Analytic solution for secondary flow with heat transfer in a square duct

M . Rahman and P. Colbourne*

Analytic solutions are obtained by solving the conservation equations describing fully developed parabolic laminar flow with heat transfer to predict the axial velocity profile, the temperature distribution and the secondary flow behaviour in a square duct. The biharmonic equation arising in this problem has been solved by using the Navier method for simply supported rectangular plates. The analytic solutions substantially agree with the available experimental results

Keywords: heat transfer, nuclear fuels, secondary flow, square duct

Nuclear fuels generally consist of rod bundles with coolant flowing axially through the space between the element rods. Thermal energy of the fuel is transported to the heat exchangers and turbines which produce electricity. A thorough understanding of the hydrodynamic behaviour of the coolant under normal conditions is essential for the design of a fuel bundle and heat transfer calculations form an important part in this design. In this study, we have considered fully developed laminar parabolic flow with heat transfer in a square duct. Secondary flow is considered and analytic solutions obtained. This study is a step towards understanding the much more complex pressure tube fuel bundle flow situation. Sparrow and Loeffler1 published the results of a theoretical study of laminar coolant flow through a parallel array of rods arranged in an equilateral triangular pattern. Siegel and Sparrow 2 studied laminar forced convection heat transfer in a fiat duct with uniform heat flow at the walls. They obtained empirical expressions for velocity and temperature distributions for fully developed flow situations. Then Sparrow, Loeffler and Hubbard 3 used that result as the starting point for a similar derivation of fully developed temperature distributions corresponding to the boundary conditions of uniform wall temperature in the circumferential direction and uniform wall heat flux along the axial direction. Later, Dwyer and Berry4 repeated these calculations, obtaining the same results, and extended the investigation to include the thermal boundary condition of uniform wall heat flux. These theoretical studies were concerned with laminar flow with heat transfer between the cylinders. Ramachandra and Spalding s studied the fully developed laminar flow and heat transfer behaviour in rod bundles having equilateral triangular arrangements by employing a non-orthogonal finite difference grid. For laminar flow heat transfer in a horizontal square duct, the body forces due to the density differences are characterized by the Grashof number or more correctly by its product with the Prandtl number, the Rayleigh number. In real situations, when flowing fluid is heated in a horizontal duct, the fluid near the heated
* Department of Applied Mathematics, Technical University of Nova Scotia, PO Box 1000, Halifax, N. S., Canada B3J 2X4 Received 22 August 1 983 and accepted for publication on 1 2 March 1984

surfaces is warmer and, therefore lighter than the rest of the fluid. This lighter fluid tends to flow upward along the heated surfaces, establishing a secondary fluid motion that is, ideally, symmetrical to a vertical plane. This study takes into account the effect of the buoyancy forces on the secondary flow. Taylor and Hood 6 compared the use of the velocity and pressure variables versus use of the stream function and vorticity variables in simple flow problems and concluded that, to achieve a good accuracy, the velocity-pressure variable formulation required much less computational time. In this investigation, the fully developed parabolic flow with heat transfer in a square duct without regard to rod bundles has been considered. Analytic solutions of the axial velocity distribution, the temperature distribution and the secondary flow distributions have been obtained. These solutions show good agreement with available experimental data.

Mathematical analysis
Steady, hydrodynamically and thermally developed incompressible laminar flow of a viscous Newtonian fluid in a square duct is considered. If the boundary layer approximations are applied for this particular situation, the conservation equations may be written as follows:

Continuity

c~V c~W 0
8y t-~-=

(1)

Momentum in the axial x-direction

vSU

8U

1 8P

F82u

c92u]

(2)

Momentum in the y-direction

8V

8V

1 8P

[-82V c~2V -]

O+"Lm+ j
Momentum in the z-direction

(3)

c~W wOW

1 c~P

[-c~2W c~2W 1

vTr-+

p oz +vLVr:+

-j

(4)

Int. J. Heat 8- Fluid Flow

0142-727X/84/030167-11503.00(~ 1984 Butterworth Et Co (Publishers) Ltd 167

M. Rahman and P. Colbourne

Energy

x=L-,

y=~-,
W

z=~

Z P

tS x +

(3T

8T

t3T

[-oz T

02T- I

(5) V

v =--,V~
The pressure field is assumed to be of the form:

w = ~,

p = --pc

P( X, Y,Z) = P( X) + P( Y,Z) -

Pw9

(6)

where 9 is the acceleration due to gravity. Note that:

where the width of the duct is 2b and Pw is the fluid density evaluated at the wall temperature. Using these dimensionless variables, Eqs (1) to (5) may be written (Appendix) as:

63U 6~V 0 6~W 0 -~632T=0 (3-X= 0, ff~ = , ~ - = and dX 2

follow from the assumption of steady, fully developed velocity and temperature profiles. The initial conditions at X = 0 are: U(0, Y,Z)= Uo T(0, Y,Z)= TO (7)

8y O2u ~2u

~--v+~=0

(10) (11) (12)

t3y2 -b8~-= - 1 02v O2v ~3p (gy2 + ~ = 2 ~ y - - R A 0

v(0, Y,Z)=0
U = V= W = 0

w(0, Y,Z)=0
and T = Tw (8)

The boundary conditions at the walls of the duct are: These governing equations are made dimensionless by introducing the following characteristic variables:

~2W ~2W ~p t~y2 q- ~-~-----~,~

~320 ~20 [ 00"~ 0y2 + 8~- = u~f~x-x)

(13)
(14)

O=--

T-Tw To- Tw
U
(9)

In terms of the stream function ~k and the vorticity ~, the momentum equations (Eqs (12) and (13)) of the secondary flow may be written in non-dimensional variables as: 00 V2(=RA~z z vm~k= ~ (15) (16)

U-b2[ Ia~ld/51

Notation
b B Cp half width of the duct Dimensionless heat flux quantity Specific heat at constant pressure fl

k Thermal diffusivity, - -

pCp

Coefficient of thermal expansion at constant pressure, - p \ ~ - j p

G R Grashof number,
9 k L P p_ P Pc PR

gflp2b3(To- 7".)
/fl Dimensionless parameter, 0 0 L~ Vorticity function T - Tw Dimensionless temperature, - -

Acceleration due to gravity Thermal conductivity Characteristic axial length of the duct Pressure Non-dimensional pressure Axial pressure Characteristic pressure

To-T.

Dimensionless centreline temperature

Pb/l~V~

Prandtl number, #Cp k RA Rayleigh number, GRPR T Local fluid temperature TO Inlet temperature Tw Wall temperature U,V,,W Velocity components in X, Y, Z directions u,v,w Dimensionless velocity components in x, y, z directions Uc Dimensionless centreline velocity V~ The characteristic velocity (= a/b) X Streamwise coordinate axial direction Y,Z Transverse coordinates x Dimensionless streamwise coordinate y,z Dimensionless transverse coordinates

# Dynamic viscosity v Kinematic viscosity, #/p 7t 3.14159 p Fluid density Pw Fluid density evaluated at the wall temperature Stream function (01,o92 Two linear solution of . V2 Two-dimensional Laplace operator Va Biharmonic differential operator
Subscripts

c Characteristic value P Particular integral H Homogeneous part k,l,m,n Dummy variables w Evaluated at duct wall temperature o Evaluated at duct entrance temperature

168

Vol 5, No 3, September 1984

Secondary flow with heat transfer in a square duct where: 02

7 2 =0~-+

with boundary conditions: 02

0Z 2

u=0 (17) u = 0,
V20=Bu=O

0=0 0= 0

at y = l , - 1 at z = 1, - 1 at the duct walls (27)

The velocity components (v, w) in the (y, z) directions are defined as: w =--

00
Oy

v= ---

00
Oz

(18)

and the vorticity is defined as: . . . .

Oy Ow Ov Oz

The Navier solution for simply supported rectangular plates is adapted to solve for the temperature distribution. If the right-hand side of Eq(25) is expressed in the form: A cos---~-cos
Z

tony

nrcz

(19)

re, n = 1,3,5 ....

(28)

The boundary conditions can be restated as follows: 0 = u = v= w = 0 = 0 00 = 0

On

then all the boundary conditions of Eq (27) are satisfied if 0 is expressed as:
O"

at the duct walls

(20) (21) (22)

ty,z~ = t~ cos ~ - c o s

m~ y

nrcz

m , n = 1,3,5 ....

(29)

at the duct walls at the centre lines

~= 0

Now the constant - B can be represented as a double Fourier series: ~o ~ 16 (~+") -B=~l.~lBn-~mn(-1)-q--cs
(mn y) nrt z

0 where ~nn is the normal gradient with respect to the wall. Initial conditions are: u=u 0 0=1 v=w=0 atx=0 (23)

cos-~-

(30)

m , n = l , 3 , 5 .... Each term of this double summation is in the form of Eq (28), so a solution for 0 in the form of Eq (29) can now be found for each term of the summation. Replacing Eq (29) and the mth and n th term of Eq (30) into Eq (25) and cancelling the common factor cos-if-- cos-~-- yields:
mny n~z

It is worth mentioning here that:

(V20).=(Ow
is not known a priori where w stands for the condition at the walls of the duct.

Analytic solution
Temperature and axial flow distribution in a square duct
The first step in solving Eqs (11) and (14) is to introduce the condition of fully developed heat transfer. For the case of uniform heat transfer per unit length of the duct, this condition is: 00
--

C~-+

mana

2 m2n2n4

C~-(--+C-~-=

nana

B 16

~-1)--~--

("+")

(31)

which can easily be solved for C: C 256 ( - 1 ) 2 B~6m n (m 2 + n2) 2

(m+n)
(32)

Therefore the final solution for 0 is:

O(y, Z)

#x

= constant

Bn6 m~'=l n~=lmn(m2 +

2 oo ~, __56 XT'

(m +n)

(-1)

mny

nrcz
2

n 2)2 c o s ~ - - c o s

Thus we can write: 00 7~x = B = constant (24) m , n = 1,3,5 ....

(33) To find a solution for the flow is now very simple. A solution: uV20 B (34)

The solutions of Eqs (I1) and (14) can be obtained 7'8 by using the separation of variables method taking one equation at a time. In the following analysis, however, we have combined these two equations to form a biharmonic equation which shows a striking similarity to the well known Lagrange's equation in the small deflection theory of thin plates subjected to a uniform load 9. The differential equations (Eqs (14) and (11)) governing the temperature and flow distributions respectively, may be rewritten as: V40 = where:
V 4 = #y---~-~-2 ~
- B (25)

will satisfy Eq (26). Replacing Eq (33) in Eel (34) yields: 64 oo oo ( - 1 ) 2 mrcy nrcz u ( y , z ) = - - ~ l , _ _ ~ l (m---~--n~m c o s ~ - - c o s ~ (35) m , n = l , 3 , 5 .... which satisfies the boundary conditions.
iF +n)

V2u = - 1 04 04 04
Oz4

(26)

Secondary flow distribution

The secondary flow distribution may be obtained by solving Eqs (15) and (16). It is worth mentioning here that while these two equations may be solved individually

#y'~z"

-t

Int. J. Heat Et Fluid Flow

169

M. Rahman and P. Colbourne

taking one at a time, the solution of Eq (15) or (16) has been considered very difficult. Therefore we have used the following biharmonic approach similar to the well known Navier method. Equations (15)and (16) are combined to yield:
V4~/= V2(

The problem then reduces to two separate problems, described as follows: V40p = f ( y , z ) p=0~ VZCp=0 j
V40H=0

(43) (44) (45) } at the walls (46)

at the walls

00
- RA 0z (36)

. =0 V20. = ( 00p 0n F =0

The boundary conditions for Eq (36) may be stated as: (0)w=0 (37)

~-n w=0 Now Eq (16)suggests that: (vZ0)w=(0w at the walls

(38)

(39)

and evidently (V20)w#0 because the vorticity ~ at the walls is not zero. Moreover, this wall vorticity is not known a priori. It is well known 9 that the solution of 0 subject to the boundary conditions in Eqs (37) and (38) may be obtained easily provided the value of the wall vorticity is assumed beforehand. Thus in the following analysis we have assumed the wall vorticity and then these assumed values are determined by using the given gradient boundary conditions at the walls. Now using the expression for 0 given by Eq (33) in Eq (36), we have: 128 & & ( - 1 )
V40 = - R.B~-

We have already mentioned that the vorticity ~ at the walls is not known a priori. Using the method documented by Navier in 1872 for a simply supported rectangular plate, the solution for 0p in the boundary value problem (Eq (43)) subject to boundary conditions 0P = 0 and V20p = 0 at the walls may be obtained as:
l+m+n-1

4096 &
(n + l)xz

,,=t.=, ~m(m2+n2)2 cos 2

sin-sm-. ( n - I)xz

{m2 + (n +/)2}2 t- {m2 + (n-l)2} 2

(47)

Note that this solution does not satisfy the condition 0 0 = 0 at the duct walls. 0n Next, to solve the boundary value problem of Eqs (45) and (46), we split up the problem into two problems again as follows: Assuming: OH = ('01 + 02 (48) the problem then reduces to: V%91 = 0 o91 = 0 02~1 @2 = 0 02091 0z 2 =9(Y) at the walls at y = 4- 1 at z = + 1 (49) (50) (51) (52) (53) at the walls at z = ___1 at y = + 1 + =0 at the walls (54) (55) (56) (57)

2 mrcy . nxz m~=l . ~ , (m z + n2)2m cos ~ - - sin (40)

.(m +n)

This equation now has to be solved subject to Eqs (37), (38) and (39). Before solving Eq (40), we make a little adjustment with the right-hand side, the reason for which will be clear in our subsequent analysis. We know the function unity defined between - 1 < z < l may be expressed as a trigonometric series in the following manner:
1-1
4 ~ ( - 1)-Y-

xt= 1

cos 2

h~z

1= 1,3, 5 ....

Then Eq (40) is equivalent to:

(l+ra+n-1)

512 V40=-RaB~ -~
mny.

1L
nxz

L (-1) 2 lrtz m=ln=l ~ 2 3 1 - n 2 ) 2 C O S T

V4~o2 = 0 coz = 0 02092=0 0z 2

cos~--sln ~256 ). = - R,4B~g-

(l+m+n-1)

~ (-1)

02~2 =h(z) 0y2 8n t-

cos~-LSln ~
=f(y,z)

tony [ (n + 1)rtz , . ( n - l)Ttz q

4-sln~

-j (41)

Because of the linearity, we can split this boundary value problem into two boundary value problems as follows: Let us assume the solution 0 in the following form: 0 = 0P + 08 (42)

Here 9(Y) and h(z) are two arbitrary functions which may be looked upon as the representative values of the wall vorticity function.
Solution of ol

