Contents
Atomic Structure
Introducing atoms
Summary activities
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copper
iodine
29
53
35
74
29
53
Atomic number is defined as the number of protons rather than the number of electrons because atoms can lose or gain electrons but do not normally lose or gain protons.
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The arrangement of electrons in these shells is often called the electron configuration.
1st shell
2nd shell
3rd shell
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Contents
Atomic Structure
Introducing atoms
Summary activities
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What is an isotope?
Elements consist of one type of atom, but sometimes these atoms can be slightly different. Although atoms of the same element always have the same number of protons, they may have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms that differ in this way are called isotopes.
Properties of isotopes
The isotopes of an element are virtually identical in their chemical reactions. This is because they have the same number of protons and the same number of electrons. The uncharged neutrons make no difference to chemical properties but do affect physical properties such as melting point and density.
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Isotopes of carbon
Most naturally-occurring carbon exists as carbon-12, about 1% is carbon-13 and a much smaller amount is carbon-14.
6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons
6 protons
6 neutrons 7 electrons
6 protons
6 neutrons 8 electrons
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Isotopes of hydrogen
Hydrogen-1 makes up the vast majority of the naturallyoccurring element but two other isotopes exist.
hydrogen
1 proton 0 neutrons 1 electron
deuterium
1 proton 1 neutron 1 electron
tritium
1 proton 2 neutrons 1 electron
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Isotopes of chlorine
About 75% of naturally-occurring chlorine is chlorine-35 and 25% is chlorine-37. 17 protons 18 neutrons 17 electrons 17 protons 20 neutrons 17 electrons
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Isotopes of oxygen
Almost all of naturally-occurring oxygen is oxygen-16 but about 0.2% is oxygen-18. oxygen-16 oxygen-18
8 8 8
neutrons electrons
8 8 10
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Calculating RAM
Bromine contains 50.5% bromine-79 and 49.5% bromine-81.
RAM of bromine = (50.5% x 79) + (49.5% x 81) = (0.505 x 79) + (0.495 x 81) = 39.895 + 40.095 = 79.99 = 80 (the RAM is usually rounded to the nearest whole number)
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Contents
Atomic Structure
Introducing atoms
Summary activities
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Glossary (part 1)
element Substance made up of only one type of atom. isotopes Different atoms of the same element. They have
the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons.
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Glossary (part 2)
Anagrams
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Multiple-choice quiz
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