Assessment of Contamination Condition of Insulator Based on PSO-SVM

Shangbin Jiao, Ding Liu

Dept. of Automation of Engineering Xian University of Technology Xian, China jsbzq@163.com

Guo Xie, Yi Deng

Dept. of Automation of Engineering Xian University of Technology Xian, China Xieguo_xg@163.com and there are too many parameters relative to the few sampling data, that leads to the obtained model has baddish study ability, i.e. baddish generalization ability, and low precision. And the difficulty of its structure choice also restricts its application. Statistical Learning Theory (SLT) is a theory established by Vapnik, which research the machine study in small samples specially. And Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a new classification and regression tool based on the SLT. SVM improve its generalization ability by using structural risk minimization, and solve the nonlinear, high dimension and local minimum problem with small sample set. It has been applied widely in pattern recognition, signal processing, function approximation and so on [5-7]. But there is an outstanding problem in the application of SVM, that is how to set the key parameters such as and kernel function. And cross-validation is a common way, but it is time-consuming and blindfold. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a new way of swarm intelligence, proposed by Kennedy first [8], arising from the research of birds predation. This algorithm searches the optimization by individual particles cooperation. And it is has been widely in the field of function optimization, pattern recognition, neural network training and so on [9]. According to the synthesis detection results of electric characteristic of LC and environmental parameters flowing through the high voltage insulator, the surface contamination grade accessing model based on SVM is established. And PSO is used to adapt the parameters of SVM to improve the model precision. The experimental results show the perfect recognition precision of the established model. And then the online detecting practical system of insulator contamination is developed based on the model. II. LS-SVM AND PSO ALGORITHM

AbstractContamination grades assessment is the important content for the online monitoring system of insulator leakage current (LC). The difficult of assessment is the nonlinear relationship between the electric character variables of the LC, the environment factors and the contamination condition of insulator surface. In this paper, based on laboratory simulation experiments and field data, the parameters of support vector machine (SVM) is optimized by using particle swarm optimization (PSO) arithmetic, then the SVM pattern recognition model of assessment of the contamination grades is constructed. The method takes advantages of the minimum structure risk of SVM and the quickly globally optimizing ability of particle swarm, and the mapping relation between the root mean square (R.M.S.) of LC, the peak value of the LC, the amplitude and times of the pulses of the LC, temperature and humidity of environment and contamination grades may be setup quickly by learning from sample data. Experiment results show that the contamination condition assessment method is effective. Then the insulator contamination condition online detection system is developed based on the assessment model. Index TermsInsulator, Contamination grades assessment, PSO, SVM I. INTRODUCTION

The common methods of detecting high voltage insulator contaminant are as follows: equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD), pollution layer conductivity, field strength of flashover and leakage current method. The electric characteristic of leakage current, a dynamic parameter, is the synthesis results of contamination, voltage and environmental parameters (environment temperature, humidity), can be detected on-line. So the LC online monitoring system assesses the degree of insulator contamination by detecting the electric characteristic of LC and the environmental parameters. Because of the complex nonlinear relation of electric characteristic, environmental parameters and surface contamination condition, the establishment of their mapping relation is a difficulty to be solved for LC on-line monitoring system. The fuzzy logic method used for insulator contamination degree assessment is proposed in [1, 2]. However, its veracity is greatly affected by the completeness of fuzzy logic rules, and the establishment and modification of the rules need massive data samples and field experiences. Literature [3] utilizes artificial neural network assessing the contamination grade of insulators, but its structure is complex

A. LS-SVM LS-SVM (Least Squares Support Vector Machine), proposed by Suykens[4,12], is based on structural risk minimization rule. It selects 2-norm error i as its loss function, and its optimization problem is described as follows:
m in
, b ,

1 1 T + 2 2

i =1

i2

(1) (2)

T s.t. y i [ ( x i ) + b ] = 1 i

i 1,, l

978-1-4244-2800-7/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE

358

ICIEA 2009

Solve the optimization problem by Lagrange function:

l l 1 L = T + i2 a i { y i [ T ( x i ) + b ] 1 + i } 2 i =1 i =1

III. (3)

CONTAMINANT GRADE ACCESSING MODEL BASED ON PSO-SVM

Where

ai

is Lagranges multiplier. According to K-T

then eliminating the and we get the linear system showed as (4):
0 l ( l ) T b 0 = -1 + I a Y

condition, the partial derivative b

are 0, and

(4)

Where:
kl = T ( x k ) ( xl ) T Y = [ y1 ; " ; y l ] = [1; " ;1] l = [ 1 ; " ; l ] a = [ a ;" ; a ] 1 l ll I R
T

(5) In (4), a and b can be obtained by least square method. By selecting K ( x , x i ) = ( x ) ( x i ) as the kernel function, the nonlinear classification decision function for input space can be obtained: (6) LS-SVM transforms the original optimization problem to a linear equations, thus it has faster training speed than standard SVM.
SV

A. Sample Data Obtaining LC refers to the current passing though the contaminative insulator surface layer under the operating voltage on the condition of wet contaminant. When there is no change on the applied voltage, the LC would be changed with the variant pollution degree and environment temperature. Fig.1 shows behavior of leakage current about the contaminated and clean insulators with natural wetting, where the ESDD of polluted insulator is 0.372mg/cm2, composed of Kaolin and NaCl. Because electric characteristic of LC affected by environmental parameters greatly, so the insulator contamination grade mathematical model is a typical nonlinear problem. This paper utilizes the advantage of LS-SVM solving nonlinear problem with small sample set solve the insulator contamination grade accessing problem, and utilizes PSO optimizes the penalty factor and the parameters of kernel function fast to obtain high precision classification model.

y ( x ) = sgn(

yi i K ( x , x i ) + b )

B. PSO Algorithm When solving optimization problem by PSO algorithm, the solution to the problem, corresponding to the birds position in the search space, is called particle. Each particle has its own position and speed, and there is a fitness function witch used to measure the superiority degree of each particle. Every particle memorizes and follows the current optimal particle, and searching in the solution space. PSO initializes a group of random particles, and every particle closes up to two points in the solution spaces at the same time. The first point is the optimum solution for all particles in historical search, i.e. global optimum solution g best ; and the other point is its own optimum solution in the
past search, i.e. individual solution-

Fig.1 Behavior of the contaminated and clean insulators while exposed to natural wetting

pbest .

When searching the two points, every particle updates its position and speed as the following formulas: (7) v = w v + c1 r1 ( p best p ) + c 2 r2 ( g best p )

p is the current position, v is the speed, deciding the direction of the next p . is constraint factor that controls the weight of speed. c1 and c2 are two positive constants, called acceleration factor. r1 and r2 are random values between 0 and 1. w is the momentum parameter that can change the
Where search ability.

p = p + v

(8)

In order to complete the training of LS-SVM classification, some practical sample data are needed. Some of them come from laboratory, and the others come from field test. The way of obtaining sample data are as follows: the lab data come from artificial contamination test, and the insulators select XP-70 and XWP-70, three tablets of each bunch. According to literature [12], there are four grades (in short 1st 2nd, 3rd and 4th). And there are three points between two prescriptive ESDD, detecting the electric characteristic of LC in different temperature and humidity in every point by the way proposed in [13]. All electric characteristic of LC of field data and environment humidity are all obtained from the substations and the online monitoring system of insulator leakage current with many years running, and the value of ESDD obtained from the surface of monitoring insulator, detected by operator. The input is a five dimensional sample data set, corresponding to current RMS (Fi), environment humidity (Hum), temperature Tem , current plus peak and current plus frequency of LC[[2] Fp and Ff. The outputs are four grades of pollution condition on insulator surface. Table 1 shows the effective training number of sample sets with

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different pollution condition on insulator obtained from laboratory and field.

Place Lab Field Total Tab.1 Number of training samples pairs 2nd 3rd 4th 1st
27 36 63 33 27 60 33 18 51 33 13 46

Total
126 94 220

, and is kernel-width. Where And RBF-kernel function is selected as the inner product kernel function.
k =1

x xk =

(x

xik ) 2

B. LS-SVM Contamination Grade evaluation model Optimization of PSO optimization SVM can process two model classification problems directly, but there are four situations in the processing of contamination grade, belonging to multiple classification problems. For these problems, there are several methods based on binary classification-SVM, for example, One-versus-One SVMs, One-versus-Rest SVMs and Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) SVMs. And Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) SVMs has better effect [14], if training speed, classification speed, structure selection and generalization performance are considered synthetically, so the multiple classification is structured on the basis of the binary classification with DAG SVMs.
DAG SVMs is the same as one-to-one voting in training stage, having to structure a classification face in two K ( K 1) / 2 classifications, i.e. there are classifiers for K types of problems. But in the classification stage, all classifiers would be structured as DAG in two directions, K ( K 1) / 2 including nodes and K leaves. Every node just is a classifier, colleting with the node or leaf of the lower layer. When classifying an unknown sample, it classifies the sample from the root node on top to some leaf in the bottom, according to the result of the root node classification is regarded as the right or left node of the lower layer. At last, the class of the leaf is just the same as the unknown sample.

The penalty factor and kernel parameter are key parameter to the precision of SVM. As for , too little of it would cause under-fitting, and too big of it would result in over-fitting, deteriorating its generalization performance. However, has the opposite effect to . It would obtain optimization results rapidly and high accurate SVM model by PSO algorithm. The step of the establishment of each classifier is as follows: Correcting and pre-treating sample data and dividing them into training samples and testing samples. Initializing settings, including setting population size, iteration number and the random values- and - initial position of the particle. Establishing the learning classification model by and , and regarding the classification error rate of the testing sample as the adaptive value of the particleComparing

yi ;

yi and y pbest i - the optimal adaptive value of the y y pbest i , replacing the before adaptive particle itself. If i <
y pbest i = yi y g best

value and particle by the new one respectively, i.e. let

xbest i = xi ; Comparing y pbest i with yg y pbest

- the optimal adaptive value of all of the particles. If

best by i and holding the < , replacing current state; Judging whether the adaptive value or the iteration number satisfying the required vale, if not, updating the state by (7) and (8), and then return to , or finish the

y pbest i y g best

In order to complete the multiple classification problems, six binary-classifiers are needed, that is 1st VS 2nd, 1st VS 3rd, 1st VS 4th, 2nd VS 3rd, 2nd VS 4th, 3rd VS 4th, and the two DAG in two directions, structured by six LS-SVM classifiers, include six nodes and four leaves. Where six nodes represent six classifiers and four leaves represent the class of unknown sample. The whole DAG SVMs mode is established by testing the parameters with some certain samples, and then the pollution grade accessing model is completed through testing three inputs. Because of the flexibility of the RBF kernel function for the nonlinear mapping of input data, it would be very useful for nonlinear and complicated classification problems. The equation is showed as the follows:
x xk K ( x , x k ) = 2 2
2

computation and obtain the and , which are the most suitable parameters for LS-SVM model. Assessment the pollution grade by the finished model.

C. Experimental Verification and Results Analysis The system program is written with Matlab 6.0. Setting particle swarm searching parameters: the population size is 20, vector dimension is 2, i.e. and ; if the accelerating factor -

c1 is too big, the particles would linger in local range, and the c big 2 would cause the particle premature convergence to local
least value; In order to balance the influence of random factor, we let the biggest speed of ( , ) is [0.5,0.1] respectively. w is a key parameter for PSO, the bigger w results in the better global searching ability, and the smaller w is favorable to the local searching ability. So it has to decrease w gradually to ensure a stronger ability on global constringency in the initial stage and local constringency in the late stage. In this paper, i decreases from 0.9 to 0.4 linearly with the increasing of iteration number as formula (10).

c1 = c2 = 2 . The rang of [0.1,100] ,

[ 0 . 1,10 ] ,

(9)

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wi = 0.9

i 0.5 Maxnum

(10)

Maxnum = 200 , which is the iteration number. Train and test the six classifier though the training and testing sample, and and are obtained as Table.2 showed. Part of results of system detecting and manual measure is showed in table 3.
From the testing results in table 3, salt density of NO.2 testing sample is in the scope of 3rd but closely to 4th, having the characteristic of medium-small salt density of 4th, so resulting the misjudgment. Viewed from the contamination

early-warming, it belongs to higher contamination grades that remind user cleaning. So there is no effect in application. The results in table 3 showed that that the accuracies of the testing six classifiers are at least 91.92%, satisfying the application requirements of practical engineering. On the condition of the same sample data content and number, the more precise results are obtained by contaminant grade accessing model based on PSO-SVM than the others [2, 3]. The results indicate the ability of SVM in solving the nonlinear problem with small sample set and its powerful generalization ability. There is some practical engineering value with its application in assessing the surface contamination condition.
3rd VS 4th
73 24 0.5674 3.2836 92.04

Table.2 Training and testing results of LS-SVM classifier with RBF kernel 1st VS 2nd 1st VS 3rd 1st VS 4th 2nd VS 3rd 2nd VS 4th 93 86 82 83 80 Training sample NO. 30 28 27 28 26 Testing sample NO.

0.7518 3.6349 92.431

0.6973 4.4326 94.31

0.6165 4.5367 96.82

0.5846 3.1216 91.92

0.6374 3.7358 94.06

Accuracy (%)

Table.3 Partial testing results of the contamination grades of insulators with PSO-SVM model Prj Name 1 2
c

3
c

Insulator 6b 7
c

10d

11

12d

Relative Humidity (%) 70 100 100 90 87 100 70 84 100 80 85 70 Temperature () 4 14 27 17 32 19 -4 6 14 17 31 22 Voltage grade(KV) 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 110 110 110 110 LC (mA) 0.15 5.2 12.8 15.9 13.4 58 0.12 0.62 12.6 0.52 3.9 0.08 Fp (mA) <1 <100 262 378 354 478 <1 <4 253 <2 <50 <5 NO. of Fp in 0/0/0/ 15/7/0/ 687/112/ 896/202/ 734/176/ 734/176/ 0/0/0/ 0/0/0/ 647/102/ 0/0/0/ 5/0/0/ 0/0/0/ 0/0 0/0 12/0/0 67/9/0 43/7/0 43/7/0 0/0 0/0 8/0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0 peak value scope Test environment Lab Lab Lab Lab Lab Lab Field Field Field Field Field Field Measured ESDDa( mg/cm2) 0.015 0.145 0.30 0.38 0.45 0.45 0.013 0.034 0.287 0.026 0.138 0.05 Real contamination grade 1 3 4 4 4 4 1 2 4 1 3 2 Evaluation contamination grade 1 4 4 4 4 4 1 2 4 1 3 2 Note: a: contamination condition in laboratory denotes artificial contamination grade, and field experiment denotes the equivalent salt deposit density by testing the insulator which used measuring the contamination grades of insulators of substation specially; b: the insulator chain would be flashover finally after the alarming of monitoring system; c: when experiment, the surface contamination of insulator are wetted by atomizer; d: NO. of Fp in peak value scope denotes: in five minutes, the number of current plus peak in [20mA50mA]/[50mA100mA]/[100mA200mA]/[200mA450mA]/[450mA] respectively.

INSULATOR CONTAMINATION ON-LINE MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON PSO-SVM The insulator contamination on-line monitoring system is developed after established the accessing model. The system is made up of filed data collecting client, wireless data communication module and background system analysis host. LC sensor, environment detecting sensor and the data detecting client are installed on the transmission line monitoring tower. The client is used of collecting, processing, packing and storing message of electric characteristic of LC and Tem. And wireless data communication module sends the data to the host on the mode of SMS or GPRS by GSM network in time. The hosts mainly work is data analysis, treatment, and then gives the contaminative grades, revise the power network polluted area distribution by the model. That is a basis for power supply department cleaning the contamination timely. In order to verify the validity of the system, being perfect performance in laboratory, is applied to a 220kV high voltage transmission line, with pin type glass insulator LXP-160, monitoring the surface contamination condition online. Until

IV.

now, there are much of data with four years running. The comparison of this system results and the artificial testing results shows that the error is less than 10%, satisfying the practical requirements. V.
CONCLUSION

At present, the assessment and prediction of insulator surface contamination are mainly based on traditional statistics and artificial neural network. The former approach is based on asymptotic theories with approximate infinite sample. It may not work well in the situation of limited or small samples. So it is difficult to adapt to the complex and variable relation of LC, environment parameters and contamination condition. However, the later has the problem in makeup parameters, convergence speed and local minimum. PSO and SVM are all recent intelligent algorithms. Combining the advantage of the fast global optimization of PSO and the powerful ability of solving the nonlinear and the high dimension classification problem with small sample set of LS-SVM, it could not only avoid the shortcoming of the couples, but also overcome the blindness of makeup parameters of LS-SVM. The contaminant

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grade accessing model based on PSO-SVM is established in this paper, testing the method by experiment, and then developed the high voltage insulator contaminant on-line detection system. The results of running on power transmission line testified the systems feasibility and reliability, reflect the contamination condition of being monitored line objectively, and provide a reference for dividing the polluted area accurately and revising the power network polluted area distribution timely. REFERENCES
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