The solution to Eq (49) subject to the boundary conditions ~ 1 = 0 and 0=coa/@z=0 at y = 4-1 may be

170

Vol 5, No 3, September 1984

M. Rahman

and P. Colbourne

Therefore :

1
m=1.3,5 ,...
m-l

Fk sech kx + - 1 tanh kn
kn 2048 m
&,3 ,,

=R,Bsin knz (77)

16kmE,(-l)~+k 7P(m2 + 4k2)2 E,cosy 2

7c9 ,=G,...H
(m+l+k-1)

[l{m2 +(k!)Zi;i

+4k2)2

(-1) + (m2 +4k2)2 1 -(m2 +12)(2k+l)

1
1

2 cosech m+ - K coth y Similarly, we can find:

1
kx

II

I(m2 + (2k - 1)2)2 (85) k=1,2,3,...

(78)

Note that corresponding to y= - 1, Eq (70) results in the identical equation to Eq (85). JZq (71) can be written as: 2048
719

ay I-)

am2

y=+l

=kE12

f f

sech kn +ktanh

- R,B(_

*
c 1=1.3 ) cos ,...

OD
c m=1,3 m=y ,...

m
c n=1,3 ,_..

l)(EIB$u

I(m2 + n2)2m - y cash kx sinh kxy] The bracketed expression y and so may be written f A,cosy Ill=1 where:
m-l

(80) of

@+I)(-@ [ {m2+(n+1)2}2 E,cosy

(n-1)(-1)+ +r m2+(n-I)2}2

in Eq (80) is an even function as a trigonometric series: m=135 3 2 ,...

1
mny 2
=o

(81)

-*=!$

,,, 19

[cosech2y-&cothl] 16kmF,( - l)(~k)cos

A = 32km( - l)z m n2(m2 +4k2)2

cash rnx

m=1,2,3,...

(82)

-.=g,..,

k=,ii

1 9

n2(m2 + 4k2)2

Therefore:

Thus, collecting equation

m=1,3,5 ,.._ k=1.2,. m-l

the coefficient

(86) mxy . of cos2 m the above we obtain:

and after simplification, - &coth mG

E -!!! cosech y 2 cos mny 2 (83)

k=1,2,...

16kmF,( - l)(z+k) .n2(m2 +4k2)2 Then JZq (70) can be written 2048 R,B __ n9 m
c I=1,3 ,...

1
+

16kmF,( - l)(?+d x2(m2 + 4k2)2 2048 m a,

as:

*
c m=1,3 ,... n=1.3 ,...

. (n+Z)nz sin-----2

. (n-I)nz sm----2

[ {m2+(n+I)2}2+{m2+(n-1)2}2

1
sin k71Z

{m2+(n+1)2}2-{m2+(n-1)2}2 (87) Eqs (85) and (87) are simultaneous algebraic equations, with unknowns E, (m = 1,3,5,. . .) and F, (k = 1,2,3,. . .). A finite number of these unknown quantities can be easily solved by using a standard computer program. (84) Calculations of flow variables Having determined the unknown constants E, and F,, we are now in a position to obtain the stream function $, v-velocity component, w-velocity component, pressure p, and the vorticity [ at the walls of the duct. Therefore the stream function $ if given by: $=-R,B~ f I =1.3 2
,.,. m=1,3 ,...

-k=l$

,...

,=1~5...
, 1
1

16kmE,( - l)(y+) n2(m2 +4k2)2

k=l,2,...

Fk sech kx + k tanh kn sin kxz = 0

The first term can be rewritten as the (coefficient) x sin kxz. Thus, collecting the coefficient of sin knz in Eq (84) we obtain the following algebraic equation:

m=1,3,...

lf

16kmE,( - l)(qk) rc2(m2 + 4k2)2 -

f
= 1.3,.

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Vol 5. No 3, September

1984

M. Rahman

and P. Colbourne

Therefore :

1
m=1.3,5 ,...
m-l

Fk sech kx + - 1 tanh kn
kn 2048 m
&,3 ,,

=R,Bsin knz (77)

16kmE,(-l)~+k 7P(m2 + 4k2)2 E,cosy 2

7c9 ,=G,...H
(m+l+k-1)

[l{m2 +(k!)Zi;i

+4k2)2

(-1) + (m2 +4k2)2 1 -(m2 +12)(2k+l)

1
1

2 cosech m+ - K coth y Similarly, we can find:

1
kx

II

I(m2 + (2k - 1)2)2 (85) k=1,2,3,...

(78)

Note that corresponding to y= - 1, Eq (70) results in the identical equation to Eq (85). JZq (71) can be written as: 2048
719

ay I-)

am2

y=+l

=kE12

f f

sech kn +ktanh

- R,B(_

*
c 1=1.3 ) cos ,...

OD
c m=1,3 m=y ,...

m
c n=1,3 ,_..

l)(EIB$u

I(m2 + n2)2m - y cash kx sinh kxy] The bracketed expression y and so may be written f A,cosy Ill=1 where:
m-l

(80) of

@+I)(-@ [ {m2+(n+1)2}2 E,cosy

(n-1)(-1)+ +r m2+(n-I)2}2

in Eq (80) is an even function as a trigonometric series: m=135 3 2 ,...

1
mny 2
=o

(81)

-*=!$

,,, 19

[cosech2y-&cothl] 16kmF,( - l)(~k)cos

A = 32km( - l)z m n2(m2 +4k2)2

cash rnx

m=1,2,3,...

(82)

-.=g,..,

k=,ii

1 9

n2(m2 + 4k2)2

Therefore:

Thus, collecting equation

m=1,3,5 ,.._ k=1.2,. m-l

the coefficient

(86) mxy . of cos2 m the above we obtain:

and after simplification, - &coth mG

E -!!! cosech y 2 cos mny 2 (83)

k=1,2,...

16kmF,( - l)(z+k) .n2(m2 +4k2)2 Then JZq (70) can be written 2048 R,B __ n9 m
c I=1,3 ,...

1
+

16kmF,( - l)(?+d x2(m2 + 4k2)2 2048 m a,

as:

*
c m=1,3 ,... n=1.3 ,...

. (n+Z)nz sin-----2

. (n-I)nz sm----2

[ {m2+(n+I)2}2+{m2+(n-1)2}2

1
sin k71Z

{m2+(n+1)2}2-{m2+(n-1)2}2 (87) Eqs (85) and (87) are simultaneous algebraic equations, with unknowns E, (m = 1,3,5,. . .) and F, (k = 1,2,3,. . .). A finite number of these unknown quantities can be easily solved by using a standard computer program. (84) Calculations of flow variables Having determined the unknown constants E, and F,, we are now in a position to obtain the stream function $, v-velocity component, w-velocity component, pressure p, and the vorticity [ at the walls of the duct. Therefore the stream function $ if given by: $=-R,B~ f I =1.3 2
,.,. m=1,3 ,...

-k=l$

,...

,=1~5...
, 1
1

16kmE,( - l)(y+) n2(m2 +4k2)2

k=l,2,...

Fk sech kx + k tanh kn sin kxz = 0

The first term can be rewritten as the (coefficient) x sin kxz. Thus, collecting the coefficient of sin knz in Eq (84) we obtain the following algebraic equation:

m=1,3,...

lf

16kmE,( - l)(qk) rc2(m2 + 4k2)2 -

f
= 1.3,.

172

Vol 5. No 3, September

1984

Secondary f l o w w i t h heat transfer in a square d u c t

(-- 1)

mlry cos - 2 lm(m 2 + n 2)2

l+ra+n-1

mrcy[cos ~ - - cos z -1 sin -T- Lim2 + (n + l)2)(n + l) (n--/)(m 2 + (n --/)2) | J (n - lrcz)

(n + t) z

sin!n + l)rcz

{m2 +(n +/)z}2 + {m2 +(n_

-

1)2}2

+ +

oD ~
k = 1.~, . . . . C O

Fk

~hkr r
Em

sinh kzry cos krrz

Emcsm; y

mn . mn ,,= 1,3.... tort tanh ~ - smh mnz mn mrrz-I sinh ~ - - - z tanh ~ - cosh ~ - - [
_

. mrcz mTry) cosn sin ~ + constant" term 2 ) m= 1,3 .... sinh tort 2 (94)

Note that this constant term can be evaluated from the boundary condition on the pressure field. This expression corresponds to the P(Y,Z) term only in Eq(6) where

Fk sin kT~z [tanh kn cosh kny

-ysinhkTty)]

P=P/Pc.
(88)

k= 1,2.... 2krc cosh kTt

Computer consideration
The program for this problem was written in two parts: (1) finding the coefficient matrix and solving it for the constants E and F, and (2) solving for the unknown function values once E and F are known. Eqs (85) and (87) can be used to solve for a finite number of E and F. A matrix is set up containing several equations derived from Eq (85) and several equations derived from Eq (87), using different values of k and m to obtain different equations. In the kth equation derived from Eq (85), for example, there will be a non-zero coefficient for F k, coefficients for Fq in which k # q will be all zero, and each Em will have a non-zero coefficient. The right-hand side vector of the matrix equation is obtained from the double summations given in Eqs (85) and (87). In this way, k equations in ( k + m @ ) unknowns are

Then

0q,
Oz
W ~ -

o0
0y

Vorticity = ~ = V2O
--toy 2 { 6322

Wall vorticities are given by: (0y=+l=

( ~ ) z = +_1 = "[-

~
k= 1,2 ....

Fksinknz

(89) (90)

~,, Emc o s mny

m= 1,3 ....

obtained from Eq (85). Similarly, (m + 1)/2 equations in k+ ~ unknowns are obtained from Eq (87) giving a (re@l) k+ equations in ( m -+ / l'~ k+T )

Pressuresolution
To solve for pressure, Eqs (12) and (13) may be rewritten
as:

(o+1)

linear system of # P = I ( 02v #2V+RAO ) ~y 2 \By2 + ~ 0p 1 //O2W t~2W~ ~zz= ~ ~~fy2 + ~ 5 - ] (91)

(92)

To make all the terms in Eq (91) of consistent forms, the term R,40 must be represented by integrating the righthand side of Eq (41) with respect to z:

1=1,3. . . . . . 1.3. . . . . . 1,3.... Im(m2+n2) 2

cos-

mTty [- 1

-[_2iTcoS

(n+l)Trz

+n_ l o s - 5 - - j

1 c

(n--l)rcz]

(93)
Sir ce v and w are known, p can be determined:
1 f1024
1=1,3 .... re=l,3 .... n=l,3 ....

unknowns which can be solved uniquely. The system obtained is very well conditioned. In this study we have found that using more than 20 of either the E or F produced no change in the computed values of the stream function or the velocity components v and w up to seven significant figures. Finding the 40 linear equations and solving for the 40 unknowns required only 13 s on the CDC Cyber 170 at the Technical University of Nova Scotia in Halifax. The IMSL library subroutine LEQT1F was used to solve the linear system. The stream function and the velocity components v and w required 25 s to evaluate each function at increments of 0.1 for each ofy and z from 0 to 1. It has been found that twenty E and F constants produced 4 digit accuracy in the wall vorticity and it required 0.4 s to compute the wall vorticity values. The pressure calculations required 83 s to calculate values at 0.1 increments of y and z from 0 to 1.

(-1)

l+m+n-l"

Results
Analytical solutions have been obtained for the secondary flow with heat transfer in a square duct. These solutions

l(m 2 + n2)2

Int. J. Heat S~ Fluid F l o w

173

M. Rahmanand P Colbourne

are obtained by considering the biharmonic approach as illustrated by Timoshenko 9 in his 'Theory of Plates and Shells'. Axial velocity and temperature distributions are obtained without much difficulty; however, considerable difficulties are encountered in obtaining the secondary flow pattem in the square duct. This difficulty can be

Table 1 First t w e n t y calculated E and F coefficients (RA=100, B = - 1 )

k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 --F k 0.2845301 0.0372250 0229240 0.0122920 0.0069406 0.0041436 0.0025886 0.0016752 0.0011136 0.0007552 0.0005194 0.0003602 0.0002505 0.0001735 0.0001187 0.0000793 0.0000506 0.0000297 0.0000143 0.0000029 m 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 --Em 0.7075462 0.0651667 0.0335968 0.0168094 0.0090971 0.0052749 0.0032266 0.0020558 0.0013510 0.0009087 0.0006216 0.0004299 0.0002990 0.0002079 0.0001434 0.0000973 0.0000638 0.0000394 0.0000215 0.0000083

----

--------

-----

attributed to the fact that the wall vorticity is an unknown entity. Table 1 demonstrates the numerical values of the unknown constants E and F and Tables 2 and 3 show the wall vorticity values along the wall z = 1 and y = 1, respectively, for the Rayleigh number, RA= 100 and the heat transfer parameter, B = - 1 . The pressure distributions in the quarter of a square duct are given in Table 4. Fig 1 compares the analytic solution of axial velocity (u/uc) with the experimental data of Leutheusser 1. The comparison shows good agreement. These isotachs are prepared by normalizing the axial velocity, u, by the centreline velocity, uc. In a similar way, temperature distributions (0/0~) in the form of isotherms are presented in Fig 2 for the heat transfer parameter B = - 1. The centreline temperature, 0c, appears to be maximum again. Fig 3 depicts the streamline pattern in secondary flow for the Rayleigh number, RA = 100, and heat transfer parameter, B = - 1. The secondary flow patterns are shown in Figs 4 and 5 for the parameters, RA = 100, B = -- 1 ; and RA = 100, B = 1, respectively. It is to be noted here that B = - 1 implies a flow with heat transfer from the fluid to the wall and B = 1 implies a flow with heat transfer from the wall to the fluid. The secondary flow for heat input and the flow for cooling are shown in Figs 4 and 5, respectively, for the full cross-section of the duct. It appears from Fig 4 that the secondary flow is symmetric about a vertical axis, giving rise to the clockwise rotation of the fluid particles in the

Table 2 Vorticity values along wall ( z = l , RA=100, B = - 1 ) calculated using 20 E coefficients)

y 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0,45 0,50 0.55 0,60 0.65 0,70 0.75 0.80 0,85 0.90 0.95
1.00

Table 3 Vorticity along wall (y=l RA=100 B= - 1 ) calculated using 20 F coefficients)

z ~" = v o r t i c i t y 0.0000 0.0499 0.0986 0.1447 0.1870 0.2245 0.2559 0,2802 0.2965 0.3040 0.3023 0.2910 0.2700 0.2399 0.2016 0.1571 0.1091 0.0621 0.0225 0.0000 0.0000

~" -------------

-------

0.7501 0.7474 0.7392 0.7256 0.7065 0.6821 0.6524 0.6174 0.5772 0.5321 0.4823 0.4282 0.3703 0.3094 0.2466 0.1835 0.1227 0.0677 0.0241 0.0002 0.0000

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

-----------------

Table 4
y

Pressure values (RA=100, B = - 1 , 2=1.0)

z 0.00 0.2 0.84292 0.69598 0.54883 0.38286 0,19725 0.00000 0,4 0.56615 0.50882 0.42237 0.30356 0.15885 0.00000 0.6 0.22817 0.28582 0.27745 0.21256 0.11535 0.00000 0.8 0.01377 0.14578 0.19273 0.16860 0.09603 0.00000 1.0 0.05314 0.21847 0.29291 0.24846 0.13844 0.00000

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

0.94727 0.76750 0.59747 0.41352 0.21215 0.00000

174

Vol 5, No 3, September 1984

Secondary flow with heat transfer in a square duct

O O O Experimental data of Leutheusser IO Predictions
I.O
/ # l l i i l i / / / / / / / / i l i l i l l l l l l l l l l l l l

o.I

-. oo \

The non-dimensionalized equi-pressure distributions (isobar), p(y,z) in the duct for RA = 100, B = - l, 2 = 1 are given in Fig 6. This predicts that the pressure in the duct is antisymmetric about the horizontal axis z. Fig 6 is prepared by computing the relation for p(y, z) given in Eq (94). Note that the pressure, velocity and stream function values are directly proportional to R g and B. This study is a step forward to obtaining prior knowledge of the flow pattern in a complex nuclear fuel bundle geometry. For complex flow behaviour, complete numerical analysis by using finite difference and finite element techniques must be made. The information

1.0////////////////////////0.o0

/.///,

/~l/l,
I

0 . 0 0 // / / / / / / / / / /

0.0
0,0

'

' '

' "

i
Z

I
0.5

I
1.0

)-

0.5

/ / / / / / / / /

Fig 1 Laminar velocity distribution (u/uc) in a square duct (isotach)

i.OIIIII//ll//ll//ll//llll//ll/I/lllll

/ / / / / / / / / / /

S /
O.C 0.0 / / /

0.5

1.0

0.32

/ / / / / /

Fi9 3

Streamlines in secondaryflow for RA = lO0, B = - l

Full cross-section of a square duct

1,0

f_
0 .
0.0

\\1
~ 1 I
0.5 Z

/ / /, ,/ / / / / / / / / /

I
kO

.\Xl
oo ll!l,,tll
-o5 I I \,,....-Ill
\ \\.__.~."/lt
-I.0 -I.0 I -0.5 Z I 0.0

f t/.
iit,,lii l
1\',,,...,,,,11
\\\-..~._/1
I 0.5

Fig 2 Temperature distribution (O/Oc) in a square duct (isotherms) for B = - 1

11,. ,itt 11',...1111

l
I l
1.0

right half cross-section of the square duct and anticlockwise rotation in the left half cross-section of the square duct. A reverse trend of the secondary flow pattern has been observed in Fig 5. There are two stagnation points along the z-axis: one at 0.45537 and the other at - 0.45537 which is the image of the first. These findings appear to be consistent with the physical situation of the problem considered here.

Fig 4 Secondary flow vectors with heat transfer from the f u i d to the wall for R,4 = 100, B = - 1

Int. J. Heat ~ Fluid Flow

175

M. Rahman and P. Colbourne

Full cross-section of o squore duct 1,0

References
1. Sparrow E. M . and Loeffler A. L., Jr. Longitudinal L a m i n a r Flow

BetweenCylindersArrangedin RegularArray. AIChE Journal,

t
0.5

I I

I..........~...X \

2.

>-

ttf/....,,,l 1l///..\llt
t

t I/...,,,\1

I 1

3.

0.0

llit,,li lllx"//

-0.5

l lill'.1ftt J l ..//t \"-"/1 I

I \
i
I I I

[l//.,ttlt

4.

5.

6.

7.

-I.0

-I.0

-0,5
Z

0,0

0.5

1.0

8.

Fig 5 Secondary f l o w vectors with heat transfer f r o m the wall to the fluid f o r RA= IO0, B = 1

9. 10.

[,0//////////

,/

////

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

1959, 5(3), 325-330 Siegel R and Sparrow E. M. Simultaneous Development of Velocity and Temperature Distributions in a Flat Duct with Uniform Wall Heating, AIChE Journal, 1959, 5, 73 75 Sparrow E. M., Loeffler A. L., Jr. and Hubbard H. A. Heat Transfer to Longitudinal Laminar Flow Between Cylinders, J. Heat Trans. (ASME), 1961, 83, 415-422 Dwyer O. E. and Berry H. C. Laminar Flow Heat Transfer for InLine Flow Through Unbaffled Rod Bundles, Nucl. Sc. and Eng., 1970, 42, 81-88 Ramachandra V. and Spalding D. B. The Numerical Prediction of Laminar Heat Transfer in Rod Bundle Geometries, Mech. Eng. Dept., Imperial College Report, May 1978, HTX/78/4 Taylor C. and Hood P. A Numerical Solution of the NavierStokes Equations Using the Finite Element Techniques, Computers Fluids, 1973, 1(1), 110 Rahman M. Finite Element Analysis of Laminar Flow in a Square Duct, A Technical Report, Dept. of Applied Mathematics, Tecnical University of Nova Scotia, Halifax, March 1982 Rahman M. Finite Element Analysis of Heat Transfer to Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Square Duct, A Technical Report, Dept. of Applied Mathematics, Technical University of Nova Scotia, Halifax, June 1982 Timoshenko S. Theory of Plates and Shells, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1940, 113 120 Leutheusser H. J. Turbulent Flow in Rectangular Ducts, Proc. Am. Soc. Cir. Engo., 1963, 89, HY-3, 1-19

Appendix
Use the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s given in Eq (9) in Eqs (1)-(5).
0.5 >0.3 ,

Continuity (Eq ( 1) )
F r o m Eq (9), Y = by V = V~v Z = bz W = V~w

T h e n Eq (1) b e c o m e s :

~(V~v) ~(V~w)
O(by) + O(bz) = 0

(~0 0.0
0.0
t i i I I t J t I

I/ 1/
I.O

Ov 8w ~yy+~z =0

(A1)

0.5 Z

Momentum in axial x-direction (Eq (2))

OU OU 1 oe

Fig 6 Non-dimensional equipressure distribution p(y,z) f o r RA = 100, B = - 1, 2 = 1

pox
0P d/5

+vLyff+0 -J
as in Eq (6).

[-02U

02Uq

Here, P ( X , Y , Z ) = P ( X ) + P ( Y , Z ) - p w o Y p r o v i d e d in this p a p e r , we hope, should help t o w a r d s the s o l u t i o n of m u c h m o r e c o m p l e x problems.

ex (x, Y,Z)= ~
02U 02U

Neglecting the convective terms: 1 d/5

Acknowledgements
The a u t h o r s are very grateful to the N a t u r a l Sciences a n d Engineering Research C o u n c i l ( N S E R C ) for its financial s u p p o r t to one of us (P.C.). W e are also very thankful to the referees for their helpful a n d constructive suggestions.

OY2 + ~
since

//dX

V=b [_ d].dXj
2 1

176

Vol 5, No 3, September 1984

Secondary flow with heat transfer in a square duct

Then: Thus, the dimensionless momentum equation in ydirection is:

~)"j
(O(bZy z)
Simplyfying:

1 dP

i(b2z 2)

]AdX

0y2 + 0--~= ,t~yy- ~av

02v 02v .@ _ , ,

(A3)

02// 02U
0y2 +O--~ = - 1 (A2)

Momentum in z-direction (Eq (4))

Neglecting the convective terms:

Momentum in y-direction (Eq (3))

Neglecting the convective terms: FO2V 02V1 Now, from the Eq (6):

FO2W 02W -] OP
Then:

OP

Fo2(V~w) o=(~w)-I o(pP,)

OP X OP U~( , Y,Z)= u ( ( Y,Z)- p~g
where Pw(=P(Tw)) is the density of the fluid evaluated at the wall temperature. Assume p=p(T) which can be expanded by Taylor series about Tw in the following manner:

0(b=/' fs~vAFa'w O~wl fP<D/dp'~

t?~JL~+~J:t-iJtD)
Simplifying: 02w OBw @ ay~ + #-~- = ~~z

"[~+~J=

(A4)

Therefore:

Energy (Eq (5))

Assume:

P)= gP=gP,,,+g(T- Tw)( d -~ Pg p . , - p g f l ( T - T w )

Thus, the momentum equation can be written as:
F 02(l'/ei)) 07 (~'ZCf))-] " rlr~

v ~ + wb2 = 0
then:

OT

OT

uL~

+~ j

= tgo.-.o.e.-~.)1
FOP(Y,Z) +Li-i "~]

1-02T ~2T-]

0T

Using the transformation stated above:

{02[rw+O(T. - rw)] 0~[rw+0(T, - rw)]-I

:j

0y z + O--j= t~V~= ~y

02v 0% f P<b'~gp pgflb 2 T - Tw #V~-(T- T ' ) ( T ~ T ~ ) @ = ~y-- RAO

+b~F 1 d/~q O[T,~+O(To-T~,)] # dxJ O(Lx)

o(71- T,D Fo2o o~o4 . ~{
020 020 b4 f

1 dPk/To- T~'~ 00

where:

~: L~+~J = t - ~ ) t - - c - ) " ~
T ~ pb2gfl (T~- r~,) _~,,= ~ - ~
1 d/~'~ 00

R -- pgb2fl

"--~V(r'L ~

%TcT)

~+~=~
Simplifying: 020 020

t -;~)"~
{ 00"~

Jt~) =""

0y2 +~:"?~)

(A5)

Int. J. Heat 8 Fluid Flow

177