A Search for Unity in Diversity: The "Permanent Hegelian Deposit" in the Philosophy of John Dewey by James A.

Good Review by: Frank X. Ryan Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Winter, 2007), pp. 216-225 Published by: Indiana University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40321179 . Accessed: 07/07/2013 12:13
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A. Good James A SearchforUnityin Diversity: The "Permanent Hegelian ofJohnDewey Deposit" in the Philosophy + 288pp. MD: Lexington 2006.xxx Lanham, Books, of Dewey'sraremoments of autobiographical Amongthe revelations zealthan none has more and reflection, curiosity investigative generated his 1930 claimto have"drifted" in his from the decade following Hegel move from withMorton Michiganto Chicago in 1894. Beginning Whites Originof Dewey have s Instrumentalism (1943), biographers divided on thequestion ofwhether was more later Dewey's philosophy or E J. influenced James's byWilliam strongly experimental psychology E. Woodbridge's both Aristotelian their naturalism. differences, Despite are the and and thus approaches essentially empirical realistic, majority of sympathetic commentators have agreedthatDewey was a realist, ofa decidedly albeit unorthodox Forthem thenotion that Dewey stripe. retained commitment to idealism, itsvirtual eradanysignificant given icationat the beginning of the twentieth would century, damagehis influence and legacy. Ithasbeensomething ofa puzzle, in thesameautothat accordingly, to a alludes biographical essayDewey "permanent Hegeliandeposit." Foryears Richard hasclaimed thisdifferentiates a "good"Dewey Rorty committed to "socialflourishing" from a "bad" Deweyproneto metaphysicaldalliance. But the firstsystematic inquiryinto Dewey's is R. Shook's s Empirical John enduring Hegelianism Dewey Theory of and Shook thatDewey (2000). Knowledge Reality argues convincingly never abandoned butrather transformed itintoan experimenidealism, talnaturalism with both nox"mind-stuff" and equally bydoingaway ious "things-in-themselves." In manywaysJames Good'sA Search for inDiversity is a bookend to Shook's Good further Unity project, though differentiates from Anglo-American Neo-Hegelianism Hegel himself. toGood,Deweyendorsed a Humanistic/Historicist According interpretation ofHegelrooted in thereciprocal ofindividuals and engagement rather thanthesupernatural and architectonic absolute chamsocieties, suchas T. H. Green, and E H. Bradley. With pionedbyNeo-Hegelians
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and scrupulous attention to detail, A Search scholarship top-notch for is bothan excellent intellectual in Diversity and a penbiography Unity of Dewey s contribution to plea fora radical reinterpretation etrating I'll sketch the historical account before philosophy. briefly addressing claims aboutthe"permanent themore controversial deposit." Hegelian withthehalf-dozen treatments of Evenreaders familiar book-length will this and find account informative. s development Dewey refreshing as a historian shineas he recreates the credentials Goods professional In of s the German and 1870s, Dewey youth. Burlington rough bustling ofpolitical theepitome liberalism and progreswasconsidered idealism s journey the"inclusive andDewey toward siveeducation, philosophical withthecrosscuridea"ofthesocialbeganin an environment swirling AttheWhiteStreet ofKant, rents Congregational Hegel,andSchelling. that wasessentially a liberal LewisBarstow Church, orthodoxy preached a convincing casefor thelike(102), andGood presents "man-building" viewed God as an alooflawevenin boyhood lihoodthat Deweynever theindividual andthe butas a process orcosmic architect, unifying giver At the of ofunlimited world within a natural social University potential. transformed into rural a encountered Vermont Dewey struggling college who transcendentalism ofAmerican bastion thefirst Marsh, byJames atomistic that a "Burlington empiricism philosophy" rejected inspired facts andvalues, and pure and doing, ofknowing for a holistic integrity reasons andpractical (57-59). of the "St. Louis Hegelians" theinfluence In noting upon Dewey, theprominent founder on W. T. Harris, focused have most biographers s who of The Dewey earliest Journal Philosophy published ofSpeculative to his ofgraduthat led andoffered submissions pursuit encouragement with fascithis familiar tale Good augments atJohns atework Hopkins. such influential ofequally yetlesser-known Hegelians depictions nating At a time andThomasDavidson. DentnSnider, as H. C. Brokmeyer, on theone hand, was polarized whenEuropean between, Hegelianism Prussian militarism and traditional for Christianity reactionary apologists that has tainted anarchists and radical atheists on the other, (a split and, mainofHegelto thisday),theSt. LouisHegelians ourunderstanding balance. centrist or taineda moderate theyargued, Hegel himself, itas that overthrew andtherebellion theFrench both monarchy regarded both of culture thatcultivates a philosophy transitional phasestoward of the themoral individual, Sittlichkeity socially-responsible development and of an engaged, construction theongoing and Bildung, resourceful, and of the sterile both self. active epistemologyempiricism Rejecting fully celthe St. Louis Science to Hegelians Logic, of Hegels attempts systemize of the and historicist the organic ebrated of Phenomenology Weltgeist reconstruction. social of active soul a world Spirit of some of the tenets to consider Let us pause at thisjuncture mature s philosophy: Dewey

