Maxwell's equations

Equation or Law Faraday Derivative form Integral form Lumped (relevant theorem) form Physics Time varying magnetics induce voltage (electrics) Charges in motion induce magnetics (fields) Charge distributions induce electric fields Magnetics (flux) begin & end at poles (Divergence thm.)

B E = t
H = J+

E dL =
C

B dS t S

V=

(Stokes thm.)

d dt

Ampere

D M=I+Id H dL = J dS + D dS t S S t C
thm.) (Stokes
D dS = Q
S

Gauss

electric

D =
B = 0
J = -
t

Gauss magnetic
Continuity Lorentz force

(Divergence thm.)

B dS = 0
S

I = J dS =
S
C

dv t
v

Charge is conserved Charges in motion in magnetic field, induce force, normal to both

dF=Id L x B F = IB dL

Gradient:
=i

1 1 1 + j + k = er + e + ez = eR + e + e x y z r r z R R R sin
J J J J = i + j + k ( J x i + J y j + J z k ) = x + y + z y z x y z x

Divergence:
A =

Ax Ay Az 1 1 A Az 1 2 1 1 A + + = + = 2 R AR ) + (rAr ) + ( A sin ) + ( x y z r r r z R R R sin R sin

Curl:

i E = i + j + k ( E x i + E y j + E z k ) = y z x x Ex

j y Ey

k z Ez

Laplacian:
2 2 2 = i + j + k i +j + k = 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 y z x y z x y z x
2 2 2 = 2+ 2+ 2 x y z 1 1 2 2 = r + 2 2 + 2 r r r r z 1 2 1 1 2 = 2 R + sin + 2 2 R R R R 2 sin R sin 2
2

Definitions for Maxwell's equations

Quantity Charge: q Electric field: E Coulomb Force: F Electric displacement: D Current density: J Current: I Potential difference (voltage): V Magnetic field Intensity: H Magnetic induction (flux density): B Magnetic vector potential: A Magnetic flux: Permittivity: Free space: o = 8.854 x 10-12 F m-1 1/36 x 10-9 F m-1 Permeability: Free space: o = 4 x 10-7 H m-1 Volumetric charge density: Conductivity: Resistivity: Speed of light: c Dimensions C [Coulombs] Vm-1 = NC-1 N [newtons] [Coulomb m ] A m-2 [Amp m ]

-2 -2

Relevant equation

E = - V F=qE
D = E = o E + P

(electrostatics)

J = E
dq i = dt = V=
surface

(Ohm's law, point form)

A [Ampere -1 = Coulomb sec. ] V [Volt = -1 Joule Coulomb ] A m-1

-1

J dS
(work per charge)

path

E dL

[Amp m ]
-2

T=Wm [Webers m-2 = Tesla] W m-1 W=Vs [Webers = Volt sec.]

B = H = o ( H + M )

B= A
= B dS
surface

F m-1

[Farad m -1 = C V m-1]

-1

D = E = o E + P

H m1

[Henry m-1
-1

-1

= V sec. A m -1 = Ohm m sec.] -3 C m [Coulomb m-3] [mhos = Ohm m -1 -1 = Volt Amp m ] m [Ohm m] m s-1
-1 -1

B = H = o ( H + M )

J = E
= 1/
c2 = 1

(Ohm's law, point form)

Solution to Maxwell equations

Magnetic vector potential A satisfies Gauss magnetic:
0 = B = A,

(0)

because divergence of a curl vanishes.

Substitute B = A into (Faraday). Note: Curl of a gradient of a scalar vanishes.

B A = ( E + ) = (V ) t t Negative sign for consistency with electrostatic electric field

E + 0=

A t Substitute (1) into (Gauss electric):

E = V

(1)

A ( A) = D = E = V = V + t t
2V +

Substitute (2) into (Ampere):

A B D E A = = H = J+ = J+ = J + V t t t t

( A) = t

(2)

2 Note vector identity A = ( A) A

 V 2A A A + 2 = J t t
2

(3)

In (2) & (3), unknowns are V & A. Solution: choose

(2) & (3) become

2

V A + =0 t
2

(Lorentz gauge condition)

2V V 2 = ; t

2A A 2 = J t Note divergence of (4)

(4)

2 2 2V 2 2( A ) 2A V + 2 = A = A 2 = ( J ) = J t t t 2 t

renders continuity equation

2 2V J = V 2 = = t t t t

Using speed of light relation, eqns. (4) become wave equations

1 2V V 2 2 = c t
2

1 2A A 2 2 = J (6) c t
2

LAPLACIAN:
2 =

2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 + + = r + + = R + sin + x 2 y 2 z 2 r r r r 2 2 z 2 R 2 R R R 2 sin R 2 sin 2 2

Free space: charge concentrations = 0, conduction currents J = 0

1 2 2 = R Spherically symmetric, R 2 R R

Solutions to (6): Q V= 4 R

A=

Idl 4 R

Antennas
dQ1 dQ2 = i ( t ) = Hertz dipole: dt dt

Current:
Charges:

i( t ) = Io cos t
Io Q1 ( t ) = sin t

Io Q2 ( t ) = sin t
Magnetic potential: