BLOOD CELL OBSERVATIONS

Purpose Problem Formulation Hypothesis

: to watch the red blood cell and white blood cell. : How is the red blood cell and white blood cell? : in the blood cell, there is a lot of red blood cell, and little white blood cell that have blue color because white blood cell absorb the color of methylene blue. :

Based theory

We have about 5 dm3 of blood in our body, weighting about 5 kg. Suspended in the blood plasma, we have around 2.5 x 1013 red blood cells, 5 x 1011 white blood cell and 6 x 1012 platelets. Red blood cells are also called erythrocytes, which simply means red cells. Their red color is caused by the pigment hemoglobin, a globular protein. Red blood cells are very small. The diameter of a human red blood cell is about 7m. Red blood cells are shaped like a biconcave disc. White blood cells are sometimes known as leucocytes, which just means white cells. Most white blood cells are larger than red blood cells. White blood cells are either spherical or irregular in shape. White blood cell have ability to absorb color substance.

Tools and materials : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Glass object Glass cover Microscope Pipette Methylene blue 6. Cotton 7. Alcohol 70% 8. Blood lancet 9. Blotting paper / tissue 10. Toothpick

Procedure : 1. Dampening cotton with alcohol 70%, then wiping to the tip of finger. 2. Sticking the fingertip by using blood lancet. 3. Putting the blood on the glass objects and then dropping a little methylene blue. When methylene blue excess, blotting with tissue/ blotting paper and flattening with a toothpick. 4. Closing blood with glass cover, and then observing under a microscope. 5. Documenting the observations. 6. Creating reports results of the experiment.

Experiment Table :

Data analyze :

Conclusion :

OBSERVATIONS OF BLOOD GROUPS

Purpose Problem Formulation Hypothesis Based theory

: to determine ABO blood group system and Rhesus system. : how to determine ABO blood system and Rhesus system. : :

A blood group is

Tools and Materials 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Cotton Alcohol Blood lancet Agglutinin A/ anti-A substances Agglutinin b/ anti-B substances Anti-D / Rhesus Toothpick Glass object (3)

Procedure :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

Dampening cotton with 70% alcohol Sticking the fingertip by using blood lancet Putting the blood on the three of glass objects. Squirting agglutinin A in the blood which is in the glass tops objects. Then, stirring with a toothpick. Observing what happens( clotting or not). Squirting agglutinin B in blood which is in the second object glass. Stirring it with toothpick. Observing what happens. Putting anti-D in the blood which is in the third object glass. Stirring in long time with toothpick. Observing what happens. If there clotting, so the rhesus is positive. And if there is no clumping, so the rhesus is negative. Documenting the observations. Creating the report of the experiment.

Experiment Table :

Data Analyze :

Conclusion :

EFFECT OF ACTIVITY ON PULSE BEAT

Purpose Problem Formulation Hypothesis Variable Manipulation Control Response Based theory

: to determine the influence of activity on the pulse. : How the influence of activity to the pulse beat? : if the activity get harder, so the pulse beat will increase. : : kind of activity : the human, the time of activity : the pulse beat :

Tools and Materials : 1. Stopwatch 2. A human Procedure : 1. Calculating the veins throbbing in 1 minute by holding the wrist with three fingers(not thumb and little finger) before doing the activity. Then doing the same for 1 minute second, and 1 minute third. After that, calculating the average. 2. Doing the activity : a. Up and down stairs for 5 minutes. Calculating the pulse first in 1 minute, 1 minute second, and third. After that, calculating the average. b. Jogging for 5 minutes. Calculating the pulse first in 1 minute, 1 minute second, and third. After that, calculating the average. c. Jumping in place for 5 minutes. Calculating the pulse first in 1 minute, 1 minute second, and third. After that, calculating the average. 3. Recording all results in the table. 4. Creating a report of the experiment. Experiment table :

Data Analyze :

Conclusion :