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1. Experience as wellas cognitive. is noncognitive (habit-grounded) 2. Volition and ideas are instrumental phasesof problem-solving a facility for is foremost (thusmind activity minding). in such an agency of transformation 3. The selfis preeminently nor a mere and neither an immaterial soul activities, aggregation ofphysical neural events. to be "accessed" existences 4. Objectsarenotindependent material butthe autonomous minds, (albeitproblematically!) byequally activofdirected-problem-solving attained successfully objectives ities. is inherently theextension ofthis"learning-function" 5. Philosophy as a "critcharacterized to aesthetic andmoral dimensions broadly icism ofculture." in climate Even if viewedmerely as a portrait of the intellectual A Search in Diversity whichDeweycarne to philosophy, presforUnity in is identifiable, entsa compelling case thatthecoreof thesetenets the American in or morethan merely either form, germinal Hegel that evidence Andifso,there is atleast circumstantial Hegelians. strong naturalorexperimental whatDeweylater characterized as pragmatism from "drift" ism was substantially his celebrated intactlong before Good, while (and later James Woodbridge) Hegel.As such,concludes and naturalistic evolutionary, helpedDewey finda moreempirical, meansofexpression, or transform did notsubstantially they challenge hisunderlying (145-6). Hegelianism But wherethe historian to lay out the dots,the maybe content is to connect to thisend Good defends and them, philosopher obliged twoadditional of claims:1) In an historicist/humanistic interpretation of we find a psychological andsocialground spirit vastly superior Hegel, to the formalistic and theological leaningsof the Anglo-American and 2) Dewey himself both held such a historicist/ neo-Hegelians, humanistic thelimitations ofhisownteachand useditto redress view, ersand mentors. in turn. Letme address these from interGood wisely refrains thehistoricist/humanistic claiming with recovers the "real" who's But pretation anyone struggled Hegel. whatevenGood admits of mind" is the"vast and mysterious odyssey thatis thePhenomenology, or arched overHegePscelebraan eyebrow tionofpowerand privilege in thePhilosophy maybe excused ofRight, for In a dustjacket a "I" into warily insertingcapital "Interpretation." s Garrison marvels that those "comfortable withDewey comment, Jim will be at how can Indeed! thought easily they grasp surprised Hegel." But is this because Good s Hegel is essentially The Dewey redux? historicist/humanistic no has truck with the Hegel supernaturalspirit is wholly to psycholsocial,and historic. organic, Logic is indebted relat*on oftheindividual to thesocialprecludes all appeals to Sy- t^ie

