Section 1.

4 Graphing with Calculators and Computers

25. c003 003 by c125 125

26. c01 01 by c3 3

27. c300 300 by c125 125

28. c50 50 by c01 01

29. c025 025 by c03 03

30. c015 015 by c002 005

31. x# b #x % b %y c y# y # cx# c #x b ).
The lower half is produced by graphing
y # c cx# c #x b ).

32. y# c "'x# " y " b "'x# . The upper branch

is produced by graphing y " b "'x# .

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

29

30

Chapter 1 Functions

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38

39.

40.

CHAPTER 1 PRACTICE EXERCISES

surface area gives S %1 r# %1 $V

%1

"#

#$

C
A 1 #1

C
%1 .

. The volume is V % 1 r$ r $V . Substitution into the formula for

$
%1
$

2. The surface area is S %1 r# r %S

1

C
#1

1. The area is A 1 r# and the circumference is C #1 r. Thus, r

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 1 Practice Exercises

3. The coordinates of a point on the parabola are ax x# b. The angle of inclination ) joining this point to the origin satisfies

4. tan )

rise
run

h
&!!

x
x

the equation tan )

x. Thus the point has coordinates ax x# b atan ) tan# )b.

h &!! tan ) ft.

5.

6.

Symmetric about the origin.

Symmetric about the y-axis.

7.

8.

Neither

Symmetric about the y-axis.

9. yacxb acxb# b " x# b " yaxb. Even.

10. yacxb acxb& c acxb$ c acxb cx& b x$ b x cyaxb. Odd.
11. yacxb " c cosacxb " c cos x yaxb. Even.

x b"
cx b#x

csec x tan x cyaxb. Odd.

b"
c xx c#x cyaxb. Odd.
$

csin x
cos x

acxb b"
acxb c#acxb

13. yacxb

sinacxb
cos acxb

12. yacxb secacxb tanacxb

14. yacxb acxb c sinacxb acxb b sin x cax c sin xb cyaxb. Odd.
15. yacxb cx b cosacxb cx b cos x. Neither even nor odd.
16. yacxb acxbcosacxb cx cos x cyaxb. Odd.
17. Since f and g are odd facxb cfaxb and gacxb cgaxb.
(a) af gbacxb facxbgacxb cfaxbcgaxb faxbgaxb af gbaxb f g is even
(b) f 3 acxb facxbfacxbfacxb cfaxbcfaxbcfaxb cfaxb faxb faxb cf 3 axb f 3 is odd.
(c) fasinacxbb facsinaxbb cfasinaxbb fasinaxbb is odd.
(d) gasecacxbb gasecaxbb gasecaxbb is even.
(e) lgacxbl lcgaxbl lgaxbl lgl is even

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

31

32

Chapter 1 Functions

18. Let faa c xb faa b xb and define gaxb fax b ab. Then gacxb faacxb b ab faa c xb faa b xb fax b ab gaxb
gaxb fax b ab is even.
19. (a) The function is defined for all values of x, so the domain is ac_ _b.
(b) Since l x l attains all nonnegative values, the range is c# _.
20. (a) Since the square root requires " c x !, the domain is c_ ".
(b) Since " c x attains all nonnegative values, the range is c# _.
21. (a) Since the square root requires "' c x# !, the domain is c% %.
(b) For values of x in the domain, ! "' c x# "', so ! "' c x# %. The range is ! %.
22. (a) The function is defined for all values of x, so the domain is ac_ _b.
(b) Since $#cx attains all positive values, the range is a" _b.
23. (a) The function is defined for all values of x, so the domain is ac_ _b.
(b) Since #ecx attains all positive values, the range is ac$ _b.
24. (a) The function is equivalent to y tan #x, so we require #x

k1
#

for odd integers k. The domain is given by x

k1
%

for

odd integers k.
(b) Since the tangent function attains all values, the range is ac_ _b.
25. (a) The function is defined for all values of x, so the domain is ac_ _b.
(b) The sine function attains values from c" to ", so c# #sina$x b 1b # and hence c$ #sina$x b 1b c " ". The
range is c3 1.
26. (a) The function is defined for all values of x, so the domain is ac_ _b.
(b) The function is equivalent to y x# , which attains all nonnegative values. The range is ! _.
&

27. (a) The logarithm requires x c $ !, so the domain is a$ _b.

(b) The logarithm attains all real values, so the range is ac_ _b.
28. (a) The function is defined for all values of x, so the domain is ac_ _b.
(b) The cube root attains all real values, so the range is ac_ _b.
29. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Increasing because volume increases as radius increases

Neither, since the greatest integer function is composed of horizontal (constant) line segments
Decreasing because as the height increases, the atmospheric pressure decreases.
Increasing because the kinetic (motion) energy increases as the particles velocity increases.

30. (a) Increasing on 2, _

(c) Increasing on ac_, _b

(b) Increasing on c1, _

(d) Increasing on " , _
#

31. (a) The function is defined for c% x %, so the domain is c% %.

(b) The function is equivalent to y l x l, c% x %, which attains values from ! to # for x in the domain. The
range is ! #.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 1 Practice Exercises

33

32. (a) The function is defined for c# x #, so the domain is c# #.

(b) The range is c" ".
33. First piece: Line through a! "b and a" !b. m
Second piece: Line through a" "b and a# !b. m
" c x, ! x  "
# c x, " x #

34. First piece: Line through a! !b and a2 5b. m

Second piece: Line through a2 5b and a4 !b. m
faxb J

10 c

5
2 x,
5x
2 ,

c" y cx b " " c x

c" y cax c "b b " cx b # # c x

5c!
5
5
2c! 2 y 2x
!c5
c5
4c2 2 c5
2

y c 5 ax c 2b b 5 c 5 x b 10 10 c
2
2

!x2
(Note: x 2 can be included on either piece.)
2x4

"
35. (a) afgbac"b fagac"bb f c" b # fa"b

"
"x

"
#&

"

#
or &

x, x !

(d) aggbaxb gagaxbb g x"b #

"

#b
"

(c) aff baxb fafaxbb f "

x

"
b#
#
"

(b) agf ba#b gafa#bb g "

2

"
"

b#

x b #

faxb

!c"
c"
"c! "
! c " c"
#c"
"

" b # x b #

36. (a) afgbac"b fagac"bb fc" b " fa!b # c ! #

(b) agf ba#b faga#bb ga# c #b ga!b ! b " "
$

(c) aff baxb fafaxbb fa# c xb # c a# c xb x

(d) aggbaxb gagaxbb gx b " x b " b "
$

37. (a) afgbaxb fagaxbb fx b # # c x b # cx, x c#.

agf baxb fagaxbb ga# c x# b a# c x# b b # % c x#
(b) Domain of fg: c# _
Domain of gf: c# #

(c) Range of fg: c_ #

Range of gf: ! #

38. (a) afgbaxb fagaxbb f" c x " c x " c x.

%

agf baxb fagaxbb gx " c x

(b) Domain of fg: c_ "
Domain of gf: ! "
39.

y faxb

(c) Range of fg: ! _

Range of gf: ! "
y aff baxb

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

5x
2

34

Chapter 1 Functions

40.

41.

42.

The graph of f# (x) f" akxkb is the same as the

graph of f" (x) to the right of the y-axis. The
graph of f# (x) to the left of the y-axis is the
reflection of y f" (x), x 0 across the y-axis.
43.

It does not change the graph.

44.

Whenever g" (x) is positive, the graph of y g# (x)

kg" (x)k is the same as the graph of y g" (x).
When g" (x) is negative, the graph of y g# (x) is
the reflection of the graph of y g" (x) across the
x-axis.

Whenever g" (x) is positive, the graph of y g# (x) kg" (x)k

is the same as the graph of y g" (x). When g" (x) is
negative, the graph of y g# (x) is the reflection of the
graph of y g" (x) across the x-axis.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 1 Practice Exercises

45.

46.

The graph of f# (x) f" akxkb is the same as the

graph of f" (x) to the right of the y-axis. The
graph of f# (x) to the left of the y-axis is the
reflection of y f" (x), x 0 across the y-axis.

Whenever g" (x) is positive, the graph of

y g# (x) kg" (x)k is the same as the graph of
y g" (x). When g" (x) is negative, the graph of
y g# (x) is the reflection of the graph of
y g" (x) across the x-axis.
47.

48.

The graph of f# (x) f" akxkb is the same as the

graph of f" (x) to the right of the y-axis. The
graph of f# (x) to the left of the y-axis is the
reflection of y f" (x), x 0 across the y-axis.
49. (a) y gax c 3b b
(c) y gacxb
(e) y 5 gaxb

"
#

The graph of f# (x) f" akxkb is the same as the

graph of f" (x) to the right of the y-axis. The
graph of f# (x) to the left of the y-axis is the
reflection of y f" (x), x 0 across the y-axis.
#
(b) y gx b 3 c 2

(d) y cgaxb
(f) y ga5xb

50. (a) Shift the graph of f right 5 units

(b) Horizontally compress the graph of f by a factor of 4
(c) Horizontally compress the graph of f by a factor of 3 and a then reflect the graph about the y-axis
(d) Horizontally compress the graph of f by a factor of 2 and then shift the graph left " unit.
#
(e) Horizontally stretch the graph of f by a factor of 3 and then shift the graph down 4 units.
(f) Vertically stretch the graph of f by a factor of 3, then reflect the graph about the x-axis, and finally shift the
graph up " unit.
4
51. Reflection of the grpah of y x about the x-axis
followed by a horizontal compression by a factor of
1
2 then a shift left 2 units.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

35

36

Chapter 1 Functions

52. Reflect the graph of y x about the x-axis, followed

by a vertical compression of the graph by a factor
of 3, then shift the graph up 1 unit.

53. Vertical compression of the graph of y

1
x2

by a

factor of 2, then shift the graph up 1 unit.

54. Reflect the graph of y x13 about the y-axis, then

compress the graph horizontally by a factor of 5.

55.

56.

period 1
57.

period 41
58.

period 2

period 4

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 1 Practice Exercises

59.

60.

period 21

period 21
1
3

61. (a) sin B sin

b
c

b
#

b 2 sin

1
3

3
#

3. By the theorem of Pythagoras,

a# b b# c# a c# c b# 4 c 3 1.

2
c

2
sin 3

b
c

1
3

(b) sin B sin

4
3

4
4
. Thus, a c# c b# 3 c (2)# 3

62. (a) sin A

a
c

a c sin A

(b) tan A

a
b

a b tan A

63. (a) tan B

b
a

(b) sin A

a
c

64. (a) sin A

a
c

(c) sin A

a
c

c cb
c
#

a
sin A

b
tan B

65. Let h height of vertical pole, and let b and c denote the
distances of points B and C from the base of the pole,
measured along the flatground, respectively. Then,
tan 50 h , tan 35 h , and b c c 10.
c
b
Thus, h c tan 50 and h b tan 35 (c b 10) tan 35
c tan 50 (c b 10) tan 35
c (tan 50 c tan 35) 10 tan 35
35
c tan10 tantan 35 h c tan 50
50c

10 tan 35 tan 50
tan 50ctan 35

16.98 m.

66. Let h height of balloon above ground. From the figure at

the right, tan 40 h , tan 70 h , and a b b 2. Thus,
a
b
h b tan 70 h (2 c a) tan 70 and h a tan 40
(2 c a) tan 70 a tan 40 a(tan 40 b tan 70)
70
2 tan 70 a tan 2 tan tan 70 h a tan 40
40b

2 tan 70 tan 40
tan 40btan 70

1.3 km.

67. (a)

(b) The period appears to be 41.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

2
3

37

38

Chapter 1 Functions
(c) f(x b 41) sin (x b 41) b cos xb41 sin (x b 21) b cos x b 21 sin x b cos
#
#
since the period of sine and cosine is 21. Thus, f(x) has period 41.

x
#

68. (a)

(b) D (c_ 0) r (! _); R [c1 1]

(c) f is not periodic. For suppose f has period p. Then f #" b kp f #" sin 21 0 for all
1
1
integers k. Choose k so large that

"
#1

b kp

"
1

0

"
(1/21)bkp

 1. But then

f #" b kp sin (1/#1")bkp 0 which is a contradiction. Thus f has no period, as claimed.

1
CHAPTER 1 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES
1. There are (infinitely) many such function pairs. For example, f(x) 3x and g(x) 4x satisfy
f(g(x)) f(4x) 3(4x) 12x 4(3x) g(3x) g(f(x)).
2. Yes, there are many such function pairs. For example, if g(x) (2x b 3)$ and f(x) x"$ , then
(f g)(x) f(g(x)) f a(2x b 3)$ b a(2x b 3)$ b

"$

2x b 3.

3. If f is odd and defined at x, then f(cx) cf(x). Thus g(cx) f(cx) c 2 cf(x) c 2 whereas
cg(x) c(f(x) c 2) cf(x) b 2. Then g cannot be odd because g(cx) cg(x) cf(x) c 2 cf(x) b 2
4 0, which is a contradiction. Also, g(x) is not even unless f(x) 0 for all x. On the other hand, if f is
even, then g(x) f(x) c 2 is also even: g(cx) f(cx) c 2 f(x) c 2 g(x).
4. If g is odd and g(0) is defined, then g(0) g(c0) cg(0). Therefore, 2g(0) 0 g(0) 0.
5. For (x y) in the 1st quadrant, kxk b kyk 1 b x
x b y 1 b x y 1. For (x y) in the 2nd
quadrant, kxk b kyk x b 1 cx b y x b 1
y 2x b 1. In the 3rd quadrant, kxk b kyk x b 1
cx c y x b 1 y c2x c 1. In the 4th
quadrant, kxk b kyk x b 1 x b (cy) x b 1
y c1. The graph is given at the right.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 1 Additional and Advanced Exercises

6. We use reasoning similar to Exercise 5.
(1) 1st quadrant: y b kyk x b kxk
2y 2x y x.
(2) 2nd quadrant: y b kyk x b kxk
2y x b (cx) 0 y 0.
(3) 3rd quadrant: y b kyk x b kxk
y b (cy) x b (cx) 0 0
all points in the 3rd quadrant
satisfy the equation.
(4) 4th quadrant: y b kyk x b kxk
y b (cy) 2x 0 x. Combining
these results we have the graph given at the
right:

1ccos x
sin x

sin x
1bcos x
#

7. (a) sin# x b cos# x 1 sin# x 1 c cos# x (1 c cos x)(1 b cos x) (1 c cos x)

sin x
1bcos x

(b) Using the definition of the tangent function and the double angle formulas, we have
cos 2 x
cos 2 x

1ccos x
1bcos x

b"

c"

sin x
cos x

tan x
#

8. The angles labeled # in the accompanying figure are

equal since both angles subtend arc CD. Similarly, the
two angles labeled ! are equal since they both subtend
arc AB. Thus, triangles AED and BEC are similar which
)
implies acc 2a cos c cb
b
ab
(a c c)(a b c) b(2a cos ) c b)
a# c c# 2ab cos ) c b#
c# a# b b# c 2ab cos ).

9. As in the proof of the law of sines of Section 1.3, Exercise 61, ah bc sin A ab sin C ac sin B
the area of ABC " (base)(height) " ah " bc sin A " ab sin C " ac sin B.
#
#
#
#
#
a# b# sin# C

bb cc
#ab

"
16

a# b# " c a

a b
4

# #

4a# b# c aa# b b# c c# b

"
4

" c

aa b b c c b
4a b
#

a# b# a" c cos# Cb

"
16

"
4

a bb cc
2ab

# #

"
4

# #

a# h #

a# b# a" c cos# Cb . By the law of cosines, c# a# b b# c 2ab cos C cos C

Thus, (area of ABC)#

"
4

"
4

(base)# (height)#

"
4

10. As in Section 1.3, Exercise 61, (Area of ABC)#

ca2ab b aa# b b# c c# bb a2ab c aa# b b# c c# bbd

"
ca(a b b)# c c# b ac# c (a c b)# bd 16 c((a b b) b c)((a b b) c c)(c b (a c b))(c c (a c b))d
b
b
b
b
< a b # b c ca b#b b c a c # b c a b # c c s(s c a)(s c b)(s c c), where s ab#bc .

"
16

Therefore, the area of ABC equals s(s c a)(s c b)(s c c) .

11. If f is even and odd, then f(cx) cf(x) and f(cx) f(x) f(x) cf(x) for all x in the domain of f.
Thus 2f(x) 0 f(x) 0.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

39

40

Chapter 1 Functions
f(cx) b f(c(cx))
f(x) b#f(cx) E(x) E
#
even function. Define O(x) f(x) c E(x) f(x) c f(x) b#f(cx) f(x) c#f(cx) . Then
f(
O(cx) f(cx) c # c(cx)) f(cx)#c f(x) c f(x) c#f(cx) cO(x) O is an odd function

12. (a) As suggested, let E(x)

f(x) b f(cx)
#

E(cx)

is an

f(x) E(x) b O(x) is the sum of an even and an odd function.

(b) Part (a) shows that f(x) E(x) b O(x) is the sum of an even and an odd function. If also
f(x) E" (x) b O" (x), where E" is even and O" is odd, then f(x) c f(x) 0 aE" (x) b O" (x)b
c (E(x) b O(x)). Thus, E(x) c E" (x) O" (x) c O(x) for all x in the domain of f (which is the same as the
domain of E c E" and O c O" ). Now (E c E" )(cx) E(cx) c E" (cx) E(x) c E" (x) (since E and E" are
even) (E c E" )(x) E c E" is even. Likewise, (O" c O)(cx) O" (cx) c O(cx) cO" (x) c (cO(x))
(since O and O" are odd) c(O" (x) c O(x)) c(O" c O)(x) O" c O is odd. Therefore, E c E" and
O" c O are both even and odd so they must be zero at each x in the domain of f by Exercise 11. That is,
E" E and O" O, so the decomposition of f found in part (a) is unique.
c

b
4a
#

b
4a

b c a x b

b #
2a

b
4a
#

#
#

13. y ax# b bx b c a x# b b x b
a

bc

(a) If a 0 the graph is a parabola that opens upward. Increasing a causes a vertical stretching and a shift
of the vertex toward the y-axis and upward. If a  0 the graph is a parabola that opens downward.
Decreasing a causes a vertical stretching and a shift of the vertex toward the y-axis and downward.
(b) If a 0 the graph is a parabola that opens upward. If also b 0, then increasing b causes a shift of the
graph downward to the left; if b  0, then decreasing b causes a shift of the graph downward and to the
right.
If a  0 the graph is a parabola that opens downward. If b 0, increasing b shifts the graph upward
to the right. If b  0, decreasing b shifts the graph upward to the left.
(c) Changing c (for fixed a and b) by ?c shifts the graph upward ?c units if ?c 0, and downward c?c
units if ?c  0.
14. (a) If a 0, the graph rises to the right of the vertical line x cb and falls to the left. If a  0, the graph
falls to the right of the line x cb and rises to the left. If a 0, the graph reduces to the horizontal
line y c. As kak increases, the slope at any given point x x! increases in magnitude and the graph
becomes steeper. As kak decreases, the slope at x! decreases in magnitude and the graph rises or falls
more gradually.
(b) Increasing b shifts the graph to the left; decreasing b shifts it to the right.
(c) Increasing c shifts the graph upward; decreasing c shifts it downward.
15. Each of the triangles pictured has the same base
b v?t v(1 sec). Moreover, the height of each
triangle is the same value h. Thus " (base)(height)
#

"
#

bh

A" A# A$ . In conclusion, the object sweeps

out equal areas in each one second interval.

a
16. (a) Using the midpoint formula, the coordinates of P are ab0 bb0 # b . Thus the slope
#
#
#

of OP

?y
?x

b/2
a/2

b
a

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 1 Additional and Advanced Exercises

(b) The slope of AB

b c0
0 ca

41

c b . The line segments AB and OP are perpendicular when the product

a

of their slopes is c" b c b c b . Thus, b# a# a b (since both are positive). Therefore, AB

a
a
a
#

17. From the figure we see that 0 )

cos )

and AB AD 1. From trigonometry we have the following: sin )

sin )
cos ) .

CD, and tan )

We can see that:

w
"
area AEB  area sector DB  area ADC # aAEbaEBb  " aADb2 )  " aADbaCDb
#
#
AE
AB

AE, tan )

1
2

is perpendicular to OP when a b.

CD
AD

EB
AE

" sin ) cos )  " a"b2 )  " a"batan )b " sin ) cos )  " ) 
#
#
#
#
#

" sin )
# cos )

18. afgbaxb fagaxbb aacx b db b b acx b ad b b and agf baxb gafaxbb caax b bb b d acx b cb b d
Thus afgbaxb agf baxb acx b ad b b acx b bc b d ad b b bc b d. Note that fadb ad b b and
gabb cb b d, thus afgbaxb agf baxb if fadb gabb.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

EB
AB

EB,

42

Chapter 1 Functions

NOTES:

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.