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or thepurely formal. And from thisit follows thea priori, intuition, as evolving race theabsolute, that self-consciousness, just"isthehuman In ofitsself a to which we'll in theactivities (15). development" point is contingent Good adds thatthisdevelopment return momentarily, "a offinal conrather thannecessary, by willing approached suspension in of which we conin favor ofa never-ending elusions process learning beliefs" and reexamine our rethink (13). tinually is neverimmediate or As an important consequence, knowledge in whichan a process of activemediation involves but instead final, whose is challenged notion(thesis) (antithesis) byan obstacle accepted belief reconstituted a resolution (synthesis). Noncognitive forges newly - is vitalto any achievement - habit,feeling, of volition experience is the this means not But reflective or knowledge knowledge. cognitive it is notaboutputting asidetacit of"epistemology," abstract plaything knowlto grasp beliefs and valuesin order Instead, reality." "objective between and individuals successful is about relationships securing edge evolution for theethical andaesthetic a conduit world: theencountered - ofSittlichkeit in a socialclimate where freedom and Bildung ofspirit one another. rather than and responsibility enhance, negate, - a veritable stuff All ofthisis scintillating panaceafor pragmatists. do not unequivoculledfrom And evenifthepassages Hegelhimself on all counts, the historicist/humanistic interpretation callysupport whohave dossier ofscholars with an imposing these Good supplements And if, decades. ofitoverthepastthree someversion cometo embrace offer but to the"real" theaim is notto discover as we'venoted, Hegel develto have influenced an interpretation Dewey's enough plausible solidindeed. seems thefirst plankin Good'sargument opment, thatDeweys Hegelwas is finding of course, What remains, proof of the theexcesses indeeda historicist/humanist capableof rectifying In two on documents: Good relies Here 1891 1) Dewey neo-Hegelians. as organotion ofa thinker toJames wrote Hegel'sfunctional praising sense of an substantive Greens above nizational (and Kant's) activity a backhanded and also that or unifies, complimanages organ agent as "goodHegelianism" ofemotions toJames's ment theory byalluding in lecture notes defense is found substantial (146-147). 2) A more preof where on seminar for an 1897 Spirit," Philosophy "Hegel's pared "did actualist" who,in Good'swords, DeweyhailsHegelas "thegreat of a transcendent to the not reduce thinker, processes reality thought ofthought" and objectivity, thereality, butaffirmed (189). Deweyalso functional and a on history, psychology praisesHegel's emphasis He evenmanages to thansubstance. rather is activity whereby spirit social from and the of the individual the laudableBildung extricate for "artificial" (190-202, 206). monarchy apology political Hegel's reinforced The historicist/humanistic byDeweysown interpretation, of to an unprecedented amounts words, crystallization the "Hegelian

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for which Good deserves One point that deposit" high praise. begsadditionalscrutiny, call the is Goods portrayal ofwhatwe might however, absolute" the historic of self-consciousness "contingent progression with no claimto certainty orfinality. to be sure, never embraced Dewey, Kant omniscient s purely formal or the notionof a transcendent self, a negais merely he alsorejected Greens viewthat theabsolute knower; - eachofthese, a indifferent sustains tionorlimitation ofthought ways, barrier of it. between and human ultimate ways knowing Dewey reality he instead a positive theabsolute, and it is clear lookedfor wayto think a absolute believed the of the held initially upon promise setting thought in early criticisms certain and noncontingent foundation. Thisis evident theyoung of bothmaterialism and Spinoza's where Dewey pantheism, draws anddifferentithe old scholastic that upon argument contingency nonconationarerecognizable ofsomething onlyupontheassumption of and undifferentiated thatany discrimination tingent specifically infifinite is possible ofa "perfect particulars onlyupontheassumption for a niteand absolute this Dewey pursued Hegelian quest being."1 is of which the rendered "supreme empirical category thought" through that ultiuntil1890,whenhe cameto realize anysucheffort intelligible subsumes to an untenable and thus sustains mately reality thought, rationalistic monism.At this point, intriguingly enough, Dewey reminds us of Kant'sadmonition cannot thatthought or purereason inform us aboutthenatural ofsense andintelbutonly theunity world, lectKantcallstheunderstanding to callexperiand Deweyis beginning ence. The self thatcan understand itsworldby discriminating subject from is of neither a "I = I" nora supreme formal object purely category is of the "Kant's method the Instead, saysDewey, thought. analysis known universe orofexperience; itdiscovers a self and as a result acting sensation." At its for Kant self-consciouscore, upon through thought nessis "a realactivity."2 Good states thatthe ubiquity of thought whichDeweyovercame wassuggested the not and thismight by neo-Hegelians, Hegelhimself, well be so. On the historicist/humanistic interpretation, Hegel intereason with and clearly (Verstand), grates (Venunfi) understanding advocates a functional senseof self-consciousness as activity. Intriguin the 1897 seminar notesGood relies however, ingly, upon to distinguish Dewey'sview of Hegel fromthat of Neo-Hegelians, Dewey describes on knowing theobjective notin terms world Hegel's position of experience or understanding, but again as thought: "For Hegel," claimsDewey,"all thought is objective . . . relations of thought are of theobjective forms is simply thetranslation of world;. . . thinking fact intoitsrealmeaning," and "thehighest of is that activity thought whichwill makeitself thepureexpression of thefacts" (191). While no to thenotion that is a magical facthis, doubt,is preferable thought out ofitself, itstill falls short U^ ^^ merety spinstheworld woefully

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as 1890,credits to experience: ofwhatDewey, as early theorganic unity oftheempirical and thecognitive differentiated as phasesofproblemof thought Whereas thereliance reflects s preactivity. Dewey solving a supreme actofthought 1890 questfor a noncontingent that absolute, and disclose ultimate the Kantian move willovercome reality, negation - the to seeingnegation to embrace experience beginsthe transition to the of ideaswhose onsetof problems as integral framing testable butnever to perfection or finality. sustain outcomes aspire growth of havehadmisgivings aboutHegel's architectonic ThatDeweymay could what otherwise remains from onward 1890 helpexplain thought that to Goods thesis: thegreatest Deweybothendorsed given challenge its of a historicist/humanistic interpretationHegel,and acknowledged of his own functional and in the development influence psychology how can we accountforthescathing broadnaturalism, experimental in 1915 as German theSageofBerlin sidelaunched Philosophy against in Democracy and Education and Politics (1916)? (1915) and reiterated which attacks thislater withGood that One can agree critique, Hegels as a "brutalist" and his historicism as a "logicof fanaticism" dialectic havebeenslanted for socialrepression, bypolitical mayindeed apology s at thetime.However, endured and personal Dewey Dewey struggles in thesamelinehe hadpursued 1890 and follows essentially complaint in "the or reason, manifest links to thought 1897: Hegelwrongly reality "is where each of the absolute self-realization mind," step proof process is Reason.3 So evenifthe whose and ofitscomplete totality rationality" it remains of Deweys later attackseems exaggerated, remainder in 1890,and from to experience shift in hisKantian thought grounded in 1897. himself to ofthefirst attribution thespecific approach Hegel his not this is That Good does notsee things way surprising, given interofKantin thiswork.Giventhehistoricist/humanistic portrayal look for an one bestowed equally might upon Hegel, pretation realist" assessmentof "pragmatische/empincal pragmatist-friendly - e.g.a Kantwhostressed and integral theinterdependence Kant unity not exisas the noumenal andsense, ofintellect imperceptible regarded for as but to linked tences principles" "regulative externally cognition came to see (by the Critique in inquiry, and finally of Judgguidance notby themechanical we learnaboutmanythings that ment) overlay in oftheir butbyacuteobservation ofconcepts function uponpercepts, Kantin a relentlessly Good presents an environment. Instead, negative - as an adherent truth and transcendent of faculty psychology light and and being,theempirical of thought thedualisms who embraced the elusive in himself who and themoral, by thingsubjectivity trapped to a missed in-itself (17, 23, 115, 148). Butnotonlyis this opportunity a Kantianpath to valuable fromthosewho have followed benefit KarlOttoApel,Hilary S. C. in Peirce, including insights pragmatism, it overlooks moresignificantly and Sami Pihlstrm, Putnam, Deweys

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ownacknowledged from debt.Forin addition to theevolution thought to experience, a Kantwithanticipating a pragmatic Deweyalso credits which in casts a sense," directive, priori "thought regulative, controlling ofexpeofthereality \MW3: 133) and witha methodological 'analysis rience" absolute thatcompletely a soul" or "world rejects cosmologica! wouldsetto to explain "howa self settowork, orbynecessity designed to make a universe" work, (EW3: 71). about observation These lasttwopointsdirectly bearupon a final confronted Good s approach. UnlikeKant,whosecritical philosophy for the alternative a constructive and offered skepticism epistemological of Goods historicist/humanistic possibility knowledge, Hegelbypasses from thatwe do such groundwork the outset, "by assuming, simply As Good knowsomething, thatwe arein contact withtheabsolute." that also notes, thishasled many observers to conclude Hegelreverted to a "precriticai" in metaphysical speculation indulgence "pre-Kantian toward aboutmindand world"(16-17). The latter tendency speculativecosmology, as we havejustseen,is exactly whatDeweysaysKant helpedhimavoid.Butevenifwejoin Good in exonerating Hegelfrom thischarge, forthe a precriticai strain remains: anti-epistemological for historicist/humanistic is no there methodology underHegel general or by our world whatever be can't historically standing explained isn't worth empirical psychology just explaining. Now clearly wouldsatthisview, whichI'll call radical historicism, his "good" of Hegel, and by association isfyRorty's interpretation note,Good applaudsDewey's"naive Dewey as well.4In a resonant of of view" to the problems of men instead attuned point famously his to Without remarkable contribution philosophers. diminishing ethics and socio-political it is stillpossible to suggest thatthis theory, does Deweya profound We needonlyto recall thedecline disservice. of Dewey's influenceamong professional philosophers following Bertrand Russell's unfounded butoftrepeated claimthathe was "just and thusnotattuned to developing a formal doingpsychology," logic of the "real of the or world" educated capable quantifying physicist; Morris Cohen'sprotest thatDewey's work was "philosophical anthroin notattuned to theagendaofphilosophers pology" simply engaged naturalistic metaphysics. In an observation intended to be ironic, Good cites a young Dewey "whowould ultimately becomethe consummate historicist" initially an atemporal absolute (138). As we haveseen,Deweycomes affirming to denyan absolute of or reason, butthisdoes not consisting thought meanhe abandoned thequestforan absolute. he converted it Instead, into a comprehensive of an that explication experience: explication couldbothexpose invarious deficiencies forms ofidealisms andrealisms and offer a constructive newapproach to age-old abouttruth, questions

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This constructive and reality. ultiJ# approach, objectivity, knowledge, of inquiry," defeats the notionof reality W dubbedthe "method mately andthen offers thealternative of"experienced reals" as cogni<^ iiberhaupt of activities. The directed tively problem-solving graspedobjectives ^ ofhowtheidealis "in"thereal, is transformed from ^ similarly, problem to theexperimen- ^ or abstruse "internal relations" "mind-stuff" mystical ^ in realized concrete outof ideas-as-hypotheses talfunction empirical reliableyet revisable comes. Truthand knowledge, finally, express the sum of whichaccumulate as the of such functions, affirmations as theencountered matrix we accept world. cultural habituated withat leastmostofthis: for themethod of Good, no doubt, agrees of the historicist/humanistic veritable embodiment is the inquiry of radicalhistoricism, But thisshouldentaila rejection standpoint. - namely is preserved the function as at leastone atemporal inasmuch a priori" ourleadfrom the"pragmatic ofinquiry itself. method Taking or guiding method meansa regulative citedabove,"atemporal" merely ofexperienced account to be a general intended truth, reals, knowledge, which hasitsownphysofa blueprint, theatemporality etc.It denotes as a general and temporal ical existence history, yetfunctions plan for in the as or boat a Dewey says Logic,it constructing building 12: a "wayof beingx" (LW a universal 258-9, proposition, expresses or a setof dimensions 272). It is "ideal"in thesensethatit specifies in achievable never yet applications, physical quite perhaps operations of such applications, results is determined itsworth by theobserved or elimination. itsrevision can dictate which ofinquiry is a general themethod Unlike plansorblueprints, typical unlike this For of unlimited account potentially Rorty, Dewey, scope. out to be done work meansthereis stillphilosophical drawing the The result, to be of the "how"and "what"of experience. "baselines" of internal and whichdualisms wherein to a naivete sure,is a return are overcome and and external, appearance reality, percept, concept and conserelations whose interesting are just things wherethings of men." social and to the scientific are "problems quences applicable or the of intuitionism naive realism not the this is warns But, Dewey, "the of naivete Scottish school,but a "cultivated" involving discipline severe (LW1:4O). thought" to hiscritics s efforts to systematically SincethebulkofDewey reply Nature and as such works later (1925), Logic:The Experience occupies noneof the Known and and (1949), (1938), Knowing ofInquiry Theory ends which s Good thisis a direct basically survey, against complaint worth its of Germanphilosophy.5 s 1915 critique withDewey Still, to limithimself thatDewey did not ultimately ourselves reminding evenifthese or radical method as philosophic historicism, psychology in beliefs the his core were 1890s. among
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in acknowledging Finally, Dewey s debt to Kant, I am by no means him to thathe everhad a greataffinity forKant or preferred suggesting for to the had whatever Quite Dewey contrary, Hegel Hegel. antipathy over the hegemonyof thoughtis tripledin spades forKant on many fronts,though none more vigorouslythan Kant's refusalto extend - Goods account of this into the realmofvalues and morals experience is both first rateand fair. The point is simplythatDewey dropped his and among those of note should lure in a numberof different streams, also include Bains link between action and knowledge, Coleridge's of the sign-function social theology, and Locke's recognition Berkeley's and of sense,the more than terminological debt owed to Peirce, James, that Plato Herbert even the curious fact and Mead, provided George thetempstifle Dewey's favorite philosophicalreading.Such reflections tationto inflate a Hegelian deposit into a motherlode, and remindus of the extentof Dewey's genius,profundity, and originality. Superbly researchedand brilliantly is, argued,A Searchfor Unityin Diversity in a searchthatcapturesDewey's reflection indeed, a highlysuccessful bold new lightwe'll be talkingabout foryearsto come. FrankX. Ryan Kent State University

an@kent. edu fry

NOTES 1. JohnDewey. TheEarlyWorks John of Dewey(EW), Vol.I Ed. JoAnn Boydston. Carbondale and Edwardsville: SouthernIllinoisUniversity Press,1978, p. 17. Hereafter references to The EarlyWorks (MW) and (EW), TheMiddle Works TheLaterWorks will appearin thetext. editions (LW) in the Boydston 2. JohnDewey,"On Some CurrentConceptionsof theTerm 'Self,'"EW 3: Method"documents thefact thatDewey 71-72. The essay"Kantand Philosophic attributed a unityof intellect and senseto Kant earlyin his philosophicdevelophe states thattheseshouldnot be viewedas separate ment,forthere preconditions of knowledge, but rather as reciprocal in a nonvicious"organic circle:""a partners circlewhich, Kant would say,existsin the case itself, which expresses the very natureof knowledge." EW 1: 38. and Education, MW 9: 64. 3. JohnDewey,Democracy 4. Though Rorty, of course,couches thisin aesthetic wherescisensibilities, ence is but one manifestation of imaginative artifice. cultural into ontologicaland epistemo5. That said, I findGood's occasionalforays on the less than his outstanding discussions of whole, logicalsubjects, satisfying the self, ethics and social In one issues. volition, noncognitive experience, digresis likenedto an explorer sion, forinstance,Hegel's notion of experience using - an analogyso suggestive sonarto "mediate" of a distant anchor of investigation realism as to giveanyoneattunedto thecritical representational problema case of the bends (20). In other discussions"internalrelations"(which Dewey later

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"mind as activity," as experiential "truth and coherence," emphatically rejected), "the of and are existence" equivalence thought ontological tantalizingly suggestive, butnever intoa coherent worldview. Good alsofalls viequitebrought together timto thewidespread, butunfortunate, habit oftalking aboutorganisms "interwith" usedand environments, Deweylater terminology acting regretted having of with indicative and environments phrases replaced organisms distinguished within transactional activity.

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W. Creighton Peden A Good Lifein a WorldMade Good: Albert EustaceHaydon, 1880-1975. + 312pp. 2006.xvi New York: Peter Inc., Lang Publishing, topragmatists, facts arenotcompelling on their own.In conAccording facts are to from we select which them text, important us,constructing This is it is to read s work Peden an interesting reality. why disappointing become in and not interested thelife in intellectual especially biography ofitssubject. It is notthatHaydonis uninteresting, and the and work in does an admirably of his biography author job diligent presenting hisdiligent theauthor, doeslittle to him.It is justthat research, despite on Peden a thorthe reader to sell Haydonssignificance. presents try butdoesso without critical of Haydonslifeand work, oughsummary for a this and without particucompelling argument why engagement, isworthy ofourextended largoodlife appreciation. in Haydon.He was a noteworthy to appreciate Thereare things a man whoworked to free us from the ofhumanistic advocate religion, For was of dead,traditional restrictions theology. Haydon,religion at of an abstract of socialhope, not an elaboration heartan expression withworldreligions His fascination led to the oftheuniverse. scheme is the of values into of a thesis that integration development religion has been that "each workable utterly optireligion groupideals,and as thegoalofhistory" thequestfor mistic perfect happiness byreading thegoodlife" is "the shared (xii), (1 11). As he putsit,religion questfor less the life" to than ... a "heroic (124). perfect acceptnothing quest one ofhealth, that Anditappears life, Haydonlivedcloseto theperfect and home-life resolvable conflict, fame, stability. manageable happiness, heroes areoften This is partof theproblem, Philosophical though. - or at leastthat ofsignificant is the lives who negotiate those adversity losta son their lives. RalphWaldoEmerson waywe chooseto interpret a nearly Charles Sanders Peirce life with obnoxious lived andyet passion; and contentious relationmanproneto addictions was a cantankerous toposture his wasa tender-minded soultrying Senior James Henry ships; William anti-establishment a philosophy. waythrough tough-minded